OVERVIEW of CH 14: THE GREAT DEPRESSION & CH 15 THE NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
California
An effect of the Dust Bowl was that many farmers moved, or migrated, away from the Midwest. They moved to ____________. (Where did the flee)
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
Banned child labor and set a minimum wage. It also established a normal work week of 40 hours.
Fair Labor Standards Act
Banned child labor and set a national minimum wage.
Hoovervilles (1)
Because President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the Great Depression, towns of shacks and tents called _______________ sprung up across the country.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Built about 50 dams along rivers in the south to produce power and prevent flooding
Congress of Industrial Organizations
CIO-industrywide union that included both skilled and unskilled workers
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Created for the economic development of the Tennessee River watershed. Many jobs were created as a result of 20 dams built to control flooding, generate electricity and increase agricultural production.
brain trust
Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. They were more influential than the Cabinet and helped re-stabilize the economy.
Hoover flags
Men would turn their pockets inside out to show their emptiness. This was meant as a mockery of Hoover's lack of aid towards the poverty in America.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds. It oversees the stock market to protect investors.
Recovery
New Deal programs designed to speed economic recovery
Relief
New Deal programs that provided direct and indirect aid to individuals and families
Recovery Programs
New Deal programs to put money into the hands of people by creating jobs.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929- the day the stock market crashed, signaling the start of the Great Depression
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; Stock Market Crash
The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) of 1935
Offered loans to electric companies and farm cooperatives for building power plants and extending power lines.
Emergency Banking Act
On March 6, 1933, FDR shut down all the banks in the nation and forced Congress to pass this Act. It gave the government the opportunity to inspect the health of all banks. This re-established citizens' faith in banks. Inspectors found that most banks were healthy, and two-thirds of all banks were allowed to open soon after.
Stock Market Crash of 1929
When did many investors panic and sell their stocks. What was is called?
Balanced Federal Budget
When the government spends exactly what it receives in tax revenues.
Surplus Federal Budget
When the government spends less than it receives in tax revenues.
Deficit Federal Budget
When the government spends more than it receives in tax revenues.
buying on margin
When you purchase stocks by putting a down payment on them. The buyer would pay a % of its stock's value and promised to pay the rest when the stock was sold at a higher price.
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) of 1934
Worked to improve housing standards and conditions and to insure mortgages.
The event that helped to end the Depression and why
World War II;, ended unemployment- people went to work preparing for the war or actually joining the war effort
Great Depression
Worst period of economic decline in United States history, beginning in 1929 lasted throughout the 1930's decade. Unemployment reached record 25%.
The Civil Works Administration (CWA)
a public program funding jobs ranging from ditch digging to highway repairs to teaching. Created in November 1933, it was criticized as "make work" and abandoned in the spring of 1934. It provided a psychological and physical boost to its 4 million workers.
great depression
a severe economic crisis that started in the late 1920's . farm income dropped throughout the 1920's. many small banks suffered when farmers defaulted on their loans. some large banks collapsed after suffering huge losses from the stock market crash .
Tennessee Valley Authority,
aimed to control flooding and promote conservation while generating electricity for rural areas in the south
John Steinbeck
an author during the Great Depression. He wrote books like The Harvest Gypsies, The Grapes of Warth, and Of Mice and Men to show the misery of the Great Depression and Dust Bowl.
stock exchange
an organized system for buying and selling shares in corporations
court packing
attempt by FDR to increase the size of the Supreme Court so judges favorable to his policies would be appointed
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies ($ to decrease the amount of crops produced); ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II
dust pneumonia
breathing in dust caused people's lungs to have problems
National Industrial Recovery Act,
called by Roosevelt "the most important and far-reaching piece of legislation ever passed in the United States."
Agricultural Adjustment Act,
raised farm prices ad controlled production
The Revenue Act of 1935 (Wealth Tax Act)
raised the tax rate on individual incomes that exceeded $50,000 and also increased rates on the income and profits of corporations.
Dust Bowl
region in the central Great Plains that was hit by a severe drought during the Great Depression
Securities and Exchange Commission
regulated the sale of stocks and bonds
The Dust Bowl
severe drought and high winds in the American plains created what is know as?
Eleanor Roosevelt
she was FDR's eyes and ears and a strong advocate for the New Deal
Deficit Spending
spending more money than the govt. receives in revenue. Used by FDR to finance the New Deal
Reasons for the stock market crashing
stock market prices climbed in spite of goods piling up, people invested on speculation and buying on margin; when stocks hit a high point they began to fall people who bought on margin could not repay their loans
fireside chats
talks given by FDR to explain government policies in a reassuring, informative fashion
dust bowl
the area that included Western Kansas and Oklahoma, Northern Texas, and Eastern Colorado and New Mexico that suffered from the black blizzards
Federal Reserve
the central banking system for the U.S., they determine the amount of money in circulation as well as set the interest rate.
Social Security Act (1935)
the greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers
Speculation
the idea of a stock soaring in value. The idea was that you would by a stock at a lower price and the cost of the stock would increase significantly at a very fast rate.
New Deal
the name given to FDR's massive plan for relief, recovery, and reform
National Youth Administration
provided jobs to young people
Federal Housing Administration,
provided small loans for home construction
Causes of the Great Depression
1. Stock Market Crash 2. Speculation 3. Buying on Margin 4. High tariffs and war debt policies that cut down the foreign market for American goods. 5. crisis in the farming industry. 6. availability of easy credit. 7. unequal distribution of income 8. Business Cycle 9. Overproduction
What were the reasons for the stock market crashing
1. Stock Market Crash of 1929, 2. Bank Failures, 3. Reduction in personal spending, 4. American economic policy in Europe, 5. Drought conditions
Hundred Days
100 days after FDR was sworn into office. Congress passed into law every request of FDR enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history
Bonus Army
1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.
Fair Labor Standards Act
1938-Established a minimum wage (25 cents an hour), a maximum workweek of 40 hours and time and a half for overtime, and outlawed child labor.
1934 Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Insured loans for building and repairing homes
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)
It was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada. It broke away from the AFL and allowed African Americans.
Court-Packing Scheme
Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½. This bill did not become law and led to much criticism.
The National Recovery Act (NRA) of 1933
Known as the "Blue Eagle" from its popular symbol. Accompanied by the slogan "We Do Our Part," it established codes for fair business practices. These codes regulated wages, working conditions, production and prices, and set a minimum wage. The Supreme Court invalidated this program in 1935. Critics think that it hampered recovery by allowing the formation of cartels, restricting competition and reducing employment.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Large-scale public works construction agency. Built public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Spent over $6 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work. Administered the construction of more than 34,000 projects.
The Public Works Administration (PWA) of 1933
Launched projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River. It was intended both for industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Eventually more than $4 billion was spent on 34,000 construction projects. One of these projects was San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.
The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) of July 1935
Legalized collective bargaining and closed shops (workplaces open only to union members). Although it was designed to bring about industrial peace, it led to a wave of strikes, many of which were sit-down strikes. These tactics, although not always successful, proved quite powerful. In 1939, the Supreme Court outlawed the sit-down strike as being too potent a weapon and an obstacle to negotiation.
1933 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortage payments
drought
Long period without rain
Hoovervilles
Many families lived in shelters built from old boxes and formed these communities
1935 National Youth Administration (NYA)
Provided job training for unemployed young people and part-time jobs for needy students
1933 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Provided jobs for single males on conservation projects
Huey Long
"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy
Huey Long
"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated
Glass-Steagall Act
(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.
Social Security
(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
Effects of the Great Depression
- Many banks fail. - Many businesses and factories fail. - Millions of Americans are out of work. - Many are homeless and hungry. - Families break up and people suffer
Hoovervilles
Shanty towns of homeless and unemployed that sprang up on the outskirts of the cities Name was meant to mock Hoover's lack on assistance to the people
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was a First Lady and worked for social reform, supported youth employment, helped the poor and addressed the needs of women in her book Its Up to Women.
Important New Deal programs still in use today
Social Security; National Labor Relations Board; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; Securities and Stock Exchange Commission
1934 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Supervised the stock market and eliminated dishonest practices
Recovery
Support for business, banking and farms so that they can return to normal
1935 Social Security Aministration
The Social Security Administration has three parts: -Old age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses: The insurance was a supplemental retirement plan. Half of their funds came from the worker and half from the employer. Although some groups were excluded from the system, it helped to make retirement comfortable for many Americans. -Unemployment Compensation System: The unemployment system was funded by a federal tax on employers. It was administered at the state level and the initial payments ranged from $15~$18 a week. -Aid to families with dependent children and the disabled. The aid was paid for by federal funds made available to the states
Work Progress Administration
The WPA gave people jobs to help build roads, bridges, dams, airports, surge treatment plants, hospitals, medical clinics, and schools. In addition, artists, sculptors, musicians and actors were employed.
Works Progress Administration,
program of Second New Deal that employed artists and construction workers
public works
projects built by the government to help public
Congress of Industrial Organizations (C.I.O)
2 million member association of industrial unions including the autoworkers.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms
What are you going to get on the test?
A
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
A 1935 law that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A New Deal agency created to generate cheap electric power and flood control in a seven-U.S.-state region. It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $250,000
New Deal
A plan by President Franklin Roosevelt intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country after the Great Depression.
Second 100 Days
A second push of New Deal legislation aimed at job creation, farm and home aid, and social welfare
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Civilian Works Administration (CWA)
A short-lived U.S. job creation program. Created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. It ended on March 31, 1934, after spending $200 million a month and giving jobs to four million people.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Agency responsible for overseeing the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, which provided employment assistance directly to the poor. Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Agency set up under the Hoover administration to make loans to banks and other lending institutions.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Agency that brought together business leaders to draft codes of "fair competition" for their industries. These codes set production limits, prescribed wages and working conditions, and forbade price-cutting and unfair competitive practices ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935
bank holiday
All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.
Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)
An agency created in 1933 that monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds
The Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Created in 1937 (formerly called the Resettlement Administration in 1935) to aid sharecroppers.
1933 Public Works Administration (PWA)
Created jobs on government projects
What part did The Dust Bowl play in the Great Depression?
Created more hardship for Americans and forced many to move to California
Banking act of 1935
Created seven-member oard to regulate the nation's money supply and the interest rates on loans
1933 Glass-Steagall Act
Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corportation (FDIC), which protected bank deposits up to $5,000, thus reassuring the Americans that their money were safe
How did Franklin D. Roosevelt try to help the country through the Great Depression?
Created the New Deal with programs such as the CCC, FDIC, SEC, and SSA to provide relief, recovery, and reform for the country
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Created to stimulate the economy. It tried to set fair wages and hours for workers and minimum prices for products.
National Youth Administration (NYA)
Created under the Emergency Relief Act of 1935. Provided more than 4.5 million jobs for young people. It gave part-time employment to students, established training programs, and provided aid to unemployed youth.
This is used as a way of stimulating the economy by funding federal programs. They create jobs which increases production because people have a paycheck to spend.
Deficit Budget
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses, the Government bought livestock for slaughter and paid farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land.
1933 Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA)
Developed the resources of the Tennessee Valley such as electrics
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Develops rules for doing business
Alphabet Soup
During his presidency, Roosevelt started many New Deal programs, because of their initials, this was referred to as?
1933 National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Establish codes of fair competition
1938 Fair Labor Standards Act
Established a minimum hourly wage and a maximum nmber of hours in the workweek for the entire country. Set rules for the employment of workers under 16 and banned hazardous factory work for those under 18
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Established by the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 to insure bank deposits of up to $5,000.
The Social Security Act of 1935
Established the administration of a national pension fund for the aged and unemployed, as well as public assistance for dependent mothers, children and disabled people. It was financed by a payroll tax based on employer and employee contributions.
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women.
Francis Perkins
First Female Cabinet Member- Secretary of Labor under Franklin D. Roosevelt
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
First relief operation under the New Deal. Gave loans to the states to operate relief programs. Main goal was to alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government. Gave states and localities $3.1 billion (ended in 1935 and replaced by the WPA and Social Security Administration)
Effects of the Dust Bowl
Foreclosure on farms, Farmers moving west (CA) to look for jobs,
what events led to the dust bowl
Great Plains drought, overgrazing of livestock, over plowing of fields, all destroyed the natural grasses whose roots anchored the soil
How did Hoover respond to the stock market crash
He felt that the economy was overall doing well and would come out of it on its own without government interference- looked to "Rugged Individualism"
How did FDR change government
He increased the president's power; he proposed bills and programs for Congress to consider instead of waiting for Congress to act
Harry Hopkins
Head of the Federal Emergency Relief Act program.
Rugged Individualism
Hebert Hoover's political platform, meaning behind it was that all individuals can succeed on their own or create their own success with limited or no government help.
1933 Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country building roads, developing parks, and helping in soil-erosion projects employed over 3 million people.
Mexican Repatriation Act
Hoover authorized to send Mexican-American immigrants back to Mexico during the Great Depression. Many of which were lawful American citizens who became separated from their families.
Election of 1932
Hoover vs. FDR; two competing ideologies - laissez faire vs. government intervention
Causes of Dust Bowl
Over farming, severe drought, strong winds
Social Security Act
Part of FDR's New Deal that provides monthly payments to people who cannot work because of age or disability.
The Federal Theatre Project (FTP) of 1935
Part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and employed 12,700 theatre workers at its peak. The Federal Theatre units presented more than 1,000 performances each month before nearly 1 million people. There were 1,200 plays produced in the four years of the project.
The Federal Art Project (FAP) of 1935
Part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). This cultural program employed 5,300 artists at its height in 1936. Murals, paintings, sculptures and photography were all part of this program.
The Federal Music Project (FMP) of 1935
Part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). This cultural program employed about 16,000 musicians at its peak.
The Federal Writers Project (FWP) of 1935
Part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). This cultural program employed about 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936. It produced 3.5 million copies of 800 titles by 1941.
The Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Part of the second phase of the New Deal. From 1935 until 1943, this agency provided work for about 3 million workers at a time. By 1943, it had helped between 8 million and 9 million people. This program constructed buildings, roads, airports, and schools. It also employed actors, painters, musicians, and writers through the Federal Theatre Project, the Federal Art Project, and the Federal Writers Project.
List at least three causes of the Great Depression.
People buying on credit, low wages, unemployment, overproduction, stock market crash
First 100 Days
Period from FDR's inauguration in March 1933 through the following June. During this time, Roosevelt pushed program after program through Congress in an effort to provide economic relief and recovery.
Hebert Hoover
President during the beginning of the Great Depression. He believed in rugged individualism and laissez-faire capitalism.
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
Program that appropriated $500 million for state and local relief agencies that had exhausted their funds.
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
Protected workers' rights: 1. to collective bargaining. 2. by banning unfair labor practices. 3. by setting up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce these reforms.
Relief
Provide aid for the needy
1935 Rural Electricfication Administration (REA)
Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas.
United States Housing Authority (USHA)
Provided federal loans for low-cost public housing
1933 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Provided money to states to create jobs; it was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional on the ground that it gave legislative powers to the executive branch and that the enforcement of industry codes within states went beyond the federal government's constitutional powers to regulate interstate commerce
1933 Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Provided work in federal jobs
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) of 1933
Put 2.5 million men to work in a variety of conservation projects: planting trees to combat soil erosion and maintain national forests; eliminating stream pollution; creating fish, game and bird sanctuaries; and conserving coal, petroleum, shale, gas, sodium and helium deposits. Workers earned only $1 a day but received free board and job training. From 1934 to 1937, this program funded similar programs for 8,500 women. It taught men and women of America how to live independently, thus increasing self-esteem.
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) of 1933
Put money into public works programs, which were government-funded projects to build public facilities and create jobs.
1935 Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Quickly created as many jobs as possible
1933 Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
Raise crop prices by lowering production and paying farmers to leave a certain amount of every acre of land unseeded; declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court on the ground that agriculture is a local matter and thus, the power to regulate agriculture should be given to states rather than federal government (States vs. Federal Government goes way back to the Constitutional Convention in which Alexander Hamilton supported Federal Power while Thomas Jefferson supported States Power)
The Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA) of 1933
Raised farm prices through subsidies. It paid farmers not to raise certain crops and livestock, hoping that lower production would cause prices to rise. The Supreme Court struck down the tax that funded its subsidies to farmers.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Relief program that employed jobless youths in such government projects as reforestation, park maintenance, and erosion control.
3 R's of the New Deal (3 goals)
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
Aims of the New Deal
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
21st Amendment
Repealed the 18th amendment in 1933 and brought and end to prohibition
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
Replaced the AAA in which farmers were paid to cut production of soil depleting crops and they were also given reward s for practicing good soil conservation methods
1933 Federal Securities Act
Required corporations to provide complete information of all stock offerings and made them liable for misrepresentations
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of 1934
Required full disclosure of information on stocks being sold. The SEC regulated the stock market. Congress also gave the Federal Reserve Board the power to regulate the purchase of stock on margin.
1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDC)
Required manufacturers to list ingredients in foods, drugs, and cosmetic products
1935 Wagner Act
Response to the struck down of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)---->see number 9; The Wagner Act established collective bargaining, protected the right of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining with employers, and also established the National Labor Relation Board (NLRB) to hear testimony about unfair practices
1933 Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA)
Roosevelt declared a bank holiday and closed down all the banks to be inspected. Those that were considered stable could reopen while others that were in financial crisis would remained closed or they could obtained loans if necessary
Hundred Days
Roosevelt's proposals for new economic programs were quickly approved by Congress during this period
Frances Perkins
Secretary of Labor under the Roosevelt administration, she was the first woman cabinet member.
farming methods that changed to try and limit dust being blown around
The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques, including crop rotation, strip farming, contour plowing, terracing and other beneficial farming practices
Fireside Chats
The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.
Why did the banks fail
They did not have enough money in the bank to repay all of their customers at once.
Reform
Try to prevent another great depression from occurring through legislation
Herbert Hoover
US president blamed for Depression; did "Too Little, Too Late"
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
US tax placed on foreign goods. Meant to increase the purchasing of American made products but worsened the Depression.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
created in 1933 in order to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression
Public Works Administration- Public Works projects
created large scale public construction projects.
Civil Works Administration
created many manual labor jobs to supply short term relief
life during the dust bowl
extreme unemployment, bread lines, many people lost their homes, people living in shacks, kids had to grow up fast to help the family,
List at least three effects of the Great Depression.
failed businesses, bank failures, decreasing buying power, people lost all their money, unemployment (factories laid off workers), Hoovervilles, New Deal
conservative
favors fewer government controls and more individual freedom in economic matters
liberal
favors government action to bring about social and economic reform
relief program
government program to provide immediate help to the needy
deficit spending
government spending in excess of tax revenues; done in 1930s to stimulate the economy
Bonus Army
group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington DC in 1932 to demand early pensions
Brain Trust
group of progressive lawyers, economists and social workers who advised Franklin D. Roosevelt
polio
highly infectious disease that causes inflammation of the nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord, leading to paralysis. Franklin D. Roosevelt was stricken with this disease leaving him paralyzed from the waist down.
hoboes
homeless wanderers during the depression, often traveled in boxcars on the railroad
Second New Deal
in 1925 president roosevelt launched a new set of programs and reforms which were called this.
fireside chat
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
sit down strike
instead of walking off their jobs, striking workers remained idle inside the plant
speculation
making high risk investments in the stock market in hopes of getting rich quick
Reform
measures designed to regulate operation of banks and the stock market to prevent another crash
no mans land
middle of nowhere, nothing around
"Okies"
name given to migrants fleeing the Dust Bowl
Ogallala Aquifer
one of the world's largest aquifers; located in the Great Plains;
polio
paralyzed president Roosevelt
Great Depression
people buying goods with credit was one cause for the _________ _____________
soup kitchen
place where food is provided to the needy at little or no charge
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
popular American president most remembered for the New Deal
buying on margin
practice that contributed to inflated stock prices in the 1920s; required only 10% down payment to purchase stock
Social Security Act
program created during Second New Deal; provides old-age and disability pensions & unemployment insurance
Herbert Hoover
was president during the Great Depression
New Deal coalition
were the voters from different groups (Southern whites, city people, African Americans, and union workers) that supported Roosevelt because of the New Deal.