oceanography exam 1

continental shelf

a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

true

a rift valley may be associated with divergent plate boundaries

continental volcanic arcs

Melt from the subducting plate rises to the surface, erupts through the crust on the overriding plate and forms...?

Christopher Columbus "New World"

The European age of discovery began with?

fault

The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a

subduction

The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of

Fredrick Vine

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was

bathymetry

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography

soundwaves

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

seafloor spreading

The slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to

submarine canyons

are deep valleys at passive continental boundaries. They are likely carved out by turbidity currents, which occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope.

pacific islanders

are some of the first navigators; they used stick charts to navigate the sea

Paleozoic/ mesozoic

characterized by the extinction of 90% of marine life

latitude

climate distribution on earth is primarily controlled by

fringing reefs

coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable

lithosphere

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of solid rock layer brittle and rigid solid region comprised mostly of basalt and granite

ocean trench

deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

true

deep sea trenches are found at convergent plate boundaries

Vikings of Scandinavia

explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle ages were undertaken by?

sedimentary rock

exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States.

seafloor crust

found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock

submarine canyon

narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

turbidity currents

occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope.

Mesozoic/ cenozoic

period marks the extinction of dinosaurs and many other species

athenosphere

plastic, malleable, capable of flow

principal of original horizontality

shows that layers have been disturbed during deposition from their original source area.

mid ocean ridge

spreading center

paleomagnetism

study of magnetism

trench

subduction zone

present phase

the atmosphere was composed of increased amounts of atmospheric oxygen, which caused the ozone concentration in the stratosphere to increase

initial phase

the atmosphere was composed of leftover gases from the nebula

early phase

the atmosphere was composed of mostly water vapor (steam), small amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other gases

Precambrian/ proterozoic

the first organisms with shells developed

divergent plate boundaries

the mid Atlantic ridge is an example of?

false

the salinity of oceans has been steadily increasing

paleogeography

the study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions

Origin of earths oceans

the water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing with a minor component coming from ice comets

Mammals

thrived in the millenia following the extinction at the KT boundary

principal goal of science

to explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

Greeks

used the polar North Star to determine latitude (distance from the equator).

Great Permian Extinction

was a massive extinction event in which 90 percent of marine life and 70 percent of vertebrate land species were wiped out, creating niches that dinosaurs would eventually fill

Captain James cook

was an English navigator who determined the outline of the Pacific Ocean and was the first person known to cross the Antarctic Circle

Christopher Columbus

was an Italian navigator who made a total of four trips across the Atlantic. He was erroneously credited with discovering North America

Arabs

were the dominant navigators in the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages.

phoenicians

were the first humans from the Western Hemisphere to develop the art of navigation.

new oceanic lithosphere

what forms at divergent plate boundaries

law of superposition

where layers have deposited over time and are stacked upon each other

precision depth recorder

emits a high-frequency sound beam to measure the depth of the ocean developed in the 1950s is the: ANSWER:

Ptolemy

mapped the world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

Vikings

possessed excellent ships and good navigation skills to actively explore the Atlantic Ocean in the late 10th century

side scan sonar

produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend?

ages of rocks

radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine

continental crust

Australia is composed of relatively old and thick

divergent

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?

increases

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

hot spot

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a

deep sea trenches

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:

Ring of Fire

Subduction zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean give rise to volcanoes. This area surrounding the Pacific Ocean is called the

seamounts

large volcanoes on the ocean floor that are cone shaped on top because they never reached the sea level

abyssal plain

lat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

Magellan

led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe

Continental crust

made of rock that is relatively light in color, and is less dense than oceanic crust

principal of cross cutting relationships

magma intrudes into layers of sedimentary rock and displaces them. We can deduce that the intruded magma that crystallizes is younger than the surrounding sedimentary layers by applying

KT boundry

marks the timing of the extinction event tied to the demise of the dinosaurs and is visible in the rock record as a thin layer of sediment that can be found worldwide

carbonaceous meteorite

may have caused a global cooling event as suspended dust blocked the Sun. Without the Sun's energy, many plants would have died. Without plants to feed on, many creatures would also have died

volcanism

may have caused global warming, which would have warmed the oceans, decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen and increasing the number anaerobic bacteria present in the ocean. These bacteria would have generated massive amounts of toxic hydrogen sulfide, leading to the Great Permian Extinction.