OSHA 3- Struck and Caught Hazards

Flying Objects

#1 cause for eye injuries

Training required before PPE use

-When personal protective equipment is necessary? -What type of PPE is necessary? -How to properly put on, remove, adjust, and wear PPE? -The limitations of the PPE? -The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.?

Safety Glasses

must meet ANSI requirements. Combinations of normal street-wear frames with safety lenses are not in compliance. Safey glasses with metal frames are forbidden when working on energized electrical systems.

Hazards

Motion, High temp, chemical exposures, inhalation hazards, light radiation, falling objects, sharp objects rolling or pinching objects, electrical hazards

trench

"a narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground." The depth of a trench is greater than its width, but the width of a trench (measured at the bottom) is not greater than 15 feet

excavation

"any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth's surface formed by earth removal." A cave-in occurs when an excavation collapses

Crane Fatalities

32% of crane-related fatalities are caused by workers being struck by the crane's load. Another 3% of crane fatalities are caused by workers being struck by the crane cab or counterweight

OSHA provides the range of permissible noise exposures in

29 CFR 1910.95. If levels of noise exceed these permissible levels, OSHA requires employers to provide protection against the noise.

Cranes safety regulation

29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC - Cranes & Derricks in Construction.

noise

an unwanted sound. Sound consists of pressure changes in a medium (usually air), caused by vibration or turbulence.

middle ear

contains three bones (hammer, anvil and the strirup) which vibrate when the pressure waves reach them and pass the sound to the inner ear.

Powered industrial truck (Forklifts)

According to NIOSH, "nearly 100 workers are killed and another 20,000 are seriously injured in forklift-related incidents" each year. Overturns is #1 cause of forklift-related fatalities

Conveyor injuries often happen when

Clean or maintain a conveyor while it is operating Reach into a nip point to remove debris or to free jammed material Wear loose clothing that gets caught in the conveyor, pulling the employee's fingers or hands into the conveyor.

Compression protection

Compression protection is required for work activities involving skid trucks, around bulk rolls, and around heavy pipes, all of which could potentially roll over an employee's feet.

Accidents occur most often during

Craft work Manufacturing/industrial equipment operation Construction.

PPE program

Determine these but it is not required If PPE use is an appropriate control measure How PPE is to be selected How PPE is to be maintained Evaluation of PPE use Training of employees using PPE Effectiveness in preventing employee injury or illness.

Need to wear eye and face protection when working around

Impact and penetration Heat Chemicals Dust Light and/or radiation.

Effects of too much noise in the workplace

Irritability and stress from the strain of talking or trying to hear over loud sounds Inability to hear important work or safety instructions Headaches, ulcers, high blood pressure, and other disorders Temporary or permanent hearing loss.

Impact protection

Is required for carrying or working with heavy materials or tools that could be dropped or fall onto the feet.

Eye injury prevention month

July

reduce workplace noise by using the following methods:

Moving noisy machinery to a separate area or providing a sound barrier Reducing vibration by placing machinery on rubber mounting Using sound-absorbing products such as acoustical tiles and blankets Rearranging work schedules to reduce an individual's time spent in a noisy area.

When employees are exposed to more than 85 decibels over an 8-hour period, the employer must provide a hearing conservation program. The program should include

Noise monitoring Hearing tests Hearing protection Record-keeping An annual training program for hearing protection.

Primary source of foot injury- Sharp or heavy objects falling on the foot

Other types: compression, slipping, chemicals, sharp objects, extreme heat or cold, wetness, electricity

This will keep workplaces free from recognized hazards that could cause serious injury or death:

Perform a hazard assessment Control the hazards Establish standard operating procedures

Be particularly careful when working with

Power tools Conveyors Other machinery with unguarded moving parts.

Laser Hazards

Special purpose goggles

Class C Hardhats (Still C)

Special service with no voltage protection;. Provide impact and penetration resistance. Used in oil fields, refineries and chemical plants where there is no danger from electrical hazards or corrosion.

SOB

Standard Operating Procedure-spells out what type of equipment you must use on the site. Look for hazards in these categories: Impact Penetration Compression (roll-over) Chemical Heat Inhalation Light (optical) radiation.

Only workers necessary for a work operation should be in the area especially when

Tensioning operations Jacking operations Construction of walls.

Types of hearing protection devices (HPDs)

The noise hazard - What levels of noise are you dealing with? Frequency of noise - Is the noise pitched high or low? Fit and comfort - Does the HPD fit comfortably? Noise reduction rating or NRR - Is the NRR set at the proper level?

The guards for power tools must protect the operator and other workers from:

The point of operation In-running nip points Rotating parts Flying chips and sparks.

Safety regulations for power tools

These can be found in 29 CFR 1926 Subpart I - Tools, Hand and Power.

Class B Hardhats (now E)

Utility servie with high volatage protection. (20,000 V) Used by electrical workers

When working with equipment keep in mind

Visibility, Loads, Driving and Parking, and Inspections and Other Safety Measures

Typically a hearing conservation training program will address the following questions

What are the effects of noise? What are specific noise hazards at your facility? What engineering controls are in place at your organization? What are the proceeders for selecting hearing protection? What is the purpose of the procedures for auto metric testing? Why does hearing protection make sense?

Chemical Hazards

Workers are injured by contact with chemical splashes or irritating mists. The sources of these hazards include acid and chemical handling, degreasing, and plating. Less severe: goggles with eyecup or the cover types. Sever: workers must use a face shield over their primary eye protection.

Temporary hearing loss

results from short-term exposures to noise. Also referred to as temporary threshold shift, it is a change in the level of sound that a person can just barely hear. Typically, normal hearing returns after a period of rest.

When a trench collapses

3 to 5 cubic yards of soil can fill the hole. That equates to 8,000 to 14,000 pounds of dirt

Hazard Assessment

1. (Walk though survey of the job site) 2. Look for sources of Hazards During the walk through 3. Look for all exposures to hazards 4. make list of job exposed to hazards that would require PPE 5. Identify affected employees 6. Report accidents and near misses to safety offie 7. Identify tools and equip that need be to be replaced 8. Identify outdated or inefficient work practices that force workers to wear PPE that is not needed. 9.Ask fellow workers to participate in a walk-through safety survey. 10. Once you get all this information, analyze the data. Review each of the hazards and determine what type of PPE can protect the workers.

Thins that cause the most trenching accidents

1. A lack of protective systems 2. Failure to inspect the trench and protective systems 3. Unsafe placement of the soil pile 4. Unsafe means of trench access or exit

Use these guidelines to match appropriate protective equipment to the particular hazards:

1. Become familiar with the different types of PPE. Each item's instruction pamphlet lists its manufacturer's guidelines. 2. Select PPE that ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from the hazards. 3. Fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care and use. Users must be made aware of all warning labels for and limitations of their PPE. 4. Use only those items of PPE that meet NIOSH, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), or American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards

The two basic objectives of any PPE program should be to:

1. Protect the wearer from safety and health hazards 2. Prevent injury to the wearer from incorrect use and/or malfunction of the PPE.

To avoid falling rubbish

1. Use debris chutes 2. Use barricades (at-least 42 inches high and at least 6 ft from edge of opening) 3. Appropriate PPE (at-least a hardhat)

Here are some factors which suggest that noise exposure in the workplace may be high enough for monitoring:

1.Employees complain about the loudness of noise 2.Signs that employees are losing their hearing 3.Noisy conditions which make normal conversation difficult.

An employer must provide records of

1.The preceding two years of noise exposure measurements 2.Audiometric tests covering the entire duration of the affected employee's employment.

The fatality rate for excavation work is

112% higher than the rate for general construction

To avoid incidents involving falling or flying objects, you need to follow these regulations in particular.

29 CFR 1926 Subpart E - Personal Protective and Lifesaving Equipment 29 CFR 1926 Subpart H - Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal 29 CFR 1926 Subpart I - Tools, Hand and Power 29 CFR 1926 Subpart L - Scaffolds 29 CFR 1926 Subpart N - Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors

Regulation

29 CFR 1926 Subpart G - Signs, Signals, and Barricades 29 CFR 1926 Subpart O - Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations 29 CFR 1926 Subpart N - Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors

One is the safety regulation for trenching and excavations. It is found in

29 CFR 1926 Subpart P - Excavations.

To avoid struck-by incidents involving concrete and masonry walls, you need to follow this regulation

29 CFR 1926 Subpart Q - Concrete and Masonry Construction.

OSHA's safety regulations for conveyors

29 CFR 1926.555 - Conveyors.

To reduce the likelihood of struck-by injuries, OSHA recommends you follow these safety rules

Do not place construction loads on a concrete structure until a qualified person indicates that it can support the load. Adequately shore or brace structures until permanent supporting elements are in place, or concrete has been tested to assure sufficient strength. Take measures to prevent unrolled wire mesh from recoiling, such as securing each end or turning the roll over. Do not load lifting devices beyond their capacity. Use automatic holding devices to support forms in case a lifting mechanism fails. When building masonry walls, use limited access zones (LAZs) to restrict access to areas surrounding the wall construction area. Always wear protective head and face equipment.

Light and/or Radiation Protection

Electric arc welders should select welding helmets or welding shields in shades 10-14. Gas welders should select welding goggles or welding face shields in shades 4-8 for gas welding, 3-6 for cutting, and 3-4 for brazing. For cutting, torch brazing, and torch soldering, workers should select spectacles or welding face shields in shades 1.5-3. For protection from glare, workers should select spectacles with shaded or special-purpose lenses, as suitable.

E stops

Emergency stops

Four categories of HPDs are available:

Enclosure Earplugs (3 forms) Canal Caps Earmuffs.

PPE regulations

Eye and Face Protection - ANSI Z87.1-1989(R-1998), ANSI Z87.1-2003, and ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010 Foot Protection - ANSI Z41-1991, ANSI Z41-1999, ASTM F-2412-2005, And ASTM F-2413-2005 Hand Protection - There are no ANSI standards for gloves. OSHA has design requirements for specific types of electrical protective equipment, including gloves. Gloves must comply with ASTM D120-09, Standard Specifications for Rubber Insulating Gloves, and ASTM F496-08, Standard Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating Gloves and Sleeves. Head Protection - ANSI Z89.1-1997, ANSI Z89.1-2003, and ANSI Z89.1-2009.

Causes of head injuries

Falling objects Flying objects Bumping the head against a fixed object Exposure to electricity.

Impact Hazard

Flying objects, sand, dirt, etc. The sources of these hazards include chipping, grinding, machining, drilling, chiseling, riveting, and sanding. Should us with side protection, goggles, or face shields for less severe exposures. For severe exposures, workers must use a face shield over their primary eye protection.

Hardhat

Headbands are adjustable in 1/8 inch increment. and should be inspected everyday

75% of Struck by fatalities involve

Heavy Equipment

On-off switch

It's a switch on the tool that turns it on and off. You hit the switch one time to turn the tool on, and hit it a second time to turn the tool off. This type of switch is used for sanders, grinders, planers, shears, jigsaws, and some drills.

Most Crane Accidents are caused by

Lack of worker training Lack of communication between the crane operator and other workers Inadequate crane maintenance or inspection.

Head-protection

Manufacturer's NameANSI Z89.1-1997Class (G, E, or C) Can comply with 2003 &2009 as-well Old hard hats are ABC

Shoe feautures

Metatarsal guards and shoe covers can be attached to shoes or boots for greater protection from falling objects. Rubber spats protect feet and ankles against chemicals. Puncture-proof inserts made of steel can be slipped into shoes or boots to protect against underfoot hazards. Strap-on cleats fastened to your shoes or boots provide greater traction.

Guards on certain tools

There should be a guard covering the upper part of the blade, and there should be a lower guard that automatically covers the blade, retracting where it makes contact with the material it is cutting. Table saws use a hood to cover the circular blade.

Eye protection must comply with one of the following consensus standards

They must comply with one of the following consensus standards:ANSI Z87.1-2010ANSI Z87.1-2003ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998)

The employer must follow specific requirements in order to be in compliance with the OSHA standard. The employer must meet certain:

Training requirements Monitoring and testing requirements Record-keeping requirements.

Training Requirements

Workers exposed to time-weighted averages (TWAs) of 85 decibels and above must be trained every year in the: Effects of noise on hearing Purpose, advantages, disadvantages, and effectiveness of hearing protectors Selection, fitting, use, and care of hearing protectors Purpose and procedures of audiometric testing.

Constant pressure switch

automatically turns off when you remove pressure from the "on" switch. For example, some power drills have a trigger that you must keep compressed while you use the tool. When you release the trigger, the drill turns off. Other common examples include circular saws, chain saws, and grinders.

Emergency eyewash facilities meeting the requirements of ANSI Z358.1 must be provided in all areas where employees may be exposed to hazardous materials

can include eyewash fountains, drench showers, hand-held drench hoses, and emergency bottles.

Permanent hearing damage

can result from prolonged exposure to excessive noise levels over a period of time. Individuals who regularly sustain temporary threshold shifts will eventually sustain permanent hearing loss or noise induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS)

outer ear

catches the pressure waves (Pinna, ear canal, ear drum)

Inner ear

contains fluid and tiny hairs that vibrate when the sound reaches them. Sound is transferred to the auditory nerve, which sends a message to the brain that a sound is heard (Auditory nerves, cochlea, eustacean tube)

sound

energy transmitted by pressure waves through the hair. Your ear hears the pressure waves.

Hearing protectors

filter out loud noise, but they do not block it out completely. They reduce the amount of sound reaching the delicate parts of the ear.

Heat Hazards

from hot sparks, splashing molten metals, and high temperature exposure. The sources of these hazards include furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, and welding. less severe workers can select face shields, goggles, spectacles with side protection, or reflective face shields. For severe exposure, workers must use a face shield over primary eye protection.

Class A Hardhats (now G)

general service with limited voltage protection. (2,220 V) Used in mining, construction, shipbuilding, tunneling, lumbering and manufacturing

What PPE things do employees need to be trained on?

including hazard awareness, proper PPE use, proper PPE maintenance, proper

NIPTS (Noise Induced Permanent Threshold Shift)

is not reversible and cannot be treated medically. At this stage, sounds are difficult to interpret and perceive. Typically, noise induced hearing loss starts in the higher frequencies. It normally first appears at 4,000 and 6,000 Hz.

Puncture protection

is required where sharp objects could be stepped on by employees.

Eye injuries cost

more than $300 million per year in lost production time, medical expenses and worker compensation

Face Shields

protect against flying particles, metal sparks, molten metal, biological, and chemical splashes. Face shields must always be used with other eye protection such as safety glasses or goggles.

Goggles

provide additional protection in hazardous situations involving splashes, fumes, vapors, and dust.Single lens goggles are vinyl-framed goggles of soft pliable body design.

OSHA standard safety shoes

requirements found in ASTM F-2413-05

two safety features that play a huge role in protecting you from caught-between hazard:

rollover protective structures (ROPS) and seat belts.

Screw conveyors

should be completely covered except where they are loaded and discharged.

Guarding

the #1 thing that will protect you from getting caught in a power tool. All moving parts need to be guarded.

most hazardous construction operations

trenching