Organizational Behavior Ch. 4

Stage 1: Selective Attention/Comprehension

Attention: process of becoming aware of something or someone People pay attention to salient (standing out from its context) stimuli

stage 3: storage and retention

Encoded information or stimuli is sent to long-term memory Long-term memory is composed of three compartments containing categories: events, semantic (general knowledge about the world), and people

Stage 2: Encoding and Simplification

Encoding is the process of interpreting environmental stimuli by using information contained in cognitive categories and schema The same information can be interpreted differently by people due to individual differences

stage 4: retrieval and response

Information is retrieved from memory when people make judgments and decisions

attributional issues

- Fundamental attribution bias- reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. - Self-serving bias- represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.

kelly's model of attribution

Behavior can be attributed either to: • Internal factors within a person (such as ability) or to: • External behavior within the environment (such as a difficult task)

Social Perception: A Social Information Processing Model

Stage 1- selective attention/ comprehension stage 2- encoding and simplification stage 3- storage and retention stage 4- retrieval and response

glass ceiling

absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevent women and minorities from advancing to higher level positions.

affirmative action

an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, an injustice, a mistake, or outright discrimination that occurred in the past.

managing diversity

creating organizational changes that enable people to perform up to their maximum potential.

perceptual error: Halo

forms an overall impression about an object and then uses the impression to bias ratings about the object.

stereotype

is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group (could be true & not always negative)

perception

is the process of interpreting one's environment.

perceptual error: leniency

leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion.

perceptual error: Central tendency

tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects as average or neutral.

perceptual error: contrast effects

tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects.

perceptual error: recency effects

tendency to remember recent information; if recent information is negative, person or object is evaluated negatively.

kellys model of attrition # 2

• Consensus - involves a comparison of an individual's behavior with that of his peers. Distinctiveness - involves comparing a person's behavior on one task with the behavior from other tasks. • Consistency - determined by judging if the individual's performance on a given task is consistent over time.

Barriers and Challenges to Managing Diversity

• Inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice • Ethnocentrism • Poor career planning

R Roosevelt Thomas Jr.'s Generic Action Options

• Include*/Exclude • Deny • Assimilate • Suppress • Isolate • Tolerate • Build Relationships* • Foster Mutual Adaption***