Openstax Psychology Chapter 2

veterinarian

A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.

two

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

longitudinal

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

is large and randomly selected

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

theory

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

-0.9

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

Institutional Review Board

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

attrition

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

reliability

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

human; obtaining informed consent

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research?

high; low

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

dependent variable

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

a strong correlation

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________.

There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

naturalistic observation

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

confirmation bias

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

placebo effect

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

independent; dependent

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

replication

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

why empirical research is needed

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.

independent variable

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

-1 to +1

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

small sample size

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

-0.5

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?