P211 exam
covariance
as A changes, B changes
1/2 interaction effects where in a line graph, the data from one independent variable intersects with the data from the other
crossover interaction.
If a narrow confidence interval contains zero, then the effect is
null
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?
observational measurement
study completed separately from the main study to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation
pilot study
Studies that use nonprobability samples have ________ external validity.
unknown
You are looking to purchase a new pair of running shoes. What should you consider when looking at the Zappos.com headline "61% said this shoe felt true to size"?
whether the people who rated the shoe share same characteristics as others who bought the shoe
___ the order of levels addresses order effects in within-groups designs.
Counterbalancing
Which of the following constitutes plagiarism? A. Using someone else's words without quotations or providing a citation B. Using your own previously published words without a citation C. Paraphrasing information from somewhere else without a citation D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What does the "M" stand for in the QuALRMI method?
Method
What is true of operational definitions?
Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others
Adding a participant variable to a design with an existing independent variable is one way to increase external validity. T or F?
T
Insensitive measure.
The dependent variable isn't responsive enough to detect change from the independent variable
Each cell of each of the independent variables has unique subjects
independent-groups factorial design
Only factorial designs have
interaction, difference in differences (mathematical way to describe an interaction of two independent variables), mixed design
A research consumer ________ scientific results.
reads
If you wanted to know exactly which statistical analyses were used in a particular study, you should consult the
results section of a journal article
In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other?
risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained
In a scatterplot, the direction of the relationship can be seen by the
slope of the line
A sample is always ________ a population.
smaller than
2/2 interaction effects in a line graph would have points moving away from one another as the dependent variable increases
spreading interaction
testing effects (threat to internal validity)
tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing (includes practice effects)
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?
the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
___ important for the construct validity of studies and for reducing measurement error, but it does not address individual differences.
validated scales
Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching "autism treatment." However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search
"autism treatment" and "behavioral" and enter an age range of interest.
d = 0.32, 95% CI [.13, .51]. is stastically significant T or F?
(Because the 95% CI does not include zero, we can infer that this result is statistically significant.) T
Which of the following is NOT included on an APA style title page? A. Author affiliation B. Title C. Date of publication D. Author name(s)
C. Date of publication
Which of the following results in an unrepresentative sample? A. systematic sample B. simple random sample C. snowball sample D. stratified random sample
C. snowball sample
___ is the ability to detect an effect if it really exists, so it would not contribute to a null effect.
Power
___, also known as fatigue effects, in which a long sequence might lead participants to get better at the task or to get tired or bored toward the end.
Practice effects
Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?
You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.
selection-history threat
a historical or seasonal event systematically affects only the subjects in the treatment group or only those in the comparison group, not both.
Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as
applied research
If we cannot observe a behavior, we cannot study it. What does this statement refer to?
empiricism
A ___ changes the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, not two independent variables.
moderator
The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is
multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters
Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim?
one that is manipulated
If a question has response options that are anchored with adjectives, this is known as a(n)
semantic differential format
When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose", which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?
"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"
A repeated measure study already has
temporal precedence
The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards.
5; 10
A researcher wants to run a 2 × 3 mixed factorial design. The first factor, with two levels, is within-groups, and the second factor, with three levels, is independent-groups. If the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, how many participants will he need in total?
60 (2 factors uses same participants: so 1* 3 factors is 3. 3*20=60)
regression threat (internal validity)
Extreme scores gravitate back toward average (results extreme toward mean in test 1. likely to be closer to its mean level the next time it is measured)
Measurements for anxiety and depression
Hamilton anxiety scale and the PHQ-9
Ceiling effects can affect (IV, Dv, or both?)
IV and DV
What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize?
Some constructs are difficult to observe
What is true of variables?
Some variables can be either manipulated or measured
What is true about research using surveys and polls?
Surveys and polls can efficiently measure people's subjective feelings
The study hypotheses belong in which section of the introduction?
The Prediction
Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did what?
asked her enemies if she was a nice person
Which of the following threats to internal validity can apply even when a control group is used?
demand characteristics
Another word for observer effects is
expectancy effects
External validity is most important for which of the following claims?
frequency claims
Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following?
how well the research was conducted
the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable, also known as
interaction effect.
To establish a causal claim, researchers often prioritize ____ validity over ____ validity. They focus more on ensuring the independent variable does not accidentally systematically vary with another variable.
internal, external
Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity? a. regression b. attrition c. maturation d. placebo effects
maturation
A sample is to ________ as a population is to ________.
part; entire
The 95% CI (confidence interval) would be less ____ and ____ if the study used a smaller sample.
precise, wider
Another word for hypothesis is a(n)
prediction
construct validity increased w
random assignment
The construct validity of observations can be threatened by
reactivity
Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article?
the name of an article that researched a similar topic
What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs?
the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to
It might be more helpful to use d when estimating
the real-world impact of an intervention or comparing results within one body of literature.
A study has a 2 × 2 × 3 within-groups factorial design. Researchers would need to investigate __ main effect(s), __ two-way interaction(s), and __ three-way interaction(s) in this study.
3 (because 3 IV's), 3, 1
If Julio designs a 2 × 3 × 4 study, his study includes ___ independent variables
3 (dont confuse IV w levels)
experiment where the amount of stress someone is experiencing (high versus low) may change depression medication types (SSRI, NDRI, or placebo) effectiveness accounting for the differences in people with major vs persistent depressive disorder. __ Interaction effects,__ main effects and __ three-way interactions
3, 3, 1
selection-attrition threat
A threat to internal validity in which members are likely to drop out of either the treatment group or the comparison group, not both.
A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following? A crossover interaction B multiple main effects C a three-way interaction D a within-groups factorial design
C
Zariah placed five identical pairs of black socks on a table and asked passersby to rate which pair of socks were their favorites. Although the socks were exactly the same, people rated the last pair of socks as having the highest quality. How should Zariah interpret this result?
People are not always able to accurately explain their responses
Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible?
The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.
Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling?
They all contain elements of random selection.
___ designs make it easier to be certain of differences between conditions than independent-groups designs.
Within-groups
You increase external validity with
a more diverse or altogether different sample (All else being equal, a larger sample size would not improve external validity)
Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This is most likely due to
acquiescence
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?
association claim
When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose", why should you read the abstract first?
because it provides an overview of the article
Order effects also include ___, in which some form of contamination carries over from one condition to the next. (For example, imagine sipping orange juice right after brushing your teeth; the first taste contaminates your experience of the second one.)
carryover effects
What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level?
conceptual definition
____ design, participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable
concurrent-measures
Online surveys commonly suffer from what?
self-selection
Negatively worded questions have low construct validity because
they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions.
Which of the following is a reason that a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design?
to ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal
Each participant experiences all combinations of the independent variables
within-groups factorial design
Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her?
"Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present findings accurately."
Identify each phrase from popular media articles describes a factorial design. A "is the reason for" B "controlling for" C "only when" D "it depends"
A, B
Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? A when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest B Answer when one group has an extremely high score at pretest C when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest D when one group has an extremely low score at posttest
B
study on how toddlers learn their colors. She wrote this in the results section: "Analyses indicated significant main effects of place and object. However, the place × object interaction was not significant. This latter finding suggests that the benefit of using puzzle pieces to learn about colors is not dependent on where the puzzle is completed." Given this excerpt, which of the following statements could also be found in the paper? A Toddlers talked about colors with every toy equally B Toddlers talked more about colors in the living room C Toddlers talked more about colors in the living room but only when they played with the puzzle pieces D Toddlers did not change their answers based on location
B
"Researchers tested different forms of textbooks. interactive textbooks with online exercises were more effective than static text, but only for students who had high levels of previous technology experience." What term or phrase best describes the main result in this study? A. not a factorial design Btwo-way interaction C three-way interaction Dno interaction
B (describes two independent variables (type of textbook and technology experience), indicating a likely two-way interaction.)
Which of the following is correct about sample size? A. A large sample size is more representative of the population than a small sample. B. A large sample size still needs to be a random sample in order to be generalizable. C. A sample size of 1,000 allows for the most statistically accurate conclusions. D. A sample size of 1,000 has the optimal balance of external validity and statistical accuracy.
B. A large sample size still needs to be a random sample in order to be generalizable.
Which of the following ethical violations did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? A. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. B. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. C. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. D. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.
B. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.
Which of the following is an example of applied research? A. a social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept B. an educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in eight-year-olds C. a personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts D. a cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women
B. an educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in eight-year-olds
Which of the following is a reason that a study might yield a null result? A too much between-group difference B too much within-group variance C a false positive D use of a within-subjects design
C
Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats? A. They are the same as testing threats. B. They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales). C. They can be avoided with counterbalancing. D. They are problematic only in observational research.
C
Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction? A "statistically significant" B "mixed factorial design" C "it depends" D "mediator variables"
C
All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT that A. IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities. B. IRBs are mandated by federal law. C. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member. D. IRBs must have at least five members.
C. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.
A study finds that exercise improves concentration, especially for students who took a yoga class as opposed to step aerobics. Which of the following statements can we infer about the study based on this finding? AThere was no main effect of exercise on concentration. B This was a within-group study. C The researchers were biased against step aerobics. DThere was an interaction in the results.
D
Dr. Biswas designs a study comparing the effects of mindfulness training to cognitive training on flexible thinking. In designing this study, what would be an appropriate manipulation check? A. testing that the flexible thinking task is hard enough to show group differences B. measuring heart rate to ensure that mindfulness has a calming effect C. ensuring that no participants had prior experience with mindfulness training D. adding a third group that receives flexibility training
D
a white, odorless, tasteless powder additive could help people consume fewer calories during a meal. Collected random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories using a calorimeter at lunch then dinner. Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Bloedorn be worried about? A observer bias B attrition C blinding D placebo effects
D
Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims? A. "Having a dark triad personality is associated with having greater relationship problems." B. "Receiving weekly feedback from your supervisor increases work productivity." C. "People who report knowing someone who has been diagnosed with skin cancer also report having greater sunscreen use." D. "Forty-three percent of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them."
D. "Forty-three percent of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them."
Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is majoring in psychology only because he finds the classes interesting. What is an important reason for him to be a good consumer of research?
He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching.
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In Introduction to Neuroscience, 43 of 50 students complete the survey, and in Psychology and Law, 46 of 48 students complete the survey. Based on this information, what can Dr. Kramer say?
His sample came from his population of interest
Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean?
If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.
Experiments that compare different participants who are placed in different conditions are known as ____ designs. There are two basic forms of this design. The first is the____ design, in which participants are tested on the dependent variable only once after the manipulation. The second is the_____ design, in which participants are tested on the dependent variable before and after the manipulation.
Independant groups, post-test only, pre-test/post-test
In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?
It is a double-barreled question
Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question?
It is a leading question
Why is the use of representative samples especially important in frequency claims?
It is unlikely that the accuracy of estimates can be checked
You are using information from another paper you wrote previously. Do you need to cite yourself?
Only if the previous paper was published
Why would behavioral observation be a good research method for studying a high-frequency behavior? (ex: number of words spoken in a day or number of steps taken in a week)
Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data
If the manipulation of the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable, covariance is established T or F
T
When describing a main effect, you do not need to mention any other independent variable.
T ( Main effects involve only one variable, so no other independent variable needs to be mentioned.)
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean?
The theory may need to be amended.
Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him?
What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?
Maturation threat (threat to internal validity)
a change in behavior that emerges more or less spontaneously over time
Considering a measure's face validity is
a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable.
Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?
causal claim
History threat (threat to internal validity)
changes make come from external factor or event that affects all or most members of the group (ex: historical event of 9/11 affected most americans)
Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as
confirmation bias
Researchers often keep ___ variables constant on purpose.
control
Regression is most often associated with correlational or factoral designs.
correlational
Internal validity can be measured by
counterbalancing the order of conditions, random assignment, ensure there were no variables that systematically varied with the independent variable (overall decreasing selection effects)
A cue that can lead participants to guess an experiment's hypothesis is known as a ____, or an experimental demand. (Did the manipulation really work, or did the participants simply guess what the researchers expected them to do and change their behavior accordingly?)
demand characteristic
Effect sizes are larger when there is a greater ____ between the conditions of the independent variable. In general, the larger the effect size, the ____ the effect of the ___ on the __ (aka covariance) Effect sizes can vary depending on
difference, stronger, IV, DV, how many participants there are, the amount of variance in the experimental group, and the mean differences.
Articles that could be considered journalism
do not require specialized education to read.
The d score is a standardized measure of the degree to which the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable. This is also known as the
effect size
A manipulation check is an
extra dependent variable in the main study to check whether the manipulation is successful
experimental design that tests all possible combinations of more than one independent variable (in these exp. IVs are also called factors)
factorial design
When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?
if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)
In a within-groups design, each participant experiences all levels of the ____. There are two types of this design. The first is the _____, in which researchers expose participants to various levels of the independent variable and measure the dependent variable after each exposure. The second is the ____ in which participants interact with the various levels of the independent variable simultaneously.
independent variable, repeated-measures design, concurrent-measures design
Two independent variables mean that there is one ___whether the relationship between one independent variable and the dependent variable depends on the other independent variable.
interaction effect:
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ________ of their measures.
interrater reliability
Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots?
interrater reliability and test-retest reliability
statistical validity increased w
larger sample
condition
level of independent variable
A ___ (overall effect) is one independent variable's relationship with the dependent variable, averaged across levels of the other independent variable. Researchers need to consider the ___ for each independent variable.
main effect
an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers evaluate how well an experimental manipulation worked
manipulation check
Researchers must calculate the __ for each level of each independent variable, so in a design with two independent variables that have two levels each, they would need to calculate _____ ______ ___
means, four marginal means
instrumentation threat (threat to internal validity)
measuring instrument changes from first use (ex: coders that are human may change judging criteria)
All participants experience all levels of one independent variable but only one level of another independent variable (Ex: researchers study whether video game experts respond differently than non-experts to both violent and nonviolent images. they compare the skin conductance response to each category of picture.)
mixed factorial design
The phrase "controlling for" suggests that the study uses ___ , researchers control for several potential third variables to get closer to establishing internal validity.)
multiple regression
In a within-groups design, exposing participants to one level of the independent variable can change how they respond to the other levels of the independent variable, aka ___, of which there are various types. One type is known as a(n) ____ when exposure to one level of the independent variable contaminates how other levels of the independent variable are perceived. Another type is a(n) ___, which occurs when participants change their responses because of repetition of the dependent variable rather than because of the independent variable itself. It is also possible that repeated exposure to the independent variable may cause participants to guess the hypothesis of the experiment, also known as a(n) _____.
order effect, carryover effect, practice effect, demand characteristic
Dr. Choi is studying the extent to which Asian American mothers enforce gender roles at home. She wants to ensure that her sample includes 50 first generation, 50 second generation, and 50 third generation immigrants. If Dr. Choi obtains her particular sample by putting flyers in the local Asian grocery store, what sampling techniques is she using?
quota sampling
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done what?
relied on a census
a threat to internal validity that occurs in an independent-groups design when the kinds of participants at one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those at the other level
selection effects (ex: assigning the first 20 ppl to show up to the study to group A and second to group B)
when the kinds of participants in one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those in the other, ___ can result. (aka. when a researcher creates a condition with a fundamentally different type of participant than another condition) You can decrease this with____.
selection effects, random assignment
Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?
snowball sampling
Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in what?
spurious associations due to subgroups
With three independent variables, there are three potential two-way interactions. t or f
t
Neither r nor d use the original units of measurement, but both are standardized effect sizes. An effect size in original units is the mean difference between groups, whereas a standardized effect size takes into account
the differences between the means and standard deviations of the groups.
The principle of justice calls for a balance between ________ and ________.
the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it
What is a confidence interval constructed around?
the margin of error
Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?
the researcher
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as
unobtrusive observation
What may lead to a biased sample?
using people who are readily available to the researcher
Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim? A. No one should text and drive. B. Experts say a majority of drivers text while driving. C. Texting while driving reduces impulse control. D. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
C. Texting while driving reduces impulse control.
A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as
an IACUC
In looking at a scatterplot of interrater reliability, why would a researcher want to see all the dots close to the line of agreement?
because it indicates that the researcher's two research assistants/raters are making similar measurements
According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established what?
criterion validity
A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n)
leading question
Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following?
test-retest reliability
A scientist is most likely to accept a theory when
the findings of replicated studies are consistent with the theory.
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. What is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study?
the number of words remembered
What is the primary purpose of peer review?
to ensure the relevance, accuracy, and integrity of the content
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this?
to obtain evidence for criterion validity
Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. What might you recommend to decrease fence sitting?
using scales with an even number of response options
Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement? A. measurements of hormones in the bloodstream B. participants' indications of whether or not they've been diagnosed with high blood pressure C. number of panic attacks a patient reports D. level of anxiety reported by participants
A. measurements of hormones in the bloodstream
Which of the following is an association claim? A. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." B. "A majority of Americans like dogs." C. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners." D. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time."
A. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."
Which of the following hypotheses would be best tested with a survey? A. College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem B. Children who are exposed to more words per day have faster brain development C. Drinking coffee makes people walk faster D. Sharing with others increases dopamine levels
A. College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem
Which of the following is a causal claim? A. Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention. B. Most drivers have reported texting while driving. C. Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control. D. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
A. Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention.
Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?
A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.
What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement?
A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not
A group of students recorded the amount of time they studied for an exam in their research methods course and the grade they received on the exam. The scatter plot shows a positive, linear relationship. What statement best describes this relationship between time spent studying and exam grade?
As study time increased, exam grades increased.
What is the difference between advice from an authority and that from a researcher?
Authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts.
What is true of the difference between basic and applied research?
Basic and applied research have different goals.
Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong?
Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity
An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? A. r= 1.0 B. r=-1.0 C. r= 0.83 D. r=-0.18
D. r=-0.18
Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. You are concerned that Tim is making the blind spot bias. As a researcher, what would you most likely ask him to consider?
Do you think that you should test this out by opening some conversations with a joke and some conversations with chitchat?
Dr. Knepp studies Extrasensory Perception (ESP) which is the ability to perceive things through telepathy or clairvoyance. She theorizes that ESP exists but only in people who believe it exists and who are not skeptical of ESP. She surveys a large number of adults about their beliefs in ESP and, as expected, only adults who believe in ESP report having those abilities. What is true about Dr. Knepp's theory?
It does not have a hypothesis.
What is an advantage of polling organizations using Internet panels over landline panels?
It is easier to follow up with Internet panels and track how their opinions change over time
Compared with doing a generic internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources?
It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.
Which of the following involves using evidence from the senses or from instruments that assist the senses as the basis for conclusions?
empiricism
What is the primary difference between researchers and non-researchers?
Researchers test their intuition with systematic, empirical observations
What is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions?
The answers must be coded
Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. What is true of her findings?
There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale
In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?
They impede scientific progress
Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask what question?
What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?
Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can feel threatened by racism, men of color feel threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. The results of this study can be generalized to what groups?
White women and men of color
Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research.
a bridge between
Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following?
a measure of spirituality
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research?
convenience sampling
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. What options could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity?
correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following?
criterion validity
Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, estrogen levels in participants were the
data
What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment?
debrief the participants afterward
Another word for discriminant validity is ________ validity.
divergent
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really say for sure that being bullied leads to low self-esteem because they didn't measure being bullied before they measured self-esteem." Clarissa is concerned that the researcher
failed to establish temporal precedence
Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?
fence sitting
Luis has just finished planning a study to explore personality traits that predict how open adults are to altering their beliefs when presented with findings from scientific studies. Before beginning data collection, Luis preregisters his hypothesis. One of the primary benefits of preregistering his hypothesis is that
he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings.
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern?
hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing
A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following?
observer effects
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?
positive association
What is the best way to balance characteristics about participants that can lead to alternative explanations for findings?
random assignment
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?
replacement
Observer bias relates mainly to ________, whereas observer effects stem from ________.
researchers; participants
A helpful tool for visualizing test-retest reliability and interrater reliability is a
scatterplot
Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study?
students from a community college
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. What provides the best evidence for discriminant validity?
that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity
Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews?
the anonymity of the peer reviewers
One of the reasons that research studies are superior to personal experience is that
they include at least one comparison group
Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Another depression researcher reads Dr. White's findings. This new researcher is MOST likely to
thoughtfully consider reasons why these findings might not support the new theory.