Organic Chemistry - Grade 12
ether nomenclature
- Chain is separated by a single bonded "O" -add "oxy" to the smaller group -Larger group gets the parent name
How do you name an Alkene/Alkyne
-Identify longest parent chain -double bond is "ene" -Triple bond is "yne" -number the chain starting at the end closest to the multiple bond
Ketone nomenclature
-Longest chain ending is "one" -location of double bonded "O" must be numbered and gets owest number priority -Other attachments are named before
Alcohol Nomenclature
-Longest chain with the hydroxyl group, ending will be "ol" -attachments are named infront of the main chain
haloalkane nomenclature (F, Br, Cl, I)
-Longest parent chain -give lowest numbers priority
Amides nomenclature
-contains a double bonded "O" and an N -The molecule splits at the "O" -the parent chain ending is "amide" -the N part of the molecule is the amide -The parent chain is every carbon and N combined -Numbers on the N side are replaced with N -The acid side contains numbers
Carboxylic acid nomenclature
-longest chain must contain the -COOH attachment and it must be carbon 1 -"Oic" and "acid" are the endings -contains an -OH attachment on the end and a bonded "O" attachment -count the points just not the OH's
Aldehydes Nomenclature
-longest chain recieves the ending name "al" -Other attachments are named before the parent chain -No numbering system as the "H" is always AT THE END
Amines nomenclature
-longest chain that the nitrogen is connected to is the parent chain -The N gets lowest number priority -Ending is "amine" -attachments go first but instead of their numbers they are put as a capital N
Branched Ethers
-number where the "O" is first -then the smallest group -add oxy -last is the whole chain (no separation) ex/2-ethoxypentane
Esters Nomenclature
-separated by an "O" also contains a double bonded "O" -Separation starts at the main "O" -ending is "oate" -where ever the double bonded "O" is, that is where the ending"Oate" goes -group without the double bonded "O" GOES FIRST
Physical properties of an alcohol (R-O-R)
2nd highest MP/BP 2nd highest polarity solubility in polar solvents 2nd highest solubility in non-polar solvents 6th lowest LDF D/D HB
Physical properties of haloalkanes ( R-X )
2nd lowest BP/MP 2nd lowest polarity solubility in polar solvents 2nd lowest solubility in non-polar solvents 2nd highest LDF D/D gas
Physical properties of Esters
3rd highest MP/BP 3rd highest polarity solubility in polar solvents 3rd highest solubility in non-polar solvents 5th lowest solid LDF D/D
physical properties of ethers (RO-R)
3rd lowest MP/BP 3rd lowest polarity solubility in polar solvents 3rd lowest solubility in non-polar solvents 3rd highest Liquid LDF D/D
Which molecule can form diastereomers? A) C2H2F2 B) C2H4F2 C) C2H2 D) C2H4ClF E) C2H4Cl2
A
Diastereomer
A stereoisomer based on a double bond, in which different types of atoms or groups are bonded to each carbon in the double bond.
What is the name of the group ( R-OH)
Alcohol
Which grouping has hydrocarbons with a hydroxy group (-OH) attachment
Alcohols
Difference between an aldehyde and a ketone
Aldehydes have the double bond "O" at the end of a molecule and a ketone has the double bond "O" anywhere on the chain except for the end
Which molecule is an example of an organic molecule? A) CO2 B) C2H2 C) CACO3 D) NACN E) CAC2
B
Physical properties of an aldehyde/ketone
BP/MP 4th lowest 4th lowest polarity solubility in polar solvents 4th lowest solubility in non-polar solvents 4th highest LDF D/D
The prefix "phenyl" refers to a(n)
Benzene ring
What is the molecular formula of cyclohexane?
C6H12
What is the formula for hept-1-ene?
C7H14
Which is a general formula for a straight chain or branched chain Alkane? A) C2nHn B) CnHn C) CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2
Isomers are molecules that have....
Different three dimensional structures with the same molecular formula
What results from a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Ester
Which molecule would you expect to have the lowest bp? A) ethane B) ethene C) propane D)pentyne E) hexane
Ethene
Amides
Formed by the reaction of an amine and a carboxylic acid
Physical properties of carboxylic acids
Highest MP/BP highest polarity Highest solubility in polar solvents lowest solubility in non-polar solvents LDF D/D HB
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds, "ane"
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds, "ene"
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds, "yne"
In a benzene ring, the carbon to carbon bonds are...
Intermediate length between single and double bonds
Physical properties of hydrocarbons( R ) (anes, enes, ynes, aromatic, cyclos)
Lowest MP/BP Lowest polarity Solubility in polar solvents highest Low reactivity Highest solubility in non-polar solvents LDF
Constitutional isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are bonded together in a different sequence
Isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are in a different arrangement
Primary Amine
R-NH2, occurs when nitrogen group is only bonded to one atom
Secondary Amine
R2NH, occurs when nitrogen group is bonded to two atoms
Tertiary Amine
R3N, occurs when nitrogen group is bonded to 3 atoms
Stereoisomers
Same formula and basic structure but a different 3D arrangement of atoms
Structural Isomer
Same molecular formula, different structural formula
Benzene
The electrons that participate in the double bonds shared throughout the entire compound. If benzene is a branch, it's called phenyl
Hydrocarbon
compound containing only carbon and hydrocarbon, name has prefix, root, and suffix
Aldehyde
ending is "al"
Amines
organic compounds with an amino group, ending "amine"
what makes something an organic molecule
organic means that a molecule has a carbon backbone with some hydrogen thrown in for good measure. Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements. They can contain hydrogen or carbon, but if they have both, they are organic.
cyclic structure
prefix is cyclo cyclopentane. These are aromatic compounds
-OH is attached to a "C" that is attached to ONE other C
primary alcohol
-OH is attached to a "C" that is attached to TWO other C's
secondary alcohol
-OH is attached to a "C" that is attached to THREE other C's
tertiary alcohol
