Old Person Exam 3

In 1995, a report by the General Accounting office found that _______ of the nation's nursing homes were operating at a substandard level. A. 33% B. 75% C. 10% D. 2%

A. 33%

There are currently between 30,000 and _______ assisted living facilities in the United States. A. 65,000 B. 70,000 C. 90,000 D. 1 million

A. 65,000

Among females 75 or older, _______ women work more. A. African American B. Asian American C. Latinos/Hispanic D. Native American

A. African American

There are several factors responsible for the increase in volunteer work among older people. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Better transportation B. More education C. Financial security D. Better health

A. Better transportation

The increase in work among older men can be attributed in part to which of the following? A. Changes in Social Security regulations B. The rise in standard of living among men C. The need for men to "prove themselves" in the workplace D. A rise in the demand for more experienced workers in the labor force

A. Changes in Social Security regulations

Which of the following is not one of the phases in the parent-child living arrangements? A. Children marry and live close to their parents. B. Children live with or near their parents before they reach age 25. C. Children marry or move away in pursuit of education and employment. D. When aging parents become ill or disabled, they move nearer to their children.

A. Children marry and live close to their parents.

There are several barriers to participating in leisure time pursuits among the elderly. Which of the following is not one of these barriers? A. Educational level B. Inadequate economic resources C. Poor health D. Lack of transportation

A. Educational level

Over the life course, there are racial and ethnic differences in employment histories, which translate into different patterns of labor force participation in later life. Which of the following statements is accurate? A. In every age group, unemployment rates are higher for black and Hispanic men and women than they are for whites. B. Unemployment rates are lowest among black men until age 54. C. Black women have the highest unemployment rates until age 65 when they are exceeded by Hispanic wome

A. In every age group, unemployment rates are higher for black and Hispanic men and women than they are for whites.

One policy to address the caregiving problems has been the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993.Which of the following is not an adequate description of this act? A. It allows employees to take a paid or unpaid leave at the discretion of the employer. B. It allows employees to take 12 weeks of paid or unpaid leave for family-related reasons. C. It allows employees to take 8 weeks of paid or unpaid leave for family-related reasons. D. The act applies to firms that employ at least 50 people.

A. It allows employees to take a paid or unpaid leave at the discretion of the employer.

There are numerous factors related to religious involvement and well-being. Which of the following is not related to the impact of religion on adaptation to aging? A. It can improve one's employment prospects. B. It can increase self-esteem. C. It can enhance life satisfaction. D. It can reduce symptoms of depression.

A. It can improve one's employment prospects.

What of the following factors does NOT affect labor force withdrawal? A. Job satisfaction B. Social security benefits C. Pension type D. disability insurance

A. Job satisfaction

Which of the following is not a problem for grandchildren when their parents are caregivers for their grandparents? A. Making an educational sacrifice B. Competition with grandparents for their parent's attention C. Making a financial sacrifice D. Loss of privacy in the household

A. Making an educational sacrifice

Long-term care insurance is one option to pay for home care services. There are several problems with private insurance. Which of the following is not one of these problems? A. Policies do not cover home care for people in their 90s. B. Premiums are costly because most people wait until they are in their 70s and 80s to purchase insurance. C. People with health problems are turned down by private insurers. D. A high proportion of policy holders permit their policies to lapse.

A. Policies do not cover home care for people in their 90s

All of the following are activities of daily living except: A. Reading the newspaper B. Eating C. Bathing D. Getting in and out of bed.

A. Reading the newspaper

In a recent study done regarding the intensity of exercise vs. the quantity, what did researchers discover? A. That the amount of exercise one does may be more important than the intensity. B. That the intensity of exercise made the biggest difference. C. That there are no limits on how much one can exercise in a week. D. That the quantity of exercise made no significant difference in the aerobic fitness of the patients.

A. That the amount of exercise one does may be more important than the intensity.

Abuse in nursing homes stems from high turnover and high: A. absenteeism. B. emotional demands. C. efficiency demands. D. physical demands.

A. absenteeism.

The main purpose of health maintenance organizations or managed care is to: A. achieve efficiency and control cost. B. provide better diagnosis of illness. C. encourage patients to see specialists. D. reduce amount of drugs prescribed.

A. achieve efficiency and control cost.

Researchers have found that older homeless people are more likely to be: A. alcoholics. B. drug abusers. C. mentally challenged. D. poor.

A. alcoholics.

Older women are more likely than older men to live: A. alone. B. with children. C. with siblings. D. in a retirement home.

A. alone.

One study examining stress for women caring for a parent with Alzheimer's disease found that the greatest source of stress was: A. caregiver's spouse. B. children. C. siblings. D. spouse of parent.

A. caregiver's spouse.

Half of the volunteer work completed by older adults is for: A. churches or church related organizations. B. nursing homes. C. fundraising. D. tutoring others.

A. churches or church related organizations.

The workshop developed by a group of Cornell University researchers focused on improving listening skills and enhancing: A. communication B. empathy. C. respect D. efficiency

A. communication

A major attraction of the continuing care retirement communities is the: A. continuum of services provided to the residents. B. up-front fee and a continuing monthly fee from residents. C. location. D. number of available males.

A. continuum of services provided to the residents.

Older African Americans may receive instrumental as well as _______ support from their church affiliation. A. emotional B. daily C. health D. normative

A. emotional

In a study examining hypertension among African Americans, Jamaicans, and Nigerians, it was found that an explanation of hypertension among African Americans is: A. environmental. B. heredity. C. lack of support system. D. diet.

A. environmental.

There is a gender difference in the division of labor among caregivers. Daughters are more likely to provide all of the following except: A. household chores. B. feeding. C. dressing. D. bathing.

A. household chores.

Supportive housing refers to which of the following: A. housing options that offer assistance with daily living B. housing arrangements in inner cities. C. housing where older people live with students D. alternative living arrangements for people with developmental disabilities.

A. housing options that offer assistance with daily living

According to Jaber Gubrium's book Living and Dying at Murray Manor, the most difficult loss when moving into a nursing home is: A. independence. B. friends. C. familiar places. D. familiar furniture or objects.

A. independence.

Racial disparities in medical treatment have declined, especially in regard to: A. mammograms B. flue shots. C. yearly check-up. D. prostate cancer checks

A. mammograms

Elderly minorities are in poorer health than Caucasian elderly. Yet they are __________ likely to receive home and community-based services. A. more B. less C. both D. not

A. more

All of the following are characteristics of the defined contribution plan except: A. pays a specific amount when a worker has a certain number of years of service. B. most funds are invested in the stock market. C. workers tend to retire later compared to workers with a defined benefit plan. D. it is a saving plan with some tax advantage.

A. pays a specific amount when a worker has a certain number of years of service.

A study of 20 adolescent grandchildren of Alzheimer's patients found that the caregiving experience had had a/an ________ influence on family relationships. A. positive B. negative C. ambivalent D. major

A. positive

Long term care insurance has been slow to grow in the United States. What is one of the reasons? A. pricing mistakes on the part of insurance companies have stopped many from offering coverage B. most people do not need long term care C. people prefer family care D. Medicaid will pay all these costs

A. pricing mistakes on the part of insurance companies have stopped many from offering coverage

Research has shown that the highest quality of care is provided in homes operated by: A. profit-making companies. B. nonprofit organizations. C. small "mom and pop" teams. D. educational organizations.

A. profit-making companies.

Among older men, the _______ of labor force participation varies. A. rate B. source C. income D. demand

A. rate

The best possible resource to communicate health care issues with ethnic/racial subordinate groups is: A. social groups and clubs. B. television ads. C. newspaper ads. D. magazine ads.

A. social groups and clubs.

Retirement is a process but also a change in: A. status. B. income. C. health. D. daily activities.

A. status.

All of the following are characteristics of women who continue to work after spouses have retired except which one? A. they live in smaller households. B. they have children younger than age 21. C. they have husbands with health problems. D. they live in larger households.

A. they live in smaller households.

People 6\85 and older are most likely to reside: A. traditional community B. community housing with services C. assisted living facility D. nursing home

A. traditional community

All of the following statements related to home care are true except: A. there is no evidence that home and community-based services reduce costs of nursing home use. B. family members do withdraw support when home services are provided. C. family members do not withdraw support when home services are provided. D. home and community-based services are not always adequate.

B. family members do withdraw support when home services are provided.

Until the 1950s, the primary means for reimbursing physicians was through: A. health insurance. B. fee for service. C. payment plan. D. social insurance plan.

B. fee for service.

What is the most important factor that affects job satisfaction among direct care workers? A. pay B. how well they are treated by their supervisors C. how much time it takes to commute to the job D. whether they are the same race/ethnicity as the residents

B. how well they are treated by their supervisors

Marriage can be affected by caregiving responsibilities. Which is the consequence, according to Bookwala? A. the wear and tear hypothesis is correct. B. husbands and wives reported higher levels of marital satisfaction. C. husbands and wives reported great financial stress. D. wives felt that they experienced emotional abuse from their husbands.

B. husbands and wives reported higher levels of marital satisfaction.

According to the Center for Health Statistics, among people 65 and older, the most common chronic condition for both men and women is: A. heart disease B. hypertension C. diabetes D. cancer

B. hypertension

Once a family member is admitted to a nursing home, sometimes stress: A. decreases. B. increases. C. remains the same. D. comes in cycles.

B. increases.

All of the following are characteristics of poor housing quality among the elderly except: A. it is a problem for people who occupy rental properties. B. it is a problem for people who live in urban areas. C. it is a problem for the poorest elderly. D. it is a problem for ethnic minority groups.

B. it is a problem for people who live in urban areas.

One reason ethnic minority groups are less likely to receive home and community-based services or even to enter a nursing home is cultural preference. Another reason is: A. finances B. lack of access. C. lack of information on services. D. fear of abuse.

B. lack of access.

African-Americans and Hispanics/Latinos have lower rates of home ownership due to: A. preference for remaining in a specific community. B. racial discrimination in housing. C. intergenerational housing arrangements. D. frequent moves from city to city.

B. racial discrimination in housing.

Researchers have identified _________ phases in the parent-child life course in terms of proximity ofliving arrangement. A. two B. three C. four D. five

B. three

Turnover among workers in the health care industry is extremely high, exceeding 100 percent eachyear. Which of the following statements is not a reason for the turnover? A. Starting salary for nursing assistants is usually minimum wage with few fringe benefits such as health insurance or pensions. B. The work requires aides to manually lift patients which often results in back injuries. C. The work requires that the aides receive monthly training. D. There are few opportunities for advancement a

C. The work requires that the aides receive monthly training.

Japan has the highest life expectancy at birth than any country and has lower rates of death from cancer and heart disease than Americans. Which of the following is not a factor contributing to this? A. Japanese elderly are protected by family. More than half of Japanese live with children. B. There is a low level of income inequality. C. They exercise more than Americans. D. They have a healthy diet.

C. They exercise more than Americans.

Which of the following activities is not one performed by home and community-based services? A. Housekeeping B. Case management C. Travel plans D. Personal care

C. Travel plans

Timothy Diamond's book, Making Gray Gold: Narrative of Nursing Home Care, is: A. about the poor quality of care in nursing homes B. about the lack of social stimulation in nursing homes C. about how poorly paid nursing assistants struggled to reconcile the care they wanted to give patients with care that they were required to give D. about how nursing assistance organize patients to advocate for better emotional care

C. about how poorly paid nursing assistants struggled to reconcile the care they wanted to give patients with care that they were required to give

Some studies have found that physicians have a/an ________ view of older people. A. uncaring B. childlike C. biased and stereotyped D. unhealthy

C. biased and stereotyped

The continuing care retirement communities grew out of the: A. women's movement. B. social protest movement. C. care concept developed by religious groups for the care of aging lay people and clergy. D. care concept developed by the political movement, Gray Panthers, whose founder was Maggie Kuhn.

C. care concept developed by religious groups for the care of aging lay people and clergy.

Which of the following diseases is the only one NOT linked to smoking? A. heart disease B. cancer C. diabetes D. stroke

C. diabetes

Retirement currently is a: A. single event. B. multiple process. C. dynamic process. D. static process.

C. dynamic process.

People who have worked at routine and unchallenged jobs all their lives are _________ to retire. A. reluctant B. wanting C. eager D. excited

C. eager

Studies have documented the advantages of HMOs. According to one study, all of the following are advantages except: A. reduce hospital admission rates. B. shorten hospital stays. C. encourage patients to see specialists. D. make less use of expensive technologies.

C. encourage patients to see specialists.

Care of the frail elderly exists on a continuum of care. The least formal care is performed by: A. social workers B. public or private institutions. C. family members. D. former colleagues.

C. family members.

The degree of difficulty that people experience in performing activities of daily life is: A. functional capability. B. diagnostic measurement. C. functional status. D. dysfunctional tasks

C. functional status.

Activities undertaken by an individual to promote good health and prevent health problems are called: A. healthy lifestyle. B. health prevention. C. health behavior. D. health maintenance.

C. health behavior.

Home ownership is linked to: A. race B. self-esteem C. income D. gender.

C. income

A new type of continuing care retirement community is: A. semi-independent living community. B. dependent living community. C. independent living community. D. semi-dependent living community.

C. independent living community.

The most negative transition to retirement is experienced by: A. unmarried people. B. poor people. C. involuntary retirees. D. unhealthy people.

C. involuntary retirees.

Which type of retirement occurs when husbands and wives retire at the same time? A. sequential retirement B. dual retirement C. joint retirement D. bridge retirement

C. joint retirement

Two problems create high turnover rates among home health aides. They are: A. transportation and training B. low wages and transportation C. low wages and poor working conditions D. poor working conditions and training

C. low wages and poor working conditions

The Malaysian Family Life Survey found that: A. older adults had lower levels of depression. B. older adults who participated in exercises had higher life expectancy. C. older adults who had daily contact with children had greater protection from illness. D. older adults who had daily contact with children had less of a weight problem.

C. older adults who had daily contact with children had greater protection from illness.

There are several reasons why employers have stopped offering health benefits to their retired workers. Which of the following is not one of the reasons employers have stopped offering these benefits? A. policies have become increasingly expensive. B. the number of retired workers has increased. C. people are waiting to retire until they are eligible for Medicare and don't need these benefits. D. the federal government requires firms to report all costs and liabilities associated with retirees'

C. people are waiting to retire until they are eligible for Medicare and don't need these benefits.

There are several advantages of having a social support system. It is associated with better physical functioning and: A. reduction in illness. B. better diet. C. reduced risk of mortality. D. lower level of depression.

C. reduced risk of mortality.

Which of the following is usually not one of the issues that arise when siblings are caring for an aging parent? A. conflict when one sibling feels the others are not doing their fair share B. disagreements over how to care for a parent C. refusing to contribute financially D. increased closeness between siblings

C. refusing to contribute financially

Which type of housing is at the bottom of the market: A. assisted living facilities. B. board-and-care homes. C. single room occupancy hotels (SROs). D. nursing homes

C. single room occupancy hotels (SROs).

One of the factors which influences parent-child living arrangements is: A. parents' network of friends. B. marital status. C. social class. D. religious background.

C. social class.

The theory of intergenerational solidarity indicates: A. that all generations are supportive of one another. B. that all generations live in one household without any conflict. C. that a family will adjust its living arrangements to reflect the changing needs and resources of different generations. D. that a family will be available to all generations living within a household.

C. that a family will adjust its living arrangements to reflect the changing needs and resources of different generations.

"Bed-and-body work" refers to: A. bedside conversations with residents to calm them at bedtime. B. bathing and dressing residents so that they may be neat and clean in their beds. C. the daily routine of feeding, dressing, bathing and preparing residents for bed. D. physical therapy.

C. the daily routine of feeding, dressing, bathing and preparing residents for bed.

All of the following are the reasons employers see retirees' health insurance plans as a liability except: A. polices have become increasingly expensive B. the number of retired workers has increased C. the federal government monitors the amount of money spent on a plan D. the federal government requires firms to report all costs and liabilities associated with retirees' health plans

C. the federal government monitors the amount of money spent on a plan

What is one factor that determines whether residents of assisted living facilities feel "at home" in theirfacility? A. whether or not they have a lot of their own personal belongings surrounding them B. how close they live to family members C. their ability to make personal decisions and choices about their lives D. the amount of living space they occupy

C. their ability to make personal decisions and choices about their lives

Women are more likely to assume a disproportionate share of care giving because: A. they have been socialized to be caring. B. they are less likely to have other obligations. C. their primary responsibility has been for unpaid domestic labor, thus they are seen as natural caregivers. D. they are the primary parents in providing care for children.

C. their primary responsibility has been for unpaid domestic labor, thus they are seen as natural caregivers.

All of the following are reasons employers may be biased against older workers except: A. they are thought to be less productive than younger workers. B. they earn higher salaries. C. they are more stable than younger workers. D. they are perceived as incapable of adapting to change.

C. they are more stable than younger workers.

Assisted living facilities are a significant trend in housing for the elderly. All of the following are characteristics of assisted living facilities except: A. they provide social activities and transportation for residents. B. they help residents age in place. C. they usually retain residents suffering from dementia. D. they provide meals and personal care for residents.

C. they usually retain residents suffering from dementia.

The primary caregiver, in all studies, usually are: A. children. B. siblings. C. women. D. friends.

C. women.

Women experience different patterns of work throughout their lives than do men due to the time they take off for childrearing and caring for aging parents. The disadvantages to this include all but which of the following? A. They make a lower wage overall B. They may not have pension benefits or health insurance, which normally come through a full-time job C. They have fewer marketable skills when re-entering the workforce at a later age D. They are unable to put to use the advanced or specializ

D. They are unable to put to use the advanced or specialized degrees they may have gotten

"Aging in place" is risky because: A. the neighborhood becomes more dangerous B. lack of access to neighborhood services C. de increased social isolation. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

What factors contribute to later retirement? A. improved health B. decline in physically demanding job C. increase in Defined Contribution plans D. all of the above

D. all of the above

In the _________ pattern of mother and daughter relationships, there are rewards but also costs, and the relationship is sometimes tense. A. conflicted B. innovative C. mutuality D. ambivalent

D. ambivalent

Which measure is not a part of allostatic load? A. blood pressure and cholesterol levels B. elevated cortisol C. a depression scale D. having the flu.

D. having the flu.

According to the Berlin Aging Study, the activity that took up the most minutes of the day for older men and women was: A. television. B. reading. C. personal care. D. instrumental activities of daily living—housework or paying bills.

D. instrumental activities of daily living—housework or paying bills.

A nursing home is what Erving Goffman called a total institution. Total institutions are characterized by all of the following except: A. separating the main spaces of life—sleep, work, and play. B. handling many human needs by bureaucratic organizations. C. serving as a retreat from the world. D. making simple independent decisions like taking a walk.

D. making simple independent decisions like taking a walk.

One of the advantages of continuing care retirement communities is the friendship networks. These friendships are frequently determined by: A. gender. B. chronological age. C. social class. D. marital status.

D. marital status.

What factor is not important in creating caregiver stress?: A. the caregiver's coping skills B. having helpers who provide hands-on help C. having a strong social support system. D. not being in the labor force.

D. not being in the labor force.

A process in which workers can scale back their work responsibilities in order to ease into full retirement is termed: A. bridge jobs. B. contingent work. C. consultant work. D. phased retirement.

D. phased retirement.

For Asians, living arrangements are mostly a function of: A. filial piety B. poverty C. unfair housing practices D. political beliefs

D. political beliefs

The process of entering a nursing home as a private pay, depleting one's income and assets and becoming poor is known as: A. medical downsizing. B. financial downsizing. C. spending up. D. spending down.

D. spending down.

The ethnic group with the highest risk of diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke is: A. Asian Americans. B. African Americans. C. Hispanics/Latinos. D. Native Americans.

B. African Americans.

There are advantages and disadvantages to alcohol consumption. Which of the following is not an advantage? A. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk of a stroke. B. Alcohol consumption enables people to lose weight. C. Alcohol consumption appears to protect against heart disease. D. People who drink an occasional glass of wine with dinner have a lower risk of mortality than nondrinkers.

B. Alcohol consumption enables people to lose weight.

The ethnic group, on the whole, that is healthier than other ethnic groups is: A. African Americans. B. Asian Americans. C. Hispanics/Latinos. D. Native Americans

B. Asian Americans.

Which of the following category of caregivers is most likely to provide caregiving to the aging? A. Spouse B. Children C. Friends D. Siblings

B. Children

Caregiving can have an effect on parent-child relationships. A study by Walker and Allen found several patterns of relationships between mothers and daughters. Which of the following is not one of these patterns? A. Conflicted B. Innovators C. Mutuality D. Ambivalent

B. Innovators

For the countries Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and West Germany, which reports the highest percentage of elderly receiving money from children? A. Canada B. Japan C. United Kingdom D. West Germany

B. Japan

Members of racial and ethnic minorities are more readily accepted for _________ on admission to nursing homes than Caucasians. A. Medicare B. Medicaid C. private health insurance D. private pay

B. Medicaid

The most commonly used measure of religiosity is: A. faith. B. church attendance. C. prayer. D. spirituality.

B. church attendance.

A major problem with continuing care retirement communities is the: A. staff. B. cost. C. social activities. D. range of services.

B. cost.

Which theory suggests that people who begin life with greater resources continue to have opportunities to accumulate them in later years? A. convergence theory. B. cumulative disadvantage theory. C. contingent theory. D. income disparity theory.

B. cumulative disadvantage theory.

The racial differences in diet, smoking, and activity level can almost always be explained by differences in: A. life style. B. education. C. income. D. occupation.

B. education.

Among the American Indians, the use of formal services by aged tribal members represents a failure of: A. tribal care. B. family care. C. care by children. D. care by siblings.

B. family care.

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 did which of the following? A. Banned discrimination against workers over age 65. B. Forbid employers from firing or demoting workers 65 and older without good cause. C. Banned discrimination against workers aged 40 to 65. D. Allowed employers to reduce the salaries of older workers if they were not as productive as younger workers.

C. Banned discrimination against workers aged 40 to 65.

Studies have consistently found a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. Social economic status consists of education, occupation, and income. Which is the best indicator of SES for the elderly? A. Occupation. B. Income. C. Education D. Retirement.

C. Education

Many older people who "power walk" are likely to do so in shopping malls. There are several advantages of exercise. Which of the following is not one of these advantages? A. Elderly people are likely to be more fit. B. Elderly people are more likely to keep their weight under control. C. Elderly people will not get hypertension. D. Elderly people have fewer backaches and joint problems.

C. Elderly people will not get hypertension.

Which one of the following is not consistently associated with happiness in retirement? A. Being married B. Adequate income C. Good health D. Continuing to work part-time

C. Good health

The increase in life expectancy is referred to as the compression of morbidity thesis. Which of the following does not contribute to a longer life expectancy? A. Advances in medical technology B. Greater access to health care C. Greater access to transportation D. Changes in lifestyle

C. Greater access to transportation

Which of the following ethnic groups is least likely to have health insurance? A. African Americans B. Asian Americans C. Hispanics/Latinos D. Native Americans

C. Hispanics/Latinos

A major problem between physicians and older patients is communication. This problem is especially true if the patient is from a different cultural background. This is why _________ living in the United States prefer traditional healers over doctors. A. Chinese B. Japanese C. Koreans D. Vietnamese

C. Koreans

In 2001, 12 percent of African-American women were employed in domestic services; however, currently 33 percent of _________ women are employed in these jobs. A. Asian American B. Caucasian C. Latinos/Hispanic D. Native American

C. Latinos/Hispanic

According to the Health and Retirement Survey, which ethnic group of women aged 51 to 55 are least likely to be employed? A. African Americans. B. Asian Americans. C. Latinos/Hispanics. D. Native Americans.

C. Latinos/Hispanics.

In one study, physicians expressed several concerns about treating older patients. Which of the following is not an area of concern? A. The elderly have more complex health problems B. The elderly are at risk of rapid decline C. Physicians might not get paid for their services D. It is frustrating to treat chronic diseases

C. Physicians might not get paid for their services

What percent of people over age 65 will spend some time in a nursing home? A. 2 percent B. 15 percent C. 20 percent D. 35 to 50 percent

D. 35 to 50 percent

Which ethnic group is most likely to be living in an extended family household? A. Latinos B. Alaskan or Indians C. Middle Eastern D. Asians

D. Asians

In which socioeconomic class is sequential retirement likely to be common? A. Higher socioeconomic status B. Middle socioeconomic status C. Upper-upper socioeconomic status D. Lower socioeconomic status

D. Lower socioeconomic status

__________ is the term for the movement of older people to the Sun Belt. A. Aging in place B. Geographic movement C. Residential movement D. Migratory stream

D. Migratory stream

The Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 was a groundbreaking change in Medicare, due in large part to the new prescription drug benefit. Which of the choices below was NOT one of the reasons that this new benefit was confusing to people? A. The doughnut hole that stops coverage until someone spends $3600 on prescription drugs. B. The cost of the benefits and costs of the drugs vary widely, making it difficult for older people to know which plan to chose. C. The rules of the plan have to do with w

D. The plan requires elderly people to justify all of the drugs they are taking and for what ailments.