P211 Final Exam
Ceiling effects can affect certain groups more than others. independent variables only. dependent variables only. both independent and dependent variables.
both independent and dependent variables.
Which of the following is the easiest way to increase precision and power in a study? increase sample size use a between-groups design more situational noise additional comparison groups
increase sample size
Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? "How often do you shop online?" "Have you ever sent a 'sext' (a sexually explicit message or photo)?" "When was the last time you tweeted/retweeted?" "Why did you choose your Facebook profile photo?
"Have you ever sent a 'sext' (a sexually explicit message or photo)?"
RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: Dr. Yared is interested in memorization techniques and motivation. He splits his participants into four equal groups of 20 people each and gave each participant a list of 30 words to try to memorize in three minutes. Two groups were told to repeat the words silently to themselves and two groups were told to make up a story using the words. Two groups were offered 10 cents per word they recalled and two were offered $1 per word. The table shows how many words each group was able to recall. Memory Technique Memory Technique Repetition Make up a story Monetary reward 10c/word recalled 11 17 Monetary reward $1/word recalled 10 19 What are the marginal means for memory technique? 28 and 29 14 and 14.5 21 and 36 10.5 and 18
10.5 and 18
RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Singh was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, she was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? She was also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are shown examples of those categories (e.g., looking at pictures of different animals) compared with generating those examples themselves (e.g., drawing pictures of different animals). Dr. Singh has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of her study are below. Type of Activity Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Focus of the Activity Dogs only 7 6 To determine if there is a main effect for type of activity, Dr. Singh must examine how many marginal means? 2 3 4 5
2
Dr. Green is interested in conducting a 2 × 2 × 3 within-group factorial design, with 20 participants in each cell. How many participants does she need overall? 20 40 80 240
20
Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to positive moods. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). If Dr. Reyes wants to present her data on a figure, which of the following figures should she use? A scatterplot with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis A scatterplot with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis A bar graph with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis A bar graph with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis
A bar graph with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis
Which of the following hypotheses would be best tested with a survey? College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem. Children who are exposed to more words per day have faster brain development. Drinking coffee makes people walk faster. Sharing with others increases dopamine levels.
College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem.
RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Singh was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, she was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? She was also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are shown examples of those categories (e.g., looking at pictures of different animals) compared with generating those examples themselves (e.g., drawing pictures of different animals). Dr. Singh has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of her study are below. Type of Activity Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Focus of the Activity Dogs only 7 6 Which of the following could be said of the focus of activity variable in Dr. Singh's study? There is no main effect for the focus of activity variable. A proper statistical test would be necessary to determine the effect of the focus of activity variable. The focus of activity variable is a participant variable. The focus of activity finding is not as important as the type of activity finding.
A proper statistical test would be necessary to determine the effect of the focus of activity variable.
Dr. Navarro conducted a study investigating whether exercising immediately before an exam boosted cognitive abilities. She randomly assigned participants to either do jumping jacks or count to 60 before giving them a geometry test. She did not find any differences between groups but believes there may have been a ceiling effect. What might be a clue that this was the case? All participants' scores are centered around 100% correct. Participants in the counting group showed more variability in scores. Participants in the exercise group took longer to complete the test. Some participants verbally noted that the test was too easy.
All participants' scores are centered around 100% correct.
What is the difference between concurrent-measures designs and repeated-measures designs? Concurrent-measures designs are independent-groups designs; repeated-measures designs are within-group designs. Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially. Concurrent-measures designs can have any number of levels of an independent variable; repeated-measures designs can only have two levels of the independent variable. There is no difference; they are two terms for the same design.
Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially.
________ is used to control order effects in an experiment. Random assignment A design confound Increasing demand characteristics Counterbalancing
Counterbalancing
A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. Cronbach's alpha kappa a scatterplot Pearson's r
Cronbach's alpha
Which of the following is a reason that researchers typically choose to prioritize internal over external validity? They want to be able to generalize results to the population. Having a confound-free setting allows them to make causal claims. Conducting an experiment in the laboratory is more expensive and time consuming. Researchers can seek out more diverse and representative participants.
Having a confound-free setting allows them to make causal claims.
Which of the following can be said of the interaction in a study? It can be determined by investigating marginal means. It can exist even if the main effects are not significant. It is usually less important than a study's main effects. There can be only one type of interaction.
It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.
Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? It prevents researchers from being sued. It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies. It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.
It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.
Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. It was replaced by the APA guidelines.
It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.
If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n) Likert scale. agreement scale. semantic differential format. open-ended format.
Likert scale
Why would behavioral observation be a good research method for studying a high-frequency behavior (e.g., number of words spoken in a day or number of steps taken in a week)? It will take less time to collect the data. Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data. It is cheaper to collect data than it is to self-report data. Researchers do not need to obtain participant consent for behavioral observation.
Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data.
Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? Give the survey questions to different groups of people. Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. Combine multiple questions into single questions. Order effects cannot be controlled for.
Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.
Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar? PsycINFO does not provide PDF versions of articles. PsycINFO is not free to use. PsycINFO is not limited to just psychology and related fields. PsycINFO does not allow you to search particular fields.
PsycINFO is not free to use.
Why is it important for researchers to replicate a study? Replicating a study gives the researcher additional estimates of the association. Replicating a study gives the researcher larger effect sizes. Replicating a study increases the likelihood of a significant association. Replicating a study reduces the likelihood of outliers.
Replicating a study gives the researcher additional estimates of the association.
Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article. Nonsignificant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research.
Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.
Which of the following is true about research using surveys and polls? Surveys and polls can support only frequency claims. Surveys and polls are an accurate way to measure people's actual behavior. Surveys and polls can efficiently measure people's subjective feelings. Surveys and polls utilize only one type of question format.
Surveys and polls can efficiently measure people's subjective feelings.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because some of her data did not support it. Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory. Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory. Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis.
Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis.
A study finds that the relationship between time spent studying and final exam grade depends on the techniques used for studying. Which of the following statements do we know to be true from this sentence? There is no main effect of time spent studying. Some studying techniques caused students to fail. There was an interaction between time and technique. The study used a 2 × 2 design.
There was an interaction between time and technique.
Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? The researchers have the same conceptual definitions. The researchers have the same operational definitions. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operational definitions.
The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable. The study included a distractor task. The study was conducted at a university by a psychologist. The study investigated a theory of emotion on memory.
The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. The theory may need to be amended. The theory is completely wrong.
The theory may need to be amended.
Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her phone. She typically remembers to charge her phone on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner. Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning.
Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner.
The study that found that two-thirds of Americans had experienced at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) did not use a random sample. What conclusion should you make about the results of the study? We can generalize the results of the study to all Americans. We can generalize the results of the study only to Americans with adverse childhood experiences. The results are incorrect because the study did not use a random sample. We are uncertain about the generalizability of the results.
We are uncertain about the generalizability of the results.
Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him? How many people have you met and befriended? Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?
What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?
When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is most likely to be used? a curvilinear association an outlier a scatterplot a bar graph
a bar graph
Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? a scatterplot a line graph a bar graph a pie chart
a bar graph
When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? a difference in the height between the bars the number of bars in the graph the number of observations that make each bar the direction of the bars
a difference in the height between the bars
Davonte conducts a study on numerical reasoning in two-year-olds. He wants to know whether showing them an educational YouTube video will help them improve their counting abilities. For his dependent variable, he asks each child to count to 100. He finds no change from pretest to posttest and discovers most children couldn't count past 10. This is an example of a floor effect. a noise effect. a ceiling effect. a maturation effect.
a floor effect.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? a theory a hypothesis data research
a hypothesis
Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a measure of heart rate a measure of the number of times a person eats alone during a month a measure of spirituality a measure of income
a measure of spirituality
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? a constant a variable's level a measured variable a manipulated variable
a measured variable
When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which section should you read first? abstract introduction method discussion
abstract
Ethical decision making is as easy as a yes-no decision. based only on what is good for society. based on a balance of priorities. determined by legal experts.
based on a balance of priorities.
RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Singh was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, she was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? She was also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are shown examples of those categories (e.g., looking at pictures of different animals) compared with generating those examples themselves (e.g., drawing pictures of different animals). Dr. Singh has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of her study are below. Type of Activity Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Focus of the Activity Dogs only 7 6 To make her study a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design, which of the following would Dr. Singh need to do? add a second dependent variable (quality of the category attributes listed) add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes) add a new participant variable (sex: males versus females) add a new independent variable (activity condition: alone versus with a friend)
add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)
RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest? all students at the university all psychology majors and minors all students he is currently teaching all students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class
all students he is currently teaching
A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as an IACUC. an AIRB. an AWA. an IRB.
an IACUC.
Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a concrete construct a behavior that is directly observable physical measurements (e.g., length) an abstract concept
an abstract concept
Kalilah just read a story in the most recent issue of Psychology Today that has grabbed her interest. As a thoughtful consumer of information, what should Kalilah do? start with the assumption that the media coverage of the story is an inaccurate representation of the original research study consider comparing the media coverage of the story to the original research report contact the science journalist to ask additional questions about the topic read the Psychology Today story cynically
consider comparing the media coverage of the story to the original research report
If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, what is being interrogated? construct validity external validity internal validity statistical validity
construct validity
To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus most on evaluating which of the following validities? construct validity and external validity statistical validity and external validity internal validity and external validity internal validity and construct validity
construct validity and external validity
When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must the researcher do? tell the participant the hypotheses of the study tell the participants about any deception in the study explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study explain how scientific fraud will be avoided
explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study
Random selection enhances ________ validity, and random assignment enhances ________ validity. internal; internal external; external internal; external external; internal
external; internal
Fatima is trying to measure gender role stereotypes using a gender role survey. She believes that her participants will be able to tell that she is measuring gender role stereotypes because the survey looks like it is measuring stereotypes. Fatima believes that her scale has what type of validity? convergent discriminant face criterion
face
In the case of a factorial design, another term for independent variable is main effect. cell. factor. significance variable.
factor
Luis has just finished planning a study to explore personality traits that predict how open adults are to altering their beliefs when presented with findings from scientific studies. Before beginning data collection, Luis preregisters his hypothesis. One of the primary benefits of preregistering his hypothesis is that he is less likely to develop an incorrect hypothesis. it allows him to design a rigorous study focused on empirically testing his hypothesis. he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings. it prevents other researchers from testing the same hypothesis.
he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings.
What does the impact factor of a journal tell you? how often, on average, papers in that journal have been cited where that journal is ranked by scientists how difficult the articles in that journal are to read that the journal is definitely not predatory because predatory journals do not have impact factors
how often, on average, papers in that journal have been cited
What information should you consider to examine the external validity of the claim, "Two-thirds of American college students sleep less than six hours a day"? if the sample size is large enough if random assignment was used in the study if the study used probability sampling if the sample includes non-American participants
if the study used probability sampling
Before she administers the independent variable to her two test groups, Dr. Mackintosh gives all participants an IQ test. She then pairs up each participant with another who had a similar IQ score. Based on the flip of a coin, one member of the pair is assigned to test Group A and one is assigned to test Group B. What technique is Dr. Mackintosh using? matched groups selection bias group assignment external validity
matched groups
The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity? instrumentation maturation selection-history attrition
maturation
Which of the following ethical considerations is relevant to research with animals? ensuring anonymity obtaining informed consent obtaining IRB approval minimizing harm
minimizing harm
The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not. multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters. cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages. There is no difference between cluster samples and multistage samples.
multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters.
A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? observer bias observer effects a masked study design self-report operationalization
observer effects
According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? women members of minority religious groups people with developmental disabilities refugees
people with developmental disabilities
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? selection effects design confounds demand characteristics practice effects
practice effects
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? selection effects design confounds demand characteristics practice effects
practice effects
RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about reactivity. observer bias. faking good. interrater reliability.
reactivity.
The construct validity of observations can be threatened by reactivity. socially desirable responding. acquiescence. leading questions.
reactivity.
A research consumer ________ scientific results. analyzes produces reads graphs
reads
How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? using common sense to understand scientific data remaining objective as you interpret scientific data finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them
remaining objective as you interpret scientific data
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? refinement reduction replacement recycling
replacement
Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed? chapters in edited books full-length books review journal articles magazine articles
review journal articles
What can researchers do to reduce the risk of measurement error? select measures that have high reliability and validity make conditions comparable in each experimental group use large sample sizes use a strong manipulation
select measures that have high reliability and validity
For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? self-report measurement observational measurement physiological measurement archival measurement
self-report measurement
A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following? between-group variance situation noise weak manipulations demand characteristics
situation noise
RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur's study? three six nine twelve
six
Which of the following sampling techniques would you recommend to a researcher interested in studying rare individuals, like people who have been struck by lightning? snowball sampling purposive sampling quota sampling convenience sampling
snowball sampling
Professor Adeyemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. Professor Adeyemi selects two random numbers, 4 and 6, and gets a list of all of the retired people in the city. If Professor Adeyemi obtains the sample by starting with the 4th person on the list and selecting every 6th person, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used? cluster sampling stratified random sampling systematic sampling quota sampling
systematic sampling
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable haphazardly. systematically. spontaneously. especially.
systematically.
RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity that his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have that his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction that his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self-esteem
that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity
Mrs. Raynor, a school psychologist, tracks the number of students that are reported by teachers as having concerning behaviors in the classroom. At the end of the year, she calculated that 12.4% of the students in her school have been identified as having behaviors that impact their performance in the classroom. She understands that there is a margin of error to this estimate and reports that the number of children who have behavior problems at school may be as low as 10.2% and as high as 14.6%. What is the term for the calculated range of 10.2% to 14.6%? the frequency range the confidence estimate the point estimate the confidence interval
the confidence interval
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? the covariance of cause and effect temporal precedence internal validity external validity
the covariance of cause and effect
What is a confidence interval constructed around? the margin of error the point estimate the population parameter the correlation coefficient
the margin of error
What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs? the number of participants used the number of times the dependent variable is measured the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to there is no difference between the two designs.
the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 3 × 4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will NOT have to change? the number of main effects that need to be examined the number of interactions that need to be examined the number of participants needed the number of researchers needed
the number of researchers needed
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? the length of the distractor task the number of words remembered the content of the words the number of words on the list
the number of words remembered
Which of the following indicates that a study used a bivariate correlational design? the presence of two measured variables the use of correlational statistics the inclusion of quantitative variables the depiction of a bar graph
the presence of two measured variables
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? the principle of consent and honesty the principle of reliability and validity the principle of honor and accountability/commitment the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36,95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants the number of people in the sample the use of three measured variables the number of significant findings
the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Manish's concern is addressing which of the following? the study's statistical validity the study's internal validity the study's external validity the study's construct validity
the study's statistical validity
RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Based on these results, Dr. White should conclude that she has disproved the previous theory because the lack of findings contradict her theory. there is no way to prove the theory because of flaws in the methodology used by Dr. White to test her theory. previous studies that support the theory are probably flawed. there may be unexamined factors influencing the results that contributed to the results of other studies on this topic.
there may be unexamined factors influencing the results that contributed to the results of other studies on this topic.
Negatively worded questions have low construct validity because they lead people to respond with a certain viewpoint rather than with their true opinions. they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions. they are too simple to truly capture people's true opinions. they are unable to capture people's true opinions because they evoke an emotional response.
they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions.
Which of the following is a reason why a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study? to eliminate testing effects to control for observer bias to prevent attrition to control for regression to the mean
to control for observer bias
Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention to treat schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of basic research. applied research. empirical research. translational research.
translational research.
If a sample is biased, then it is ________ the population of interest. unrepresentative of unrelated to incorrectly compared to unfairly applied to
unrepresentative of
Which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences? using a matched-groups design decrease power collecting measurements from diverse groups of people using a between-groups design
using a matched-groups design
Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research? administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms consenting to participate in a research study using a new teaching strategy to increase academic performance in a classroom measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia
using a new teaching strategy to increase academic performance in a classroom
Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research? administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms consenting to participate in a research study using a new teaching strategy to increase academic performance in a classroom measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia
using a new teaching strategy to increase academic performance in a classroom
Which of the following may lead to a biased sample? using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate using people who agree to participate using people who are readily available to the researcher using people who have participated in other research studies
using people who are readily available to the researcher
In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? when the sample is very large when it is aggregated over many situations when the outcome is extreme, like success or failure when external validity is high
when it is aggregated over many situations
You are looking to purchase a new pair of running shoes. Which of the following should you consider when looking at the Zappos.com headline "61% said this shoe felt true to size"? whether the people who rated the shoe were randomly assigned to the running shoe whether the people who rated the show were more conscientious than average whether the people who rated the shoe had Internet access whether the people who rated the shoe share same characteristics as others who bought the shoe
whether the people who rated the shoe share same characteristics as others who bought the shoe
A scatterplot is a graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data. that shows the size of a difference on a variable between two groups. that shows changes over time on a variable. used to show causal associations.
with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data.
Edited books consist of a collection of chapters written by an authority on the topic. written by many different experts. that undergo a rigorous peer review process. written for a general audience.
written by many different experts.
