Organizational Behavior Exam 2: Chapters 4-8

What is work-family conflict?

***under previous card but is a special form of work conflict

What are process theories?

- you are driven to fulfill a need (taking steps to fulfill that need) - cognitive: what people are thinking (all by operative conditioning)

What is goal setting theory?

1. acceptance/commitment 2. intention to achieve 3. behavior/performance 4. feedback of results

What are the four ways of coping?

1. behavioral coping 2. cognitive coping 3. problem-focused approach 4. emotion-focused approach

What intentions do you set?

1. direction 2. regularity of effort - intensity 3. persistence 4. task strategies and action plan

What are the levels of Maslow's need hierarchy?

1. existence - physiological, safety 2. relatedness - love, belongingness 3. control - autonomy, responsibility 4. self-esteem - self regard, growth 5. self actualization - meaning

What allows you to accept/commit to the goal?

1. goal difficulty 2. specificity 3. participation setting goals 4. public announcements 5. self-efficacy 6. locus of control (personality trait) 7. rewards 8. supportive supervision 9. KSA's and training 10. belief resources are available 11. firm willing to provide resources

What are the four types of stressors?

1. hindrance stressors 2. challenge stressors 3. work stressors 4. non-work stressors

What are the concepts of expectancy theory?

1. if i put forward more effort will that help my performance? (as measured by the org) 2. if i perform well will i receive outcomes? 3. valence - how much do i value the outcome?

What types of feedback will you receive?

1. intrinsic - mental pat on the back (more important to motivate) 2. extrinsic - ex. pay

What are the theories that will be analyzed in this chapter?

1. job characteristic model theory 2. Maslow's need hierarchy 3. expectancy theory 4. equity theory 5. goal setting theory

What are the 5 comparison types?

1. job equity - others doing the same job 2. company equity - others in the company 3. occupational equity - your job in other companites 4. educational equity - same education level 5. age equity - same age

What are the three moderator variables in the job characteristics theory model?

1. knowledge and skills 2. growth need strength 3. context satisfiers

What are the four things self-efficacy is based on?

1. past accomplishments 2. vicarious experiences (seeing someone else) 3. verbal persuasion 4. emotional cues

What are the eight facets of a job?

1. pay 2. promotion 3. supervision 4. coworkers 5. work itself 6. altruism 7. status 8. environmental

What are the componenets of the Job Characteristics Model Theory

1. skills 2. task identity 3. task significance 4. autonomy 5. feedback 1-3 add meaningfulness to work 4 adds responsibility for outcomes 5 adds knowledge of results moderators: KSA's, growth need strength, context satisfaction

What are some problem of Maslow's theory?

1. some say not only 5 (sometimes 3) 2. some needs may reappear after being mastered (Maslow states to master one at a time before moving onto the next need

What effect performance/behavior?

1. task complexity 2. individuals KSA's 3. needed resources available 4. goal specificity

What are the five characteristics in the model that enrich the job?

1. variety 2. identity 3. significance 4. autonomy 5. feeback

How many American's are satisfied with their job compared to two decades ago?

45% compared to 61%

What is interrole conflict?

Multiple roles lead the person to have to choose among demands/expectations of one role over the demands/expectations of another (work-family issues - can also be under non-work)

What is stress?

Psychological response to demands - when there is something at stake and coping exceeds a person's capacity and resources

What is motivation?

a set of energetic forces from both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related efforts and determines direction, intensity, and persistence (is a function of job performance)

What is the behavioral approach?

a set of physical activities to deal with stress

What is equity theory?

acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people

What is equity distress?

an internal tension that can only be alleviated by restoring balance (similar to cognitive dissonance)

What is valence?

anticipated value of outcomes (V)

What is the problem-focused approach?

behaviors and cognitive actions intended to help manage the stressful situation

What is feedback?

carrying out the activities required by the job provides the worker with clear information about how well/poorly he/she is doing

What is social comparison?

comparing to another - employees create a mental ledger of the inputs they provide the organization and the outcomes or rewards they obtain by completing their job

What is identity?

completing an entire piece of work from beginning to end that shows a visible outcome

What are antecedants

conditions that proceeds a behavior

What is role conflict?

conflicting expectations that people who interact with us may have

What is the emotion-focused approach?

engaging in alternative activities (not trying to fix the problem but manage the stress that comes with it)

What is expectancy?

exerting a high level of effort; subjective probability (P -> E)

What is role overload?

expectation of the role(senders) exceed the abilities of the person occupying the role

How do organizations track satisfaction levels?

focus groups, interviews (exit interviews), and attitude surveys

What is training?

gaining additional skills to have the KSA's to improve your performance

What is a reward system?

have a pay per performance system - rewards based on high performance

What is time pressure?

having a strong sense of the amount of time you have to do something that is just not quite enough

How is life satisfaction correlated with job satisfaction?

highly - spend a lot of time at work

What is selection/placement?

hire individuals who have the KSA's or believe they do in order to perform the job

What is knowledge and skills?

if knowledge and skills are high then you can easily perform the job (if it is enriched) and low knowledge and skills will make the job more complex - which leads to low satisfaction

What is the main idea of the job characteristics theory?

if you are satisfied with the work itself you will most likely be satisfied with everything else

What is the most common attitude survey?

job description index (JDI) it focuses on pay, promotion, supervisors, coworkers, and work itself

What are some positive life events?

marriage and pregnancy

How is counterproductive behavior correlated with job satisfaction?

moderately

How is job performance correlated with job satisfaction?

moderately

How is citizenship behavior correlated with job satisfaction?

moderately (Blum says highly)

What is emotional labor?

needing to manage your emotions to complete the job successfully (ex. retail or customer service)

What are strains?

negative consequences when demands exceed one's capacity or resources (overload of stress)

What is work responsibility?

obligations that a person has to another

What is growth need strength?

one's desire to grow and develop as a person

What is an example related to personal development?

participating in higher education

What are context satisfiers?

pay satisfaction, supervisor satisfaction, coworkers satisfaction (all of these increase the strength of the relationships within the model) if these are already in place when job is enriched then job satisfaction increases

What is instrumentality?

performance to outcome (P -> O)

What is job satisfaction?

pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal one's job or experience (represents how you feel or think about a job)

What is coping?

refers to behaviors/thoughts that people use to manage stressful situations/emotions

What are family time demands?

reflect the time a person commits to participate in family activities

What are daily hassles?

reflects relatively minor demands that get in the way of what you want to accomplish

What are obstacles?

remove barriers to good performance

What is person roll conflict?

role expectations violates ones value

What is performance management?

set realistic and clear goals to be achieved

What is emotional contagion?

show that one person can "catch" the emotions of another

What are emotions?

states of feelings that are often intense (positive vs. negative)

What are challenge stressors?

stressful demands that are perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement

What are hindrance stressors?

stressful demands that hinder progress toward personal goals or accomplishments

What is self-efficacy?

the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success

What is expectancy theory?

the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses that they can make (directed toward certain desirable outcomes) Figure 6-2 in text

What is work complexity?

the degree to which the requirements of KSA's exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for performing (under job characteristic model)

What is intrarole conflict?

the expectations of others makes it difficult for the individual to meet the expectations or all other concerning their role/job

What is significance?

the job has a substantial impact on the lives of other people - people in the world at large

What is autonomy?

the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual performing the work

What is reinforcement theory? (operant conditioning)

the likelyhood you will repeat a behavior in the future based on the consequences (not cognitive)

What is variety?

the number of tasks that involve a broad amount of skills and talents

What are negative life events?

they hinder the ability to achieve life goals and associated with negative emotions top causes: death of a spouse, illness, financial trouble, divorce, jail term

What are stressors?

things that cause people to experience stress

What is the cognitive approach?

thoughts involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation

What is role ambiguity?

unclear expectations and uncertain job requirements characterize role ambiguity AND also include a lack of predictability of the consequences of person the role in any given way

how do managers understand the value of the outcome (valence)?

understand what each employee desires (be flexible enough to give what each employee desires)

What are content or needs theories?

what needs need to be fulfilled

Which of the eight job facets is considered the most important/influential?

work itself

What is cognitive calculus?

your perceptions (calculations) of the situation creates motivation