OVERALL FiNAL PSY 310
This example is not accurate
"Do your best" goals are more effective than chaining goals
Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions because:
-the label for behavior is often used as sped-explanation for the behavior -labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated -labeling may influence us to focus on an individual us to focus on an individual's problem behaviors rather than his/her strengths
A _______________ is a schedule for decreasing a response by reinforcing an alternative response that is incompatible with the response to be eliminated
?Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior? not sure if this is correct
During a piece-rate pay in a sewing factory, a worker is paid $10.00 for eery ten pair of pants he completes. This is an example of:
A fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
if a steep slope is shown on a cumulative graph, you can infer that:
A high rate of responding is occurring
An example of covert behavior is?
A skier thinking, "I hope I don't fall"
A client is participating in a treatment in which two different treatment packages are being compared in terms of their effectiveness. Most likely, the experiment design is ____________ and a potential problem with this design is _______________?
Alternating treatments (ABAC; carryover between the two treatments.
A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not verbally interact with other children. In behavior modification, what would this be called?
Behavioral deficitis
From a behavioral point of view, the term "ethics" refers to:
Certain standards of behavior that are developed by a culture and that promote the survival of that culture
Over time, successive changes are introduced in the behavior requirement for the treatment, and the effects of these changes are observe on the treated behavior. This is a _____________ design.
Changing criterion
At the end of a poker game, poker chips that you have obtained can be exchanged for money. In this case, money can best be described as a(n):
Conditioned reinforcer
The counting of every instance that person swears is an example of a __________ recording system.
Continous
You are likely to reinforce (by answering pleasantly and with interest) an acquaintance who telephones you if such calls occur at a reasonably low rate, but not if they occur at such a high rate that you feel hassled. Your friend is being reinforced on a(n):
DRL schedule
Suppose in a game show, the host tells the audience that he'll give $100 to the anybody who has a paper clip. His question is a ___________ for the behavior of searching for a paper clip.
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
In class, we discussed how Hershey's kisses could be used to enrich an environment. Although some people would call such an intervention noncontigent reinforcement, we decide in class that it actually was contingent on __________ and if it was operating as reinforcer, would have the behavioral effect of _____________:
Entering the classroom environment; increasing attendance
The "sick social cycle" sometimes encourages inappropriate behavior. This process typically occurs through:
Escape conditioning and positive reinforcement
Immediately after implementing an extinction program, a child demonstrates a temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of the targeted behavior. This is called a(n):
Extinction burst
If parents reinforce their child practicing of a musical instrument by allowing the child a certain amount of TV time following a fixed amount of continuous practice, this is an example of a(n) ____________ schedule.
Fixed duration
A pause after reinforcement followed by a high rate of responding until the next reinforcement is the characteristic effect of:
Fixed-ratio Schedule
A primary conclusion of a commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behavior modification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should:
Have a minimum if of three years of supervised clinical experience.
Behavioral assessment seeks to:
Identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioral treatment
Questionares, client self-monitoring role-laying, information from consulting professionals and interviews with the client and significant others are main types of ________________ assessment procedures
Indirect
A parent tell as child, "If you wash the dishes in the sink right now, then I'll take you to buy you favorite ice cream after dinner tomorrow night" The reinforcer of the ice cram is delayed, but till increase the behavior of washing dishes. This is an example of:
Indirect acting positive reinforcement
If the in-seat behavior of a child in a classroom is recorded in a 10-second segments successively throughout a 1-hour period, the recording system that is being used is called a___________ recording system.
Interval
In class, we did several demonstrations in which we recorded behavior of an individual (such as Keanu Reaves). From this demonstration it was clear that...
Interval methods are more appropriate with high rate of behavior
Behavior modifiers stress the importance of defining problems in terms of specific behavioral deficits or behavioral excesses because:
It is behavior that causes concern, and there are specific procedures that available to change behavior
A type of verbal behavior in which the response form is determined by an MO is called:
Mand
In training programs in which reinforcers are dispensed frequently, it's best to use a small amount of the reinforcer on any one trial in order to:
Minimize satiation and maximize the number of trials in a training session
Giving a person salty foods, or depriving that person of water for some period of time are likely to be example of:
Motivating operations
baseline of a self-abusive is taken in a session room and i the classroom. Treatment for self-abuse is then introduced in the session room and baseline is continued in the classroom. Then, at a later date , treatment is applied in the classroom as well. This is a _________ design.
Multiple-baseline across situations
Working with an individual diagnosed with autism, who does not have a skilled verbal repertoire, so we are attempting to conduct language training. As a treatment team, we decide to train the individual to label the objects. So the individual is trained to point at he picture of juice and to say juice when he sees a real cup of juice or the container of juice etc. According to the Michael and Sundberg article, will we expect the child to now be able to request juice when he is thirsty?
No, because you have trained the tact but not the mand
The principle that states: "you can use access to a more probable behavior to reinforce a less probable one" this is known as the:
Premack Principle
if displaying data on an individuals behavior influences that individual to improve apart from any other treatment program, this process is referred to as:
Reactivity
Suppose that, following instances of a child swearing, the parents said to the child, "You have just lost 25 cents of your weekly allowance." This is an example of:
Response cost reinforcement
When two people are eating dinner, the request to "pass the salt" would be a(n) ________ for the other person to pass the salt. If the requester says thanks after the action of passing the salt. "Thanks" is the generalized condoned reinforcement of the passer.
S-Delta for reinforcement
This is an example of one of the forces that did NOT materialize in the 1960's that revolutionized the education of persons with developmental disabilities:
Testing advocates emphasized the need for accurately measuring the intelligence of persons with developmental disabilities
Organizational behavior management (OBM) refers to:
The application of of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performance within an organizational setting
The "Topography" of the behavior is:
The form of the behavior
What is NOT a recommended characteristic of target behaviors selected for clients?
They should only be int he interest of the client's caretakers
If a parent checks whether or not a child is watching tv by observing the child for a few seconds each hour on the hour throughout the day, that parent is using a _________ recording system.
Time-sampling
What is NOT a characteristic of Personalized System of Instruction?
To emphasizes multiple choices items and examinations as objective scoring strategy ideally suited for larger classes
What is the primary rationale for returning to baseline in an ABAB experimental design?
To establish that the treatment is likely responsible for the change in behavior
At home, checking the clothes dryer for dry clothes will eventually be reinforced by the clothes being dry, although you will not know exactly when the clothes will be dry. Getting to see the dry clothes is the reinforcer. This behavior is on a ____________ schedule.
Variable interval (VI)
A student frequently studies for unannounced pop quizzes. the amount of time between quizzes are inconsistent, and they must be completed in the first 5 minutes of class. Looking at the behavior of taking the quiz and that the reinforcement is getting a good grade, the student is on a:
Variable interval with limited hold schedule.
you are working within the school system and the teacher informs you that she has developed a program for a child, Billy, to increase the frequency of the behavior of "not saying silly things". In this example, the behavior is "not saying silly things". As a behavior modifier, the problem(s) that you identify in her analysis of Billy's behavior is ?
What is the operational definition of "not saying silly things" and the operational definition violates the dead mans rule.
Pouring a cup of coffee, then adding sugar and cream, and then stirring the coffee and taking a sip, leads to the taste of coffee w/ cream and sugar becoming a reinforcer. This is an example of:
a chain
In a behavioral chain a given stimulus is both:
an SD and a conditioned reinforcer
A person "buckles up" because it prevents him/her from getting a ticket. That person's "bucking up" behavior has most likely been influenced by:
avoidance conditioning
Always having a readily available conditioned reinforcer to strengthen each new response that is added to the sequence in the chain is a theoretical advantage of:
backward chaining
A child doesn't like to perform a particular task and is noncompliant. When asked to do 3 tasks the child likes followed by the unfavorable task and competes them all, is an example of:
behavioral momentum
Developing a behavior that comes under the control of natural contingencies of reinforcement so that the behavior will persist after the training contingencies are withdrawn is called:
behavioral training
If you want to create a series of behaviors from different response classes, you should use
chaining
a client has an experience in which she had the flu at the same time she ate carrots for the firsts time, and now even the smell of carrots causes the client to vomit. She developed this aversion through __________________,, and the carrots are now the ______________>
classical conditioning; conditioned stimulus
Each time you turn on the TV, a picture appears. this is an example of:
continues reinforcement
Suppose that you arrive home hungry. You roommates says that there are some muffins in the cupboard instead of her usual statement when you walk in of saying hi. The firsts statement would be an example of a(n) _____________ for the behavior of getting the muffins.
discriminative stimulus (SD)
As children, we learned when asking our parents for treats while in a bad mood usually led to reprimand. The parental behavior characteristics of being in a bad mood (scowled face, means looks, and etc) would be referred to as:
discriminative stimulus (SD) for punishment
Learning to match a golf ball to a golf club, and a golf club to a golf bag, a child is now able to match a golf bag to a golf ball without specific training to do so. Therefore stimulus generalization has occurred. In this example the golf ball, golf club, golf bag best constitute a(n):
equivalence class
A child sceams loudly in a restaurant, causing some embarrassment for the parent. the parent gives the child an extra dessert, and the child is quiet. The parent's behavior of giving the extra secret has been influenced by:
escape conditioning
If, in a given situation an individual emits a previously reinforced response which is not followed by the usual reinforcing consequence, this is known as _____________, and then that person in the long run____________________
extinction; is less likely to do the same thing again in that situation
What is one of the most common primary reinforcers?
food
A dollar bill does not have a lot of initial reinforcement attached to it until it is used to purchase a variety of backup reinforcers. In this case a dollar bill becomes a powerful reinforcer and is an example of a"
generalized conditioned reinforcer
If a teacher is unable to detect most instances of behavior to be punished, then the teacher should have serious doubts about the value of implementing a punishment procedure because:
intermittent punishment is less effective than continuous punishment
When you are using backward chaining to train the chain, the behavior that is closest to the main final reinforcer is:
is taught first
In order to determine the degree to which two observers agreed on rates of behavior, I choose to calculate overall agreement a a measure of inter-observer reliability . So if Observer A recorded 15 instances of behavior and server B recorded 20 instances of behavior the overall agreement would be 75%. The problem with this method is:
it cannot tell you whether or not the agreed on a single instance of behavior.
Avoidance conditioning is preferred to escape condition because:
it does not involve exposure to aversive stimuli
Across several practices, a swimmer is reinforced for starting more quickly to the sound of the starting pistol. This is an example of _________ shaping
latency
The time between the question, "what time is it?" and the answer gibe by someone, "Two o'clock" is the :
latency of a response
Sharing would NOT be the procedure of choice for:
linking a series of responses together
A ________ design call for the introduction of the treatment sequentially across two or more behaviors.
multiple-baseline behaviors
According to the Michael and Sandberg article, training grammar is:
not necessary because of later automatic reinforcement that will occur
This is NOT a potential problem of an extinction program
other reinforced behaviors, that were not targeted, will also decrease in frequency
When an aversive stimulus is presented after a response and the response decreases in frequency, this procedure is called:
positive punishment
These procedures both increase the likelihood of the target behavior in the future:
positive reinforcement and escape conditioning
For someone who has not eaten for several hours, food would be a ____________ reinforcer.
primary/unconditioned
As a consequence of coming home later than an agree-upon curfew, a teenager loses the privilege of driving the family car for one week. That is, he no longer has access to the tangible reinforcer of the car. This exemplifies
response cost
One can heat water by placing a tin over a campfire, plugging in an electric kettle, and etc. That is each of these behaviors will lead to the same consequence of hot water. These alternatives constitutes a(n):
response equivalence class
When a behavior becomes more probable in the presence of a stimulus or situation as a result of a similar behavior having been strengthened in the presence of that stimulus or situation, _____________ has occurred.
response generalization
If on a Tuesday a father were to tell his daughter, she could use the family car on Saturday if she mows the lawn on Friday and she does it. The daughters behavior of mowing the lawn on Friday would be best described as:
rule-governed behavior
When the goal of a program is to develop some new behavior long some physical dimension such as force, form, or duration, one should use:
shaping
The process of reinforcing a response in the presence of a discriminative stimulus and failing to reinforce a response in the presence of a S-Delta is called ____________. And if successful, will result in ___________.
stimulus discrimination training; stimulus control
When a man accidentally walks into a women's restroom, the sign that reads "Women" on the door, is best conceptualized as a(n) _______________ for the behavior of entering, because entering the women restroom is embarrassing to him and he is reprimanded by women already in the restroom
stimulus discriminator
If teaching child to say "dog" in the presence of a small brown dog increase the chances that the child will also say "dog" to small balk dog and large white dogs, we say that __________ has occurred.
stimulus generalization
The Guttman and Kalish pigeon study demonstrated a decrease in stimulus control as the rest of test stimulus becomes less similar to the training stimulus. This is called:
stimulus generalization gradient
To prevent a child running into the street to chase ball, the parent decides to implement a punishment contingency such as that if the child partakes in the behavior, she looses access to her ball. The best way to enhance this program is ______________ because _________________.
tell the child the rule; it will likely result in rapid behavior change
The advantage of a variable-ratio (VR) schedule over a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule in training programs is that:
the VR generates less pausing and can maintain a high rate with fewer reinforcements
Few people follow the rule "Floss your teeth everyday to prevent tooth decay" because:
the consequences of a single such action of flying your teeth are too small to be noticed and are only of cumulative significance
A child is reinforced for saying "wa-wa" then "watch", and finally "water". In this example __________ has been shaped.
topography
A training method in which the client is required to attempt each of the steps in the chain from the beginning to end on each trial is referred to as:
total task presentation chaining
What is not a tactic for programming stimulus generalization
training sufficient response examplars
Other things being equal, this will facilitate transfer of training to the natural environment
use intermittent reinforcement use a behavioral trap
When reinforcement that is contingent on the first response occurring within a limited period of time following another interval of time which varies around some mean value, a(n) ______________ schedule is in effect.
variable interval with limited hold (VI/LH)
When would one want to select continuous recording system instead of a partial interval recording system?
when precise duration is of major concern
