PAD4833 FINAL EXAM REVIEW (SLIDES/MINI-LECTURES CHAP 7-11)

Insurance Definition

"Promise of compensation for specific potential future loses in exchange for a periodic payment"

Short and Long Term Recovery

-2 phases: Short-term and Long-term -Recovery length determined by conditions and consequences surrounding the disaster, capabilities of affected gov't, capabilities and resources of participating agencies -Short-term phase immediately follows the event and seeks to stabilize lives, aka 'relief' -Long-term phase begins after emergency has ended and may last for years, ex) community might need to be reinvented

Search and Rescue (SAR)

-Actions: locating victims, extracting or rescuing victims, providing initial medical first-aid treatment -Majority of search and rescue is performed in the initial minutes and hours of a disaster by untrained, average citizens, who include victims' friends, family members, and neighbors

Types of Recovery

-After a disaster, parts of society have suffered from negative consequences -Range of needed activities is as varied as if one were building the community from scratch -Specific categories of assistance common to all disasters: public assistance, housing, economic recovery, individual/family/social recovery

Risk Transfer Definition

-Aka risk sharing or risk spreading -Debated as a mitigation measure -Allows for financial disaster consequences that occur to be shared by group of people rather than all the money falling only on the affected individuals

Public Assistance

-All recovery falling within public domain: gov't structures, systems, and services, debris cleanup, environmental restoration -Reconstruction of gov't infrastructure operational capacity are vital to establishing setting where recovery is possible -Return to gov't operations signals to victims that recovery assistance, safety, and security will each be provided -Environmental recovery must not be neglected

Life Sustaining and EM functions (9)

-Assessment -Treating the hazard -Provision of water/food/shelter -Public Health -Sanitation -Safety & Security -Critical Infrastructure Resumption -Emergency Social Services -Donations management

Common Types of Insurance

-Auto insurance -Homeowners/Renters insurance -Health insurance -Disability insurance -Life insurance -Flood insurance -Earthquake insurance -Terrorism insurance -Business interruption insurance

Insurance Considerations

-Can be mandatory or optional -In 2008, over $4.2T in premiums (17% increase over 2006) -US-represents 26% of the insurance market

Modern Risk Transfer

-Can be private or government administered -Primarily consist of insurance and reinsurance -Direct risk sharing more commonly found in developing countries (informal agreements within social/familial groups, ex) food sharing)

Insurance Problems (3)

-Catastrophic disasters -Hazards for which info is scarce -Disasters that cover wide geographic areas

Multilateral Organization Composition

-Central gov't of sovereign nations that can be regionally based/organized around common issue or function/globally based, recognized as having an established legal status under int'l law

Sanitation Issues

-Collection and disposal of human waste -Wastewater -Garbage -Dust -Vector control (bugs)

Individual/Family/Social Recovery

-Community recovery closely tied to physical and mental health of individuals/families/social groups that constitute it -Need for this type of recovery grows with # of injured/killed, acute need in case of CHE -Disaster victims face some emotional distress/anxiety like PTSD or physical disabilities

Obstacles to Mitigation (4)

-Cost -Low levels of political support -Sociocultural issues -Lack of risk perception

Disadvantages of Insurance (5)

-Could be impossible to purchase in highest-risk areas -Participation is often voluntary -Participation is known to encourage more irresponsible actions -Many companies are pulling out of disaster specific insurance because probability that they will not be able to cover catastrophic losses is too great -Catastrophic losses that cover a wide but specific geographic space in a country might result in inequitable premium increases if coverage areas are too general

Main Principles for National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction

-Country-specific long-term process that is not only an essential part of country development but also an essential condition to ensure the sustainability of socio-economic development -Effectiveness relies heavily on strongly supported national ownership and leadership of the DRR process

Response Definition

-Decisions and actions aimed at limiting injuries, loss of life, and damage to property and the environment from a specific, defined hazard

Catastrophe Bonds Definition

-Disaster-based investment mechanism -Investors 'bet' that a disaster will not occur -Disassociated with standard financial markets -Require a trigger

Economic Recovery

-Disasters place pressure on local/nat'l/int'l economy -Economies sustained by unique set of drivers -Communities grow around success of industries and citizens acquire skills tailed to industries -Economic recovery must begin with recovery of local economic drivers -Revitalizing local economy must be priority for recovery planners -Unemployment common following disasters -Many businesses will ultimately fail

Effects of Disasters on Society (5)

-Disrupts society -Media focus on physical manifestations -Quality of life/socio-cultural mechanisms depleted -Geographical damage including people, structures, industries, and interconnected societal components -Secondary effects must be considered

International Missions in 2010/2011

-Dom Rep 2010: Logistics Support for WFP (Haiti-Mission) -Haiti 2010: Earthquake -Chile 2010: Earthquake -Sudan (Darfur) 2004-2010: Central workshops for NGO & GO -Albania 2010: Flooding -Poland 2010: Flooding -Czech republic 2010: Flooding -Tajikistan 2010: Support of GIZ: Radio System for Remote Areas -Japan 2011: Earthquake & Tsunami -Pakistan 2010: Flooding -Ethiopia 2011: Drought -South Sudan 2011: Support of UNMIS

Treating the Hazard ( 3 types)

-Effects that are over before any response activities may be initiated to treat them -Effects that persist, but for which no response actions exist that can limit/eliminate them -Effects that persist that may be limited or eliminated completely through existing response actions

UN Background

-Established 1945, reps from 51 countries in the UN Charter after WWII -192 members today, not a gov't body and doesn't write laws -Member states can use UN to resolve conflict and create int'l policy -UN can't force sovereign nations to comply with its decisions but global stature and collaborative nature give weight to its resolutions -Through components/programs the UN has established a presence in most countries

Public Health Definition

-Facilities that normally manage health issues may be full, overtaxed, damaged or nonexistent -Measures: crude mortality rate/morbidity rates/prevalence/incidence/attack rate

Fatality Management Defintion

-Factors that contribute to human mortality in disasters is direct injuries from hazard, indirect injuries resulting from aftereffects of hazard event, unrelated accidents and natural causes of death -Actions: search and recovery of corpses, transportation of bodies to centralized facility, exam and ID of body, final disposal of body

THW

-Founded in 1950 as federal agency within Federal Ministry of the Interior -80k volunteers with only 800 full-time, annual budget of 180M EUR

UN Components (7)

-General Assembly -Security Council -Economic and Social Council -Trusteeship Council -International Court of Justice -Secretariat -UN System

Resisting Urge to Return to Previous "Normal"

-Greatest recovery obstacle for managers -Urge grows quickly in long-term recovery -Victims want to end inconvenience, public outcry is echoed by news media, pressure builds on shoulders of politicians -Many feel recovery is simple in replacing what was destroyed -Rebuilding to pre-disaster specs retains any pre-existing vulnerabilities exposed by disaster

Risk Sharing Pools (5)

-Group members share risk internally -Often used by gov't to cover public sector risk -Can work by allowing individual members to benefit from group buying power -Risk insured is specific to the needs of the pool -Can include other services like technical assistance or advice

Coordination in Recovery Efforts

-Hard to achieve but vital to successful accomplishment of goals -Most taken at local level -Regional/nat'l coordination mechanisms required to recover from large-scale events -Recovery effectiveness driven by wide stakeholder representation -Recovery plans should address demographic/socio-cultural needs and community preferences -External coordination may be necessary in poor countries, normally done by UN

Two Factors of Insurability

-Hazard in ? must be identifiable and quantifiable -Insurers must be able to set premiums for each potential customer or class of customers

Cultural Recovery

-Historic buildings/art/clothing may be destroyed -Cultural loss may result in identity loss -Cultural needs/customs/preferences may not be met -Cultural recovery must come from within the community- outside assistance may facilitate -Return to normal dress/food might be hard -External recovery officials must recognize/respect/celebrate local culture

The Housing Sector

-Housing damage differs due to location/elevation/proximity to hazard etc. -1st priority of gov't is to supply inspectors, normally not enough local ones -Cost of housing repair and reconstruction often responsibility of homeowners -Many victims lack financial resources to rebuild and need outside aid -Housing reconstruction successful when it's performed by recipients -Risk reduction measures applied

Recovery Overview

-In recovery phase, countries/communities/families/individuals will reconstruct/repair what was lost because of a disaster. Ideally they would also reduce the risk of a similar future event -Recovery may begin in planning process -Once implemented, recovery can extend for weeks/months/years -Of the EM functions, recovery are the most diverse and the range of individuals, organizations, and groups involved is the greatest -Recovery generates greatest amount of interest and attention from world community

Critical Infrastructure Reumption

-Infrastructure: basic facilities, services, and installations required for the functioning of a community or a society -Critical infrastructure: vital to disaster response and the safety and security of the public -Ex) Transportation systems, communications, electricity, gas/oil storage, water supply, emergency services, public health

Recovery Funding Options

-Insurance (uncommon in 3rd world) -Gov't based Emergency Relief Funds (Reserve Funds) -Donations (Other gov't, Multilateral orgs, NGO, Business and Private Citizens) -Loans -CAT Bonds (spread risk), Weather Derivatives (protects against adverse climate effects) -Private Development Funding -Incentives -Tax Increases

Reinsurance Companies do what..

-Insure insurance companies -Tend to be internationally based -Spread risk across greater geographical ranges

International Financial Institutions Definition

-Int'l banks composed of sovereign members states which use public money from member states to provide technical and financial support for developing countries

INSARAG Network

-Internal knowledge exchange via the Virtual OSOCC -Participation in int'l exercises, held by UN-OCHA within Regional Groups -Participation in local exercises via bilateral agreements -Training support and lectures such as INSARAG Awareness Training

Development of INSARAG

-International Search and Rescue Advisory Group -Standards & Standard Operating procedures (SOP) for Urban Search & Rescue -Founded after Lessons Learned from Mexico (1985) and Armenia (1988) earthquakes -Founding members THW (Germany), AFDRU (Austria), SKH (Switzerland) -Since 2002 legal body of the UN and part of the UN-OCHA in Geneva

More Mitigation/Prevention Examples

-Land use restrictions: limit development and set buildings back from flood or landslide zones -Removal/relocation: acquisition of at risk properties to safer locations -Retrofit: Retrofitting existing buildings like storm shutters -Code Modification & application: upgrading building codes -Economic & other incentives: insurance rate reductions

Components of Recovery

-Lots of resources that are all codependent, short supply of one affects them all -Recovery function is more practiced, systematic, and effective at rebuilding lives -Recovery goals are not always possible

Evacuation Definition

-Moves populations away from hazard -Decisions not taken lightly -Requires established statutory authority and evacuation capacity -Most effective when limited just to the risk area -Must be sanctioned and facilitated -Must have a place for evacuees to go

Food Provision Definition

-Must suit affected population -Distribution: wet & dry -Concerns: nutritional assessments, cleanliness, points of distribution, storage, vermin

Personnel in Recovery Efforts

-Needs are excessive like cleanup, assessment, planning, repair, development -May involve unskilled/untrained laborers and volunteers, technical experts, contractors, urban planners, logisticians, equipment operators, etc. -Most important labor source is affected region: have most interest in outcomes, most in tune with community's character, likely to be in need of immediate employment -More likely to commit to long term efforts -Less likely to suffer from burn-out -Recovery funding more likely to remain in community -Other sources include nat'l and int'l NGOs that help with development, military forces both local and int'l, and private contractors from around the world

Guiding Mitigation Principles

-New/modified policies about hazard mitigation and post-disaster redevelopment -More stringent building codes -Changes in land development and zoning requirements -Economic incentives for mitigation implementation -Mandated removal or retrofitting of property in hazard zones -Required mitigation of local gov't facilities & functions -Use of environmental protection to obtain mitigation benefits

THW: Technical Help Worldwide

-North/South America: 1st Mission: 1960 in Chile, 40 missions & projects in 17 countries -Africa: 1st Mission: 1960 in Morocco, 184 missions & projects in 33 countries -Europe: 1st Mission: 1953 Netherlands, 1443 Missions & Projects in 34 countries -Asia: 1st Mission: 1954 in Korea, 237 Missions & Projects in 35 countries -Since 1953: 1.904 Missions & Projects in 120 countries

Moving the Whole Community

-On a # of occasions, only viable option for reducing future disaster risk was to relocate entire community -Ex) Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986 AND Valdez, Alaska 1967 AND Dagara, India 2001 -Can be appealing following catastrophic disasters -Moving entire community is very difficult and very complicated

Catastrophic Insurance Problems

-Only those people who are likely to suffer the specific loss defined in the policy are likely to purchase that type of policy, creating the need for much higher premiums than if the specific hazard policy were spread across a more general population -Phenomenon is called "adverse selection"

Recovery as Opportunity

-Opportunities increase community resilience, economic revitalization, rezoning, and modernization -Opportunity to create better community that would rarely exist otherwise -Existing mitigation plans can guide this effort -EM may grow -Leaders enjoy great success that can help resilience

THW Mandate

-Outside Germany on behalf of the Federal Government -Local Emergencies on request of local authority: Police, FD, Municipality

Disasters profoundly impact _____, ____, and ____

-People, Built Structures, and The Environment

Response Characteristics

-Performed during periods of very high stress, in a highly timed-constrained environment, and with limited and imperfect information

Pre-Disaster Recovery Actions

-Performed in time-constrained environment are characterized by confusion -To be performed well, recovery & response require special skills, equipment, resources, and personnel -Emergency planning rarely includes recovery (PEPPER-> Pre-Event Planning for Post-Event Recovery, many recovery processes are common to all disasters, recovery based upon planning is more organized and likely to result in risk reduction

Safety & Security

-Police/fire officials affected by disaster and may be victims -Police/fire officials overtaxed -Common disaster security concerns: looting, assaults on victims, assaults on response and recovery officials, security within shelters and resettlement camps, rapes, robberies, domestic violence

Probability Mitigation Implemented

-Political support -Public support -Support from business sector -Support from NGO sector -Cost -Long-term vs. short-term benefits

Ensuring Equity in Recovery

-Poor bear a greater brunt of disasters compared to the wealthy -Disaster managers must ensure distribution of disaster recovery assistance is fair -Community opportunities must be evenly spread -Inequity in recovery goods and services is not limited to wealth (cultural beliefs and practices, racism, caste systems, and bigotry) -Vulnerable group awareness is key

Risk Transfer Roots

-Practice of "bottomry" which is when the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom of it to forfeit the ship itself to the creditor if the money is not paid at the time appointed with interest at the ship's safe return -Costs of shipping losses shared among participants ex) all vessels in a fleet

Response Phases

-Pre-Hazard -Emergency Phase: Hazard Effects Ongoing -Emergency Phase: Hazard Effects Have Ceased

Planning

-Pre-disaster recovery planning is logical and easy to perform while being inexpensive, most communities don't do alot of pre-disaster recovery planning -Post-disaster planning is mostly done in places less favorable to success -Construction or action affecting sustainability has to wait until after planning process, moratorium might be needed -Public/business exert considerable pressure to rebuild asap

Recovery Definition

-Process by which individuals and communities are rebuilt, reconstructed, repaired, and returned to a functional condition -Aka 'return to normal'

Shelter Definition

-Protects from natural elements, insecurity, and damage to psychological well-being -Immediate shelter -Long-term shelter

Emergency Social Services

-Psychological stresses of victims & responders -Common names: disaster counseling, psychosocial services, disaster mental health

Triage Definition

-Ranks victims according to seriousness of their injuries ensuring that highest priority cases are transported to medical facilities before less serious ones -Two systems: START & Advanced Triage

Public Health Response Tasks (5)

-Rapid Assessment of Health -Disease Prevention -Disease Surveillance -Outbreak Control -Disease Management

Modular Mission Approach

-Rapid Deployment Units -SEEBA (USAR, INSARAG) -SEEWA (Water Supply and Sewerage) -SEElift (Ground Handling) -Modules within EU mechanism (HCP High Capacity Pumping, ETS Emergency Temporary Shelter, TAST Technical Assistance Support Team) -Support of UNDPKO (SEC Standing Engineering Capacity) -International Logistics Centre -Consultants, Experts, International

Information in Recovery Efforts

-Recovery demands availability of accurate and timely assessment info, assessments help identify strategies to employ available resources and set action priorities -In response, assessments are conducted to guide necessary response activities. Info from these assessments is transferable for use in recovery phase and info will probs be insufficient -Damage assessments help planners identify buildings damaged and destroyed as well as spatial extent of hazard consequences -Info updates are necessary

Impact of Mitigation Options

-Reduced # of deaths/injuries -Reduced property damage -Reduced economic loss

Response Actions

-Relative to disaster, response actions may be taken prior to, during, and immediately following -Begins as soon as it becomes apparent that a hazard event is imminent and lasts until the emergency is declared to be over

Mitigation Goals and Outcomes

-Risk likelihood reduction -Risk consequences reduction -Risk avoidance -Risk acceptance -Risk transfer/sharing/spreading

Eduation

-Schools/educational materials destroyed, teachers displaced, students relocated -Schools help ensure safety and is effective way of teaching prevention/preparedness/response -Schools free up parents to participate in recovery -Children regain sense of normalcy through school -Gov't must ensure temporary facilities/educators/materials (short-term) and rebuild permanent facilities (long-term)

Hazard Recognition Shortfalls (5)

-Scope of unfolding event is underestimated in light of early impacts -Hazard's initial effects are unrecognizable or undetectable -Hazard's initial effects are kept hidden from response officials -Disruptions of, inefficiencies in, or lack of communications infrastructure prevents the affected from reporting an emergency in progress -Response officials are engaged in response to another hazard and are unable to receive information about a new, secondary hazard

Life Saving Functions (3)

-Search and Rescue (SAR) -First Aid Medical Treatment -Evacuation

SAR Tasks: All Team Types (9)

-Search collapsed buildings for victims and rescue them -Locate and rescue victims buried in earth, snow, and other debris -Rescue victims from water -Locate and rescue victims from damaged or collapsed mines -Locate and rescue victims lost in wilderness areas -Provide emergency medical care to trapped victims -Provide dogs trained to locate victims by sound/smell -Assess and control gas, electric service, and hazardous materials -Evaluate and stabilize damaged structures

STAPLEE Method- Used to Assess Mitigation Options

-Social: socially acceptable -Technical: technically feasible -Administrative: community's ability to implement options -Political: politically feasible -Legal: authority for implementation in place -Economic: cost effective -Environmental: effect on natural environment ...all offer both opportunities and constraints

Sarno, Italy Case Example

-South sides of Mount Sarno and Pizzo Alvano in South Italy on 5/5/98 -2 continuous days of rain caused mountain sides to disintegrate under water -20 foot wave of mud fled down the mountain and buried 5 towns affecting over 71,000 people -Happened during the night which led to chaos and left 137 dead and 18 missing, killed 1,000B lire ($500mil) -3 months later, Italy passed Landslide Risk-Assessment and Reduction Act which required regional governments to identify and map areas where landslide risk is most severe while reducing economic damage and societal risk -Gov't built mud channel to divert future mud slides away from inhabited places in Sarno

UN

-Standing Engineering Capacity (SEC) -Framework Agreement with World Food Programme (WFP) -Intensification of Cooperation with UNHCR (Ex. Ethiopia) -Deployment of Experts within UNDAC-Missions -International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG)

INSARAG Structure

-Strategic Level: Steering Committee->Secretariat OCHA Geneva -Under Steering Committee: Regional Group Africa/Europe (Regional Antenna)->Regional Group Americas-> Regional Group Asia/Pacific->USAR Team Leaders->Ad-hoc Working Groups -Organization and Political Level from Regional Group Africa/Europe to USAR, Operational Level from USAR to Ad-hoc -Every member country has an operational and a political INSARAG focal point: shared responsibilities

Structural vs. Nonstructural Mitigation

-Structural: "risk reduction effort performed through the construction or altering of the physical environment through the application of engineered solutions" -Ex) building codes, relocation, construction of community shelters, structural modification -Nonstructural: "reduces risk through modification in human behavior or natural processes without requiring the use of engineered structures" -Ex) Regulatory measures like land use, community awareness education programs, nonstructural physical modifications like securing furniture, environmental reforestation, behavioral modification like rationing

Support for Peacekeeping Operations: Standing Engineering Capacity (SEC)

-Team of specialized volunteers to establish immediate field infrastructure -Expert Pool (150+) in THW's Expert Database -Material for SEC in a Centre fo International Logistics -Self-sufficient for up to 2 months -Modules: electricity, water, sewage, workshops -Within 3 days ready for departure

Assessment Definition

-Tells responders what's happening, where it's happening, what is needed, what is required to address those needs, and what resources are available -2 Types of assessments: situation and needs -Reports: flash reports, initial assessment report, interim report, specialist/technical report, final report

Mitigation/Prevention Definition

-Things that aid in reducing, eliminating, redirecting, or avoiding the effects or impact of a given hazard -Words are interchangeable, also known as Disaster Risk Reduction

Even with the best mitigation, preparedness, and response, there will almost always be some level of damage that must be addressed. T/F?

-True

International Network and Partners

-UN (UN-OCHA, INSARAG, WFP, UNICEF, UNHCR, DPKO, UNEP, DFS, IHP) -European Union (European Civil Protection Mechanism, European Humanitarian Aid) -Bilateral Cooperation (Cross border cooperation, cooperation with 3rd countries) -National Actors (German Embassies, Federal Police, NGO)

Mitigation Success Story: USAID

-USAID is Mitigation Drought and Cyclone Effects in Mozambique

Weather Derivatives

-Use investment instruments to mitigate risk -Used heavily by agricultural/energy sectors -Used to cover losses associated with cancelled/affected events

Water Provision

-Used for hydration, hygiene, and food preparation -Met by transporting to victims, tapping unexploited water sources within community, providing access to a functioning but restricted water source within community, pumping water into community, providing filters or other treatments, moving population to another location where water is available

Advantages of Insurance

-Victims are guaranteed a secure and predictable amount of compensation for their losses -Allows for losses to be distributed in an equitable fashion protecting many for only a fraction of the cost each would have incurred individually if exposed to hazards -Can actually reduce hazard impact by encouraging policyholders to adopt certain required mitigation measures

First Aid Medical Treatment

-Victims may outnumber responding technicians -Supplies may be short/depleted -Transportation of victims may be delayed/obstructed/simply impossible -May be no adequate facilities available to bring victims for longer-term care

Pre-Disaster Response Process (3)

-Warning and evacuation -Pre-positioning of resources and supplies -Last-minute mitigation and preparedness measures

Money & Supplies in Recovery Efforts

-Without ample funding, little can be accomplished -Many recovery resources/services must be purchased -Financial investment in community reconstruction is vital to meeting goals -Responsibility for recovery costs is divided between gov't, private sector, NGOs, Individuals -Resource orgs drive the pace of recovery

Donations Management

-Without effective mechanism to accept, catalogue, inventory, store and distribute those donations, however their presence can actually create what is commonly called "the second disaster" -Cash is best, goods address actual needs of the affected population, be appropriate for the cultural setting into which they are donated, be in good condition, be able to clear customs

EU Community Mechanism

-Working Groups for Experts -Trainings -Exercises -Projects -Deployment of THW resources (EU Experts, Standardized Modules and Units, TAST Technical Assistance and Support Team) -Self-sufficient and autonomous predefine teams. Combination of human and technical means. -Resources of 1+ MS, developed on a voluntary basis -Perform tasks according to international guidelines -To be dispatched in very short notice -Interoperable -Trained and exercise-> 17 modules defined

Main Principles for DRR are: (4)

-utilize participatory process to facilitate various sectors engagement with diverse perspectives and build on existing systems -Should influence positive change through detailed efforts in policies/planning/administration -Should encourage national/local implementation of the HFA -Ensure sustainability of socio-economic development

CHAPTER 7: RISK REDUCTION: MITIGATION/PREVENTION/RISK TRANSFER AND SHARING

CHAPTER 7: RISK REDUCTION: MITIGATION/PREVENTION/RISK TRANSFER AND SHARING

WEEK 10: RECOVERY

WEEK 10: RECOVERY

WEEK 11: PARTICIPANTS IN IDM: MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INT'L FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

WEEK 11: PARTICIPANTS IN IDM: MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INT'L FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

WEEK 8: EMEC MUNIC-THW GUEST LECTURE (INTERNATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT)

WEEK 8: EMEC MUNIC-THW GUEST LECTURE (INTERNATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT)

WEEK 8: RESPONSE

WEEK 8: RESPONSE