Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure
What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?
As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.
During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, they are able to break their fall with their hands. However, they stand up holding their wrist in pain. What type fracture might they have sustained?
Colles' fracture
If a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?
The person was prepubertal
How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?
They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity
The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the
metaphysis
In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains
smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls), neural tissues, and other connective tissues
The function of an osteoprogenitor cell in osseous tissue is
to produce new osteoblasts
Processes that form from where the tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include
trochanters, tuberosities, tubercles
Bones have a vascular supply that is
very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone
Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?
The bone grows in length
Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?
The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves
What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?
They die and are replaced by bone cells
Which of the following is required to produce calcitrol in the kidneys?
Vitamin D
How does an epiphysis contribute to the growth and function of a long bone?
It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface.
Which of the following are is true of the growth of the skeleton?
It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age
Which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue
It can undergo remodeling during life, it may have both compact and spongy regions, it can be changed by hormonal stimuli, it contains openings for nutrient blood vessels
The two types of osseous tissue are
spongy and compact bone
Which is a major function of the skeletal system?
support of the body
Extra bones that develop between the usual bones of the skull are called
sutural bones
A long bone increases in length until
the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified
During endochondral bone formation
the matrix of the cartilage becomes calcified, cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts, capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage, osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity
The first location of the long bone formation begins in an area called
the primary ossification center
Which of the following is a solid structure
trabecula
spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called
trabeculae
Perforating canals (canals of Volkmann)
transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone
Which of the following is best for viewing bones?
X-Rays
A bone cell that produces new bone matrix is
an osteoblast
Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?
blood cells
The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is
calcification
Increased levels of calcium in the blood in a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of
calcitonin
Layers of bone that go all the way around a bone are referred to as
circumferential lamellae
Organic components of the matrix of bone include
collagen fibers
Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?
connective tissue
Which of the following describes a central canal?
contains an artery, contains a vein, runs parallel to osteons, contains a nerve
The periosteum
covers the outside of bones
The scapula is an example of what type of bone?
flat
Which of the following is mostly to have a nerve pass through?
foramen
Bone structure is determined by which of the following?
hormones, mechanical stress, muscle attachments, diet
Endochondral ossification begins with
hyaline cartilage
Ossification of flat bones is called
intramembranous
Which of the following is a classification of bone
long
The skeletal system participates in
maintaining blood calcium levels
The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are mostly likely to affect
older women
In osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone?
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are
osteocytes
Which type of cell divides readily after a bone is damaged?
osteoprogenitor cell
Which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis?
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone
patella
Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures significantly due to
risk of infection
In the skeletal system, compact bone is located
where bones are most heavily stressed
A great example of pneumatized bone is the
ethmoid bone
The best way to delay skeletal aging is to
excerise
A depression or concavity on the surface of a bone is called
a fossa
A break in the bone is called
a fracture
A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting of the bone is called
a spiral fracture
The endosteum is best described as
a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone, the cellular lining of the marrow cavity and central canals, an epithelial layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone, an incomplete epithelium that sometimes leaves matrix exposed
Bone remodeling occurs in
all bone types based on need
Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?
displaced fracture
The period of time when bone remodeling is most likely is
during injury
The connective tissue covering the inner surface of a bone is the
endosteum