OFGAHAA Chapters 4-6

Which stage of Maconochie's marks system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?

penal stage

Which, according to Gowdy, is a factor contributing to the expansion of the private sector's role in the penal system?

the public?s view that the current penal system is too costly and too ineffective at reducing recidivism

During a revocation hearing, a probationer may be represented by legal counsel and may have the opportunity to testify.

true

Prisons are a relatively new phenomenon in criminal justice and corrections.

true

Shock probation is generally believed to be a low-cost and effective intermediate sanction for less serious felons.

true

Under administrative supervision, offenders have no contact with a parole or probation officer, but they still must meet their conditions.

true

Which type of Federal Bureau of Prison facility handles the highest number of inmates?

BOP-operated prisons

Which company received the first private contract to house adult offenders?

Corrections Corporation of America

Which act exemplifies criminal statutes extending the authority of the federal government to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local law enforcement agencies to handle?

Volstead

________ is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision.

administrative supervision

Which of the following classifications pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" requires three contacts per month with at least one positive contact?

basic high

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the 2007 Second Chance Act proposed to ease the reentry process for individuals leaving prison?

by providing more personal liberty to the prisoners

Which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?

casework style

Which of the following is Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) NOT responsible for?

detaining individuals arrested for attempting to leave the United States without a valid passport

A probationer cannot be arrested and detained in jail during the revocation process.

false

After World War II, the retributive model of corrections was adopted as the dominant theory influencing prison practices.

false

Prison administrators try to keep inmates idle in their cells and quiet for as much of the day as possible.

false

Which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?

just deserts model

When was the U.S. Department of Justice established?

1870

Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?

Bearden v. Georgia

How is prisoner reentry different today compared to a few decades ago?

Communities to which prisoners return are more disorganized and their families less supportive.

Which private prison corporation opened the first for-profit correctional facility in 1984 and had the highest revenue of such companies in 2010?

Corrections Corporation of America

Which enactment pertains to interstate transportation of stolen vehicles?

Dyer Act

Currently, drug offenders with no prior involvement in crime do not receive long, mandatory prison sentences.

False

Inmates consider jail sentences very "easy time," because there is so little to do.

False

Which 1973 Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation?

Gagnon v. Scarpelli

Which of the following is a recommendation of the 1967 report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?

Inmates must be given the opportunity and capability to earn a living wage to compensate their victims and support their families.

Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing?

Mempa v. Ray

Which of the following was the ruling in the Gagnon v. Scarpelli case in 1973?

Parolees have a limited right to counsel.

Which law, enacted by the British Parliament in 1853, enabled prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police?

Penal Servitude Act

Where was the first U.S. penitentiary established?

Philadelphia

Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which of the following eras of corrections?

Rehabilitative

Which of the following eras of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?

Reintegrative

Which 1981 Supreme Court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons?

Sanford Bates

Which nineteenth-century director of the Irish prison system created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison?

Sir Walter Crofton

Which of the following is NOT a possible result if the court finds that a probationer is in violation?

The court has no discretion and must order imprisonment under the original sentence.

Which of the following is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing?

U.S. immigration & Customs Enforcement

In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?

United States v. Birnbaum

Which of the following statements is NOT true of a career as a warden?

Wardens are paid more than most chief executives in the private sector.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole?

a few weeks after the hearing, the parole decision is communicated to the inmate in writing through the prison staff

Which federal institutions have special missions, such as the detention of pretrial offenders or containment of extremely dangerous inmates?

administrative facilities

The major component of which of the following alternatives to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work?

boot camp

Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?

broken-windows probation

As many drug crimes were federalized, the federal prison population declined with less than one-third of all federal prison inmates serving sentences for drug offenses.

false

Boot camps are gaining in popularity because they are less expensive to operate than other methods of incarceration.

false

Community residential center placement rarely occurs after probationers are failing under their current supervision requirement.

false

Community supervision officers do not visit offenders' residences or places of employment.

false

Hearing procedures are the same in every state.

false

In Maconochie's mark system, during the initial penal stage of incarceration inmates could begin to earn marks through work, program participation, and good behavior.

false

Inmates should do as little as possible in prison in order to prepare for release to the community.

false

Judges have little discretion in imposing special conditions of probation.

false

Most states require that the staff of private prisons be public employees, not employees of the company that owns the prison.

false

Retribution was strongly emphasized as the goal of prisons until the 1970s.

false

Split sentences have become more common over the past two decades thanks to the "tough on crime" approach.

false

The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 made way for parole, and increased the amount of good time available to federal offenders.

false

The length of parole supervision following release from prison is never more than a year.

false

Transitional employment programs provide subsidized work to current prisoners with close supervision, mentoring, and on-the-job training.

false

With house arrest, offenders face the restriction of not being able to work at a job outside of the house.

false

What is the security level of U.S. penitentiaries?

high

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as "community control"?

house arrest

What kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?

intensive-supervision

What should a parole officer's first step be if he or she thinks a parolee has failed to adhere to a technical condition of parole supervision?

make a determination of a violation

What is the security level at federal institutions that feature dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing?

minimum

Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community?

minimum supervision

Which term describes the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders?

net widening

How many contacts per month with at least one positive contact does a basic low classification pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" require?

none

Which document does a parole officer write when a parole violation occurs and the offender does not cooperate or absconds from supervision?

notice of violation

Which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense?

offender restitution

Which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?

parole guidelines

Which is NOT one of Petersilia's six collateral consequences of imprisonment?

prison overcrowding

Which of the following is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain rules and commits no further crimes?

probation

Which is NOT a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?

rise in the number of plea bargains

What was the first stage of the Irish system of release?

solitary confinement

On which model is shock probation based?

specific deterrence

What is the release of inmates after they have served a determinate sentence, but with a period of supervision in the community, known as?

supervised mandatory release

Which of the following early forms of parole originated on Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior?

ticket of leave

What is the primary function of prisons?

to hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more

Which is NOT part of the mission statement of most prisons?

to physically discipline inmates who break the rules

What is a purpose of reentry courts?

to review inmates' reentry plans and progress

Which step does NOT occur during the formal revocation of parole?

trial by jury

An important feature in the organization of parole decision-making is that the parole board is independent from prison administrators.

true

Before the 1970s, only the most violent and dangerous offenders went to prison, while property offenders usually got probation and supervision in the community.

true

By 1944, all states had adopted the use of parole and indeterminate sentences.

true

Employment is key to successful reentry.

true

In recent years, as a result of increasing surveillance and close monitoring of offenders, the number of probation violations has risen significantly.

true

In the 1979 case Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, the Supreme Court determined that parole was legally a privilege and not a right.

true

Maconochie's mark system allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior.

true

Most offenders today serve a determinate sentence that is much longer than in the past.

true

Over the past fifty years, the sentencing options available to judges have increased.

true

Parole offenders may waive the preliminary hearing and proceed to the full revocation hearing.

true

Split sentences have become more common over the past two decades thanks to the "tough on crime" approach.

true

The Great Depression helped to expand the use of parole, as more people were sent to prison because of unemployment and Prohibition.

true

The budgets for all three areas of the criminal justice system (police, courts, and corrections) have increased dramatically.

true

The federalization of drug laws has had the greatest effect on the increase in the number of drug offenders in prison.

true

The penitentiary was first established because the Pennsylvania Quakers decided that a more humane and efficient way to punish and reform criminals was needed.

true

The prison staff generally do not make a recommendation regarding parole in most states.

true

The role of prisons in the U.S. criminal justice system over the past several years has grown tremendously.

true

The stay at a community residential center may be as short as 30 days.

true

Which of the following is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense?

victim compensation