Oceanography (ch. 5-8)

high pressure

- anticyclone winds - clockwise rotation - surface convergence - downwelling

which 3 ions are considered important nutrients for marine organisms?

- carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus

low pressure qualities

- cyclone winds - counterclockwise rotation - surface divergence - upwelling

what are the types of generating forces?

- earthquakes - winds

name the 2 families of forces that effect waves.

- generating force - restoring force

El Nino Southern Oscillation

- high atmosphere pressure in Indonesia, low in southern pacific - high sea temps - trade winds reverse

what are the sources of the constituent ions in seawater?

- rivers, volcanoes, ridge systems, and decay

what are the 2 common ways to desalinate water?

- solar still - evaporation

La Nina

- strong trade winds - cool sea temps in peru, warm sea temps in western pacific - dry conditions in peru, floods in india

what are the types of restoring forces?

- suface tension - gravity

layers of atmosphere in order of ascending height

- troposphere (temp decreases) -stratosphere (temp increases) -mesosphere (temp decreases) -thermosphere (temp increases)

The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to __________.

-behave as conservative materials. -have the same ratio to each other even when diluted by rainwater. -have a constant ratio of each constituent to each other. (all are correct)

what is the magnitude of the Coriolis effect at the equator?

0, magnitude increases with latitude

what is the average pH of seawater?

7.5-8.5

If the salinity of ocean water is 36‰ (parts per thousand), there are ______g of salt left from evaporating 2kg of seawater.

72

Sources of the oceans' salts are believed to include_________.

Earth's crust, Earth's early atmosphere, and volcanic eruptions.

wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

wave frequency

The number of waves passing a fixed point per second.

The depth at which the rate of photosynthesis balances the rate of plant respiration is known as the _________.

compensation depth

Salinity may be measured by checking the water's ____________.

conductivity

Which way do polar easterlies blow?

east to west (but at the poles) - 60 to 90 degrees N/S

true/false The proportions of the major salts in seawater are constantly changing.

false

Which way do the westerlies blow?

from west to east -30 to 60 degrees N/S

formula for residence time?

ion concentration / rate of supply or removal

Which ion has the shortest residence time in the oceans?

iron

land vs. ocean specific heat and heat capacity

land - low specific heat & low heat capacity (big temp. flux) ocean - high specific heat & high heat capacity (low temp flux)

latitudinally, where would the highest sea surface salinity be?

mid latitudes, salinity decreases near equator and poles

Which way do trade winds blow?

northeast in N. hemisphere southeast in S. hemisphere -equator to 30 degrees N/S

wave steepness

ratio of wave height to wavelength (H/L)

what is earth's heat budget?

solar input=solar output if input > output, earth will get warmer if output > input, earth will cool

Sources of oxygen in the open sea include

the atmosphere and photosynthesis

wave period

the time interval between the passage of successive crests at a stationary point

true/false Carbon dioxide concentrations in seawater increase with depth.

true

true/false The percentage of oxygen dissolved in seawater is greater in surface waters than in the deep ocean.

true

shallow water waves

waves in water shallower than 1/20 their original wavelength.

deep water waves

waves that move in water deeper than one-half their wavelength