Oceanography Exam 2
Why is the water molecule a 'polar' molecule?
because of shape, negative where oxygen is sticking out, positive where the two hydrogen molecules are
What is a gyre?
circular motion. the term generally refers to a circular current system centered in the subtropical high pressure region of a major ocean basin
Calculate the total amount of heat required to convert 5 gr of ice at -15°C to 5 gr of water vapor at 106°C. EXAM QUESTION!!
3652.5
How do water particles move as a wave goes by? How does this orbital motion change with depth?
circular or elliptical motion depending on type of wave, deep or shallow respectively, and the circles get smaller and smaller in deep waves but elliptical motions get elongated and eventually flatten out
Calculate wave parameters for deep and shallow water waves.
deep water waves happen if the depth of water is greater than or equal to 1/2 of the wavelength. shallow water waves happen if the depth of water is less than or equal to 1/20 of the wavelength
pycnocline
depth of water where you have the biggest change in density over depth
How do surface currents affect costal climate? Can you give an example?
gulf stream - is really warm, makes areas hot wet summers - florida. california - don't have as hot and humid summers because california current is a cold current.
What are the names, directions, and latitude ranges of the major prevailing wind systems in the Northern and Southern hemisphere?
0 - 30, NE tradwinds, prevailing westerlies 0-60, 60-90 polar easterlies
Explain how wind waves are created.
A disturbing force is what releases energy that creates waves: → wind (wind waves) → movement of fluids of different densities (internal waves) → underwater sea floor movement (tsunami) → pull of the Moon and Sun (tides) • A restoring force is what returns the water surface to flatness: → surface tension (capillary waves, wavelength <1.73cm) → gravity (gravity waves, wavelength >1.73cm)
What is a disturbing or generating force?
A disturbing force is what releases energy that creates waves: → wind (wind waves) (mainly wind) → movement of fluids of different densities (internal waves) → underwater sea floor movement (tsunami) → pull of the Moon and Sun (tides)
What is a 'fully developed sea'?
A fully developed sea is the maximum height of waves produced by conditions of wind speed, duration, and fetch
What is a wave train? What is its velocity? EXAM QUESTION!!
A group of swell generated by the same event and moving together across the ocean is a wave train • The speed of wave train is equal to Cd/2
What is a restoring force? What is the restoring force for capillary and wind waves?
A restoring force is what returns the water surface to flatness: → surface tension (capillary waves, wavelength <1.73cm) → gravity (gravity waves, wavelength >1.73cm)
Define AABW, NADW, MIW and explain why they are different.
Antarctic Bottom Water. North Atlantic Deep Water. Mediterranean Intermediate Water. AABW- Densest water mass in ocean today, so dense sinks to bottom of ocean and sinks and stays there - why we call it bottom water. NADW -North Atlantic gets water ultimately from the equator, Salty water from equator and tropics, Cooled down from cold winds and exchange from arctic. MIW - Tropical latitude, Water comes in form Atlantic, travels along southern shores of Mediterranean. Water experiences a lot of evaporation as it travels along Mediterranean sea. Makes water really salty. Winter - cold air cools down the water, becomes dense, then sinks to bottom of Mediterranean, starts moving west out of Mediterranean.
Explain what happens to waves as they approach the shore.
As the wave approaches the shore it interacts with the sea bottom • Wave steepness increases, H/L (as H increases and L decreases) • When H/L > 1/7 the wave becomes unstable and start to break (whitecaps) • The wave loses most of its energy by breaking and the remaining energy causes the water to rush up the shore (swash)
What happens to a wave that is approaching the shore? How do celerity, wavelength, period, and height change?
As the wave approaches the shore it interacts with the sea bottom • Wave steepness increases, H/L (as H increases and L decreases) • When H/L > 1/7 the wave becomes unstable and start to break (whitecaps) • The wave loses most of its energy by breaking and the remaining energy causes the water to rush up the shore (swash) celerity decreases, wavelength shortens, height increases, period stays the same
Why do wave refract as they approach a shore? What is the main consequence of wave refraction? Know how to draw a diagram. EXAM QUESTION!!
As waves move into shallow water or encounter obstacles in their path, they may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected. a given wave train will interact with the bottom at different distances from shore
What is the Coriolis effect?
Coriolis force is apparent force - does not exist! Ignores that planet spins. Anything moving on the Earth experiences a deflection caused by the Earth's rotation object has to move at significant speed and distance and for amount of time to feel the effect - have to allow the planet to move. Like flying from here to London, planet will move in that amount of time Coriolis force is zero at the equator and max at the poles It is an apparent force due to Earth's rotation (rotating frame of reference)
What is the thermohaline circulation? Why is it called thermohaline? EXAM QUESTION!!
Density-driven water flow Affects water below the pycnocline Slow circulation Deep-water currents move large volumes of water Called thermohaline because temperature and salinity together determine density of seawater
What is a free wave? What is a forced wave?
Free wave: a wave that propagates across the ocean without the further influence of the generating force Forced wave: a wave that is maintained by its generating force • Free wave - formed somewhere, and the storm may die down, but the waves still go wherever they want to go • Forced waves - only exist as long as the force there causing them apply. Tides exist only because of gravitational pull between moon and sun and centripetal force of the planet.
Describe the arrangement of water molecules as they exist in the gaseous, liquid, and solid states
Gas - water molecules separated from each other. Liquid water - hydrogen bonds are always there but they're always forming and breaking so the liquid can conform to a container. When you have a solid - molecules present in ice have to assume a certain configuration geometrically
. Describe (and draw) the three cells model of atmospheric circulation. What are the names of the 3 cells? What is the significance of the places where air movement is vertical and where (what latitude) do they occur? EXAM QUESTION!!
Hadley cell, ferrell cell, polar cell. no winds at the latitudes 0,30,60,90
Describe (and draw) the one cell model of atmospheric circulation. What are the main assumptions for this model?
Heating of air - low pressure system. Warming air rises. Present at equator. At the two poles we are losing heat - air is cooling, density increases, therefore it will sink from top of atmosphere to bottom of atmosphere - high pressure zone. Air is pushed from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. Winds are horizontal movements of air that happen along the surface of the planet. Start at poles with high pressure systems pushing the air down towards equator where you have low pressure system where air gets sucked up towards top, keeps repeating. One cell model of atmospheric circulation. major assumptions - no continents, water is same depth everywhere, earth is still - no coriolis effect
Explain how the water moves when a wave goes by.
In an ocean wave, the transfer of energy from water particle to water particle follows circular paths (or orbits) • The wave form moves forward (progressive wave), but the water does not
What is the Ekman transport?
Net wind-driven transport of surface water at an angel to the right (northern hemisphere) or left (southern hemisphere) of the wind direction as a result of the Coriolis affect
Where would you expect to find the largest waves? Why?
Pacific ocean because the atlantic and Indian oceans are much narrower and provide more limited fetch. The longest fetches are within a band of westerly winds stretching around Antarctica. *where you have the infinite fetch*
What are the 3 density zones in the ocean? Describe them.
Pycnocline/thermocline/halocline
How does the solar radiation received by the Earth vary as a function of latitude? Why?
Shape of our planet affects the way solar energy hits different parts of the planet. Equator and tropics are warmer always because the solar radiation hits more intense there than at higher or lower latitudes. The solar energy there (not equator) is less strong and stretched over a bigger area. We also have an atmosphere. At the different latitudes the solar radiation has to go through more atmosphere - more chances for solar energy to be lost. Surplus at equator/low latitudes - high latitudes where you are losing energy. Winds exist because of this. Because we have really warm areas and really cold areas makes warm air move towards cold areas which causes a mitigation of the difference in temperatures - winds. Air has a low heat capacity - can only do so much compared to what water can do (water has a high heat capacity).
Describe the unique properties of water (high heat capacity, high melting and boiling points, high heat of fusion and vaporization, density of solid less than density of liquid).
Special properties of water (hydrogen bond is behind all these special properties) •High surface tension •Tremendous dissolving power •Highest heat capacity - measure of how easy it is to warm up or cool down a substance. If you have a high heat capacity, you have to put a lot of energy into doing that. If you have low heat capacity, a little energy will change the temperature •High melting and boiling points - temperature of transforming a solid to a liquid and transforming a liquid to a gas, and reverse •High heat of fusion and vaporization - •Density of solid is less than liquid
Why is the circulation around Antarctica unique? Describe the circulation pattern of the West Wind Drift (Antarctic Circumpolar Current). What causes it?
System of currents around Antarctica that are really different than continents elsewhere Water right around Antarctica moves counter clockwise Around that, prevailing westerlies move water clockwise direction around continent constantly
What is the difference between temperature and heat?
Temperature is a measure of how fast the molecules in a substance are moving • Heat is a measure of how much energy has to be put into (or gotten out of) a substance to change its temperature, or state (solid, liquid, gas)
What are the main characteristics of the AABW? How is it formed and where?
The Antarctic is the most important source of bottom water in the oceans • Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) composes 59% of the world ocean, and is the most distinct of all deep water masses. This cold (-1.9°C) and salty water mass flows equatorward along the bottom • AABW is the densest water mass • AABW circulation brings oxygenated, cold water as far north as 50°N in the Pacific and 45°N in the Atlantic • The formation of sea-ice is particularly important in the formation of AABW
The amount of energy transferred to the ocean by winds depends on? EXAM QUESTION!!
The amount of energy transferred depends by: → wind speed → wind duration → fetch 3 days*
What is the atmosphere? What are its major components?
The atmosphere is the volume of gases, water vapor, and airborne particles surrounding the Earth. ~78% nitrogen, ~20% oxygen, rest is other stuff. About ~1% argon air also contains water vapor (up to 4%) - water vapor content of atmosphere changes, rest of the other stuff stays the same pretty much
What are water masses? Where are they formed (surface vs deeper in the water column)? How can you identify them?
The ocean is not homogeneous, water properties (temperature, salinity, and density) vary both vertically and laterally • The ocean is stratified according to density • Water mass: a body of water identifiable by its salinity and temperature (and therefore its density) •Water masses are identified measuring temperature (T) and salinity (S), from which density can be determined •Temperature is the most important factor controlling density •Salinity is important at high latitudes, where surface waters are uniformly cold
How do the freezing point of water and the temperature of maximum density change with increasing salinity?
The temperature of maximum density moves toward the freezing point as salinity increases
What are upwelling and downwelling? What causes them?
Upwelling = movement of deep water to surface → moves cold, nutrient-rich water to surface → causes high productivity Downwelling = movement of surface water down → moves warm, nutrient-poor water down → not associated with high productivity Happens in two areas of ocean - coastline and equator(upwelling) they are caused by the ekman transport due to winds and Coriolis effect
Water has thermostatic properties. Why? How does that affect coastal climates (think of coastal vs continental climate)? Why is it important around Antarctica?
Water has high heat capacity, so it can absorb (or release) large quantities of heat without changing temperature. that means in the summer the ocean will make coastal places cooler than inland places. in summer water absorbs heats by climates so land doesnt warm up as much. Around antarctica it is important because it is still covered in ice - one of the reasons even during summer is because the air is so cold the reason is there is always sea ice - preserves ice at antarctica
What is a wave?
Wave: a disturbance caused by the movement of energy from a source through a medium (solid, liquid or gas)
What is a shallow water wave? Describe the motion of water particles in shallow waves. At what depth the wave starts being a shallow water wave?
Waves do interact with the seafloor • Orbits of the water molecules are elliptical, eventually becoming straight lines • Present in water depth - less than or equal to 1/20 of wavelength of wave (wavelength/20)
What is a deep water wave? Describe the motion of water particles in deep waves. At what depth the wave stops being a deep water wave and starts to feel the bottom?
Waves do not interact with the seafloor • Orbits of the water molecules are circular •Present in water greater than or equal to ½ of the wavelength of the wave (wavelength/2)
A strong and persistent wind is blowing over an area of the oceans for ~ 3 days. Describe how wind waves are generated, from capillary waves to swells.
When the wind first blows over the water, it produces small ripples on the water surface As the wind continues to blow, waves are piled up and are short and choppy. This is called a sea Over hours to days, the waves get bigger. They become so big, waves break and collapse on themselves. The wind may whip the tops over into a foam. These waves are called whitecaps and the sea is called a fully developed sea At some distance from the storm, waves have become smoother, their wavelength has increased, and they appear more organized. These waves are called swells, and they can travel great distances
Explain how and why the Ekman transport creates a sea surface topography. Where are hills and depressions formed?
because of the movement of waves at 90 degree angles to the wind, and the way the winds move, they meet at certain areas of ocean like at 30 degrees north, and create hills, and move away from each other at certain areas, like 60 degrees north, and make valleys
Explain the reason for the circumpolar current around Antarctica.
because there is no continent - currents keep going like winds keep going
What is a water mass?
body of water with characteristic temperature and salinity
Where are deep water masses formed (geographic locations)? Why? EXAM QUESTION!!
by antarctica, northern atlantic, Mediterranean sea.
How does the thermocline change with latitude? EXAM QUESTION!!
doesn't exist at poles and is very strong at low latitudes because surface water is very warm
How are geostrophic currents created? What are the forces involved? Why surface currents flow clockwise around a high (hill) in the N hemisphere and counterclockwise around a low (depression)?
formed form water flowing off a hill or into a valley, coriolis involved, ekman transport, prevailing winds. flows clockwise around a hill in northern hemisphere because water is flowing down from the hill, and will be deflected to the right because of coriolis. flows counterclockwise around valleys because water is flowing into the valley and will be deflected to the right of that
Explain how the density of pure water changes with temperature and why
gets denser as it gets colder until four degrees celsius, which is the temperature of maximum density. below 4 degrees it gets less dense. after it reaches 4 degrees it starts to get less dense in preparation for freezing - getting into the geometrical shape for ice, which is less dense because theres so much space between the particles.
Explain what heat capacity and latent heat are
heat capacity is the measure of how easy it is to warm up or cool down a substance. If you have a high heat capacity, you have to put a lot of energy into doing that. If you have low heat capacity, a little energy will change the temperature. Latent heat is the energy needed to change state (ice to water, water to vapor)
Explain how atmospheric circulation affects climate
high pressure - evaporation, low pressure - precipitation
What is the Pacific Common Water (CoW)?
in indian and pacific ocean because we don't have another water mass in the deep part of the water besides the AABW, so it's called the pacific common water. forms at Antarctica forms in circle around it goes everywhere. in atlantic takes name of AABW, in indian and pacific it is called common water, even though it is the same water.
How does the Coriolis effect influence the movement of winds in the Northern and Southern hemisphere? EXAM QUESTION!!
in northern hemisphere - winds are deflected to the winds' right. in southern hemisphere - winds are deflected to winds' left
Explain the link between wind pattern and ocean surface circulation.
involves about 10% of the water in the global ocean (mainly above the pycnocline, the upper 400 m) consists of large-scale horizontal-flowing currents largely driven by winds surface currents are deflected by the Coriolis effect and by continental barriers
What is the phenomenon of western intensification? What creates it? EXAM QUESTION!!
is there because hills are intensified to west side of ocean because earth is spinning in opposite direction - water lags behind this spin, gets squished ot the west side of ocean, which makes west side very steep, strong and eastern side very gradual slope, weaker slower currents
Describe how the intensity of light changes with depth in seawater. How does the spectrum of different wavelengths change with depth? EXAM QUESTION!!
less and less intense very quickly, 100 meters away basically no more light, not all wavelengths can penetrate the same - some colors disappear right away - blue penetrates deepest
Explain how light penetrates in water
light penetrates very poorly in water
Where in the oceans is sea surface temperature (SST) higher? Why?
low latitudes because of the sun
How can evaporation occur at temperatures less than 100°C?*
molecule by molecule gains enough energy to change state, whereas boiling is a mass process - all of the molecules could make the jump at 100 degrees. but before that molecule by molecule.
What happens to these currents after they are formed? Where do they travel to in the Atlantic Ocean? What about the Pacific and Indian Ocean?
north atlantic current moves south, moves all the way to the west wind drift, gets around antarctica, west wind drift and east wind drift go from surface to deep ocean because high latitude at antarctica, then starts moving around. AABW forms close to antarctic sinks to the bottom and moves north, moves away. in atlantic you can trace it all the way to about 45 degrees north, in pacific a bit more north, biggest, largest water mass we have in the ocean. in indian and pacific ocean because we don't have another water mass in the deep part of the water it's called the pacific common water. north atlantic deep water only in atlantic
Why deep waters mainly form in the Atlantic Ocean?
open to arctic
Describe briefly the global flow of surface and deep currents (conveyor belt) in the oceans. What are some of the important consequences of this global flow?
parcel of water starts on surface eventually becomes deep water travels currents - deep and surface - and such ends up back in the same place. Ocean turnover is about 1500 years (time for a round trip on the conveyor belt) • Formation of deep water brings O2 to the deep ocean • Upwelling of old deep water brings nutrients back up to the surface • O2 causes oxidation of deep-sea sediments and CO2 content controls CCD (Carbonate Compensation Depth)
What is the photic zone? What is the aphotic zone?
photic zone - upper part of the ocean in which solar radiation is of sufficeint intensity to enable photosynthesis to occur. aphotic - where light is insufficient for photosynthesis
Understand the effects of different continental positions on deep water circulation.
point of why we have formation of deep waters in north atlantic vs none in north pacific. atlantic is open to arctic, and pacific is closed to arctic
What is a progressive wave? What is a standing wave?
progressive wave - wave in which the waveform progressively moves. Standing wave - waveform that oscillates vertically without progressive movement
What are the factors controlling the density of seawater? EXAM QUESTION!!
salinity and temperature
Draw a diagram and label the names of currents in each of the major subtropical gyres. EXAM QUESTION!!
see pic
How do temperature and density change with depth in the ocean? Draw the profiles.
see slides
Explain how and why air density changes
temp, pressure, humidity. when air is compressed the particles move around more which makes it hotter, and warm hair is less dense so it will rise. if you put water vapor in air it will displace other elements so it will be less dense
thermocline
that layer in ocean/lake where you have highest change in temperature over depth
halocline
that layer in the ocean where you have the highest change in salinity over depth
Which 2 factors affect the appearance (spilling, plunging, surging breakers) of a wave breaking at the shore?
the angle of the bottom (spilling breaker = flat bottom, plunging breaker = steep bottom, surging breaker = very steep bottom). and wave height
Briefly describe the pattern of surface circulation.
the gyres - general circulation, these circles
Why is there an equatorial countercurrent? In which direction does it flow? EXAM QUESTION!!
the north equatorial current and south equatorial current flow to the west, and the water flowing from these currents cannot be processed by the gyre, so the water returns needs to flow back to the east, which is possible because there aren't winds at the equator.
Where in the oceans does the thermocline mainly contribute to the pycnocline and where does the halocline?
thermocline does not exist at high latitudes, so as soon as you are away from the poles there is a thermocline, strongest where surface water is warmest - low latitudes- and weakens away from low latitudes. halocline may be present where making sea ice, but not really significant enough to make a big difference - see it most where big rivers come in - relatively fresh water at surface then salty water at depth, so halocline might make a difference here - golf of mexico for example
What is fetch?
uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows (measured in the direction of the wind) without a significant change in direction
Describe how coastal upwelling or downwelling occur.
upwelling: causes the waves to move away from the coast, wants to make a void but can't, water from below comes up to fill it. downwelling: winds cause waves to move toward the coast, water moves towards the shore and has to move down because of the coast
Explain what controls the density of seawater
vast majority of the time temperature outweighs salinity to determine density
Briefly describe the pattern of atmospheric circulation according to the 3-cells model.
vertical movements of air at 0, 30, 60, 90. alternating low pressure and high pressure zones, circular movements of air.
What is the difference between western and eastern boundary currents?
western boundary currents are warm, eastern boundary currents are cold. Western boundary currents are stronger than eastern.
What is the difference between the wind direction, the direction of the surface water direction, and the direction of mass transport (Ekman transport) of water?
whatever direction the wind is traveling in the northern hemisphere for example, the surface water direction will be deflected 45 degrees to the right of the wind, and the direction of mass transport will be 90 degrees, perpendicular, to the right of the wind.
When do waves break?
when H/L is greater than 1/7
How is air density influenced by temperature and water content? Why? EXAM QUESTION!!
when air is compressed the particles move around more which makes it hotter, and warm hair is less dense so it will rise. if you put water vapor in air it will displace other elements so it will be less dense
What happens, in terms of temperature and water content, to air when it rises from sea level to higher altitudes? And when it descends from higher altitudes to sea level?
when air rises it starts to to get colder, evaporates water into it, less dense, and then when it condenses and comes back down it starts to warm up and the water vapor condenses and comes out as precipitation
What is the Ekman spiral? How is it created? What are the forces involved?
when you actually consider every single layer of water, every layer is deflected a little bit more than the layer before, they make a spiral
What keeps the Earth in balance (what distributes heat to higher latitudes)?
winds and ocean currents
How do high and low pressure zones affect climate?
winds are pushed from high pressure to low pressure. high pressure - evaporation, low pressure - precipitation
Understand the role of continental position in controlling the pattern of ocean currents.
winds move water in a certain direction and winds go in their direction and keep going, would want to move water and keep going, water cannot keep going because oceans ends so you have western boundary currents and easter boundary cureents
Describe how equatorial upwelling occurs.
winds on either side of the equator blow and the Coriolis effect causes the water to move away from the equator, Ekman transport moving the waves away at 90 degree angles, so there wants to be a depression there, but there can't be, so water from below comes up to fill the what would be void
Is there a difference in how shallow or deep the surface currents are in the subtropical and subpolar gyres? Why?
yes, technically there is - it depends on where the thermocline and pycnocline are. if thermocline and pycnocline are shallow, the currents will be shallow, as move toward the poles pycnocline and thermocline are less prominent, so surface currents are stronger and deeper.
Explain how deep waters are formed.
• Changes in salinity and temp happens at the surface • Air changes temp, evaporation can make water saltier - at surface, rivers can dilute saltiness, or melting ice -surface • All processes that can change density of water happens at surface * • In high-latitude oceans, surface water is cooled and becomes denser • This water sinks, reaches an equilibrium depth, and is then driven horizontally by the continued sinking of dense water behind it, creating a deep current
How is deep water formed? EXAM QUESTION!!
• Changes in salinity and temp happens at the surface • Air changes temp, evaporation can make water saltier - at surface, rivers can dilute saltiness, or melting ice -surface • All processes that can change density of water happens at surface * • In high-latitude oceans, surface water is cooled and becomes denser • This water sinks, reaches an equilibrium depth, and is then driven horizontally by the continued sinking of dense water behind it, creating a deep current
Explain how the density of seawater changes with temperature
• Higher the temperature, the lighter the water, the lower the temperature, the denser the water • Lower salinity, lower temperature generally but not a linear pattern
How do temperature and salinity affect density of seawater?
• Higher the temperature, the lighter the water, the lower the temperature, the denser the water • Lower salinity, lower temperature generally but not a linear pattern
What are the main characteristics of the NADW? How is it formed and where?
• North Atlantic gets water ultimately from the equator • Salty water from equator and tropics • Cooled down from cold winds and exchange from arctic
What is a hydrogen bond, how does it form, why is it important?
• Similar to ionic bond but weak • Polarity causes water molecules to form weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules gives water all of its special properties
Explain how and why the ocean is stratified
• Surface water separated from dense waters • Pycnocline - depth of water where you have the biggest change in density over depth • Vast majority of cases, temperature outweighs salinity to determine density. • Warm temps at surface because of the sun doesn't happen with cold waters where they're all around the same depth, water can't mix when it's warm at top and cold at bottom because lighter water rises
What are the effects of adding salts to water?
• The solids dissolved in seawater raise its boiling point • Seawater evaporates more slowly than fresh water • The dissolved solids lower the freezing point • The temperature of maximum density moves toward the freezing point as salinity increases • Density increases as a function of salinity
How is the Mediterranean Intermediate Water formed?
• Tropical latitude • Water comes in form Atlantic, travels along southern shores of Mediterranean. Water experiences a lot of evaporation as it travels along Mediterranean sea. Makes water really salty. Winter - cold air cools down the water, becomes dense, then sinks to bottom of Mediterranean, starts moving west out of Mediterranean.
Explain the role of temperature and salinity in deep water circulation.
• Water masses are identified measuring temperature (T) and salinity (S), from which density can be determined • Temperature is the most important factor controlling density • Salinity is important at high latitudes, where surface waters are uniformly cold • High density - cold and salty • Changes in salinity and temp happens at the surface • Air changes temp, evaporation can make water saltier - at surface, rivers can dilute saltiness, or melting ice -surface • All processes that can change density of water happens at surface * • In high-latitude oceans, surface water is cooled and becomes denser • This water sinks, reaches an equilibrium depth, and is then driven horizontally by the continued sinking of dense water behind it, creating a deep current
Draw a wave form and label and define wavelength, wave height, crest, trough, period, celerity, and frequency.
• Wave length is the horizontal distance between two successive same points (ex: two crests) on that wave form - crests (high points) or troughs (low points) • Wave height - distance between crest and trough crest - peak of wave, trough - lowest point of wave, period - time that elapses between the passage of two successive wave crests past a fixed point, celerity- wave speed, frequency - the number of crests (or troughs) that pass a given point per unit time; the inverse of wave period
Explain the significance of the hydrogen bond
•Similar to ionic bond but weak •Polarity causes water molecules to form weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules •Although the hydrogen bond between molecules is only 5% as strong as the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen (covalent bonds), it accounts for many of water's important properties •The way we see water today is almost a gel because of the hydrogen bonds Special properties of water (hydrogen bond is behind all these special properties) •High surface tension •Tremendous dissolving power •Highest heat capacity - measure of how easy it is to warm up or cool down a substance. If you have a high heat capacity, you have to put a lot of energy into doing that. If you have low heat capacity, a little energy will change the temperature •High melting and boiling points - temperature of transforming a solid to a liquid and transforming a liquid to a gas, and reverse •High heat of fusion and vaporization - •Density of solid is less than liquid