oceanography ch 9

When marine life is limited due to the lowest supply of any one of the essential requirements for life, the law of the __________ applies.

minimum

Ecological efficiency in the ocean averages about __________%.

10

If the biological pump operating in the ocean was perfect, the atmospheric CO2 level would be about __________ ppmv.

100

If no photosynthesis or physical or biological pump operated in the ocean, the atmospheric CO2 level would be about __________ ppmv.

1000

A marine food web __________.

All of the above are correct.

Chemosynthesis __________.

All of the above are correct.

Decomposers are organisms that __________.

All of the above are correct.

Gas hydrates __________.

All of the above are correct.

Microbes are very important in the ocean because they __________.

All of the above are correct.

No net primary production occurs __________.

All of the above are correct.

Harmful algal blooms (HAB) __________. Answer

All of these are correct.

Marine ecosystems are made up of __________.

All the above are correct.

Which of the following is true about bacteria?

All the above are correct.

Which of the following is not true about coccolithophorids?

They have properties of both plants and animals.

Which of the following statements is not true about dinoflagellates?

They have shell plates made of either calcium carbonate or silica.

Each feeding position in a food chain or food web is known as a __________.

Tropic level

Primary production in coastal upwelling zones is high because of __________

abundant nutrient supply

Production may be increased in high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the ocean by __________.

adding micro-nutrients or trace elements such as iron

In a marine ecosystem, consumers __________.

all of the above

In a marine ecosystem, producers __________.

all of the above

Sources of energy for life in the ocean include __________.

all of the above

The following is a major group of phytoplankton:

all of the above

Zooplankton include __________.

all of the above

Which one of the following reservoirs in the global carbon cycle contains the least amount of CO2?

atmosphere

Which of the following are not zooplankton?

benthic crabs

A steady increase in the concentration of persistent toxins as they move from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level in a food web is known as __________.

bioaccumulation

In addition to water and energy, marine primary producers require __________.

both a and b

The physical and biological pumps are oceanic components of the global __________ cycle.

carbon

Chemical energy rather than sunlight drives primary production in the darkness of the deep ocean. This process is known as __________.

chemosynthesis

Which one of the major groups of phytoplankton takes up CO2 for shell formation?

coccolithophorids

The SeaWiFS satellite senses or maps the surface ____________ of the ocean.

color/chlorophyll

Non-living (abiotic) components of marine ecosystems consist of all of the following with the exception of __________.

consumers, producers, and decomposers

Ecological efficiency refers to the fraction of __________ that is transferred from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level in a food web.

energy

The most numerous organisms in the ocean by far are __________.

microbes

All the carbon fixed through new production plus regenerated production is known as __________.

gross primary production

All the carbon fixed through photosynthesis in a given unit of time is called __________.

gross primary production

Nutrients include all the following except __________ which is a trace element micronutrient.

iron

The "twilight zone" of the ocean __________.

is located just below the photic zone in the region of the pycnocline

Primary production in the tropics is relatively low because of ___________.

lack of nutrients and too much stratification

Primary production in the Arctic Ocean is low because of __________.

lack of sunlight

The most deficient resource relative to what is required for life in the ocean is called the __________ factor.

limiting

Living (biotic) components of marine ecosystems consist of all of the following with the exception of __________.

nutrients

Marine snow, fecal pellets, and aggregates of dead phytoplankton particles constitute __________.

particulate organic carbon

The process whereby primary producers use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to manufacture their own food in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems is __________.

photosynthesis

Primary production in the temperate zones is moderate because of __________.

seasonal variations in sun, nutrients, and stratification

The high latitude North Atlantic is a major CO2 oceanic sink because of __________.

surface water sinking to the bottom

In a marine ecosystem, producers __________.

synthesize food from components of the abiotic environment

The equatorial eastern Pacific is a major CO2 oceanic source because of __________.

upwelled waters subsequently warmed at the sea surface by intense solar radiation

CO2 outgassing from the ocean occurs __________.

where cold water from deep in the ocean reaches the surface

Chemosynthesis is a process __________.

whereby marine organisms in the absence of sunlight derive energy from substances such as hydrogen sulfide