P&S Exam 3

In Detroit Police Officers' Association v. Young, the court ruled that preferential treatment had been granted to blacks solely on the basis of race and that this policy was permissible. a. True b. False

b. False

Interoperability refers to the capacity of different units and different agencies to remain isolated from one another and unable to share digital information among themselves. a. True b. False

b. False

It appears that departments want college-educated officers when individuals apply, but the departments are not doing much to encourage officers to continue their education beyond what is required for initial employment. a. True b. False

b. False

Non-college-educated officers are less likely to be involved in civil liability complaints. a. True b. False

b. False

One of the first individuals to call for higher education for police officers was Max Weber. a. True b. False

b. False

Police departments have particularly strong safeguards in place that ensure female police officers are treated exactly the same as male police officers. a. True b. False

b. False

Seeing the need for educated officers, the early policing courses were well received by the other disciplines at universities. a. True b. False

b. False

Surprisingly, it appears that departments with the best records of promoting minority officers are in cities that have a smaller minority population. a. True b. False

b. False

The Posse Comitatus Act gives military personnel the same powers as the police. a. True b. False

b. False

The poverty rate indicates how much range there is between low-income and high-income individuals or families. a. True b. False

b. False

Today in the United States there are three times more public police officers than there are private security agents. a. True b. False

b. False

Today, as African American officers become more self-assured and less likely to accept discriminatory practices, double marginality is more of a problem. a. True b. False

b. False

Traditionally, the regular military has had a broad role in crime control and law enforcement responsibilities within U.S. borders. a. True b. False

b. False

In this case, the court found that if an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, although it has discriminatory overtones: a. Thompson v. Oklahoma. b. Griggs v. Duke Power Company. c. Hagan v. Pennsylvania. d. ACLU v. United States.

b. Griggs v. Duke Power Company.

A PERF study recommended a preventive approach for a department that is going to require higher education for employment. This can be accomplished by __________. a. Letting the courts decide on a case-by-case basis. b. Having an expert prepare a policy support paper citing the benefits of college-educated officers. c. Illustrating the number of programs available for police applicants. d. All of the above.

b. Having an expert prepare a policy support paper citing the benefits of college-educated officers.

Which of the following is NOT one of the "common and problematic" outcomes of police dealing with mentally ill people? a. Arrest. b. Ignoring the problem. c. Use of deadly force. d. Lawsuits.

b. Ignoring the problem

Where were the first women assigned to patrol work? a. Las Vegas Police Department. b. Indianapolis Police Department. c. New York Police Department. d. Los Angeles Police Department.

b. Indianapolis Police Department.

What is the capacity of different units and different agencies to be able to communicate with each other and share digital information? a. Transnational network. b. Interoperability. c. AFIS. d. None of the above.

b. Interoperability

The police must address the concerns of many different groups. Which of the following is NOT one such group? a. Mothers against Drunk Driving. b. Mayors. c. Prisoners. d. Business groups.

b. Mayors.

The group of people who are _____ years old accounts for 15 percent of the U.S. population. a. 18-24. b. Over 65. c. 25-40. d. 12-17.

b. Over 65

The case of Castro v. Beecher held that __________. a. Police applicants must have a minimum of 45 credit hours from an accredited university. b. Police applicants must have a high school education. c. Police applicants must have a bachelor's degree. d. None of the above.

b. Police applicants must have a high school education.

The final section of this chapter discusses the future of education in policing. The type of education it discusses is _____. a. A two-year community college degree for police recruits. b. Postgraduate education for senior police executives. c. Military training for police officers who want to attain the rank of sergeant. d. None of the above.

b. Postgraduate education for senior police executives.

Agencies that reflect the population they serve are more likely to function properly, be responsive to the needs and desires of minority populations, and enhance legitimacy of the public agency. Such an agency is known as a _____. a. Police culture. b. Representative bureaucracy. c. Merit system. d. Learning organization.

b. Representative bureaucracy.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about millennials? a. They are less likely to be married. b. They are less likely to be college graduates. c. They have more financial burdens. d. They are less likely to be military veterans.

b. They are less likely to be college graduates.

Which of the following is a benefit to having racially mixed policing teams? a. They can have a moderating effect on officers of each race. b. It can lead to socializing each officer in ways to interact with citizens of different races. c. The teams can serve as a symbolic benefit for the police department. d. All of the above are benefits of having racially mixed teams.

d. All of the above are benefits of having racially mixed teams.

A BJS survey reported that the percentage of officers employed by a state or local department with some type of college requirement for new officers in 2003 was about __________ that of 1990. a. The same as. b. 10 times higher than. c. 3 times higher than. d. 5 times higher than.

c. 3 times higher than.

Collaboration, privatization, federalization, and militarization are all __________. a. Issues that previously affected policing. b. Issues that have never impacted policing. c. Issues that are relevant to policing currently and in the future. d. None of the above.

c. Issues that are relevant to policing currently and in the future.

Early research on the impact of college on police attitudes found that __________. a. Levels of authoritarianism increased with higher levels of education. b. Levels of flexibility decreased with higher levels of education. c. Levels of authoritarianism decreased with higher levels of education. d. Levels of flexibility increased at lower levels of education.

c. Levels of authoritarianism decreased with higher levels of education.

Higher education is associated with which of the following? a. High levels of use of force. b. Fewer opportunities for promotion. c. Lower levels of job satisfaction. d. None of the above.

c. Lower levels of job satisfaction.

Harassment that requires the employee to choose between the job and sexual demands is __________. a. Hostile-work-environment harassment. b. Empirical harassment. c. Quid pro quo harassment. d. Deliberate indifference.

c. Quid pro quo harassment.

Which of the following, with few exceptions, does not require a college degree? a. City police departments. b. State police departments. c. Sheriff's offices. d. None of the above.

c. Sheriff's offices.

Which of the following statements is true concerning African American police officers? a. Frequently, black officers were allowed to patrol only in black areas and to arrest only other black citizens. b. Black officers were frequently restricted in type and location of assignments. c. Some evidence indicates that black officers were actually more punitive on black citizens than white officers. d. All of the above statements are true.

d. All of the above statements are true.

As criminal justice programs continued to grow at the college level, changes were occurring within these programs. These changes included __________. a. More PhDs added to the faculty. b. The programs becoming less vocationally oriented. c. A greater emphasis on a broader-based curriculum. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Legal challenges to discrimination in employment may be brought under which of the following? a. Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause. b. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. c. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

This will allow police in the field to make quicker identifications of suspects and quicker associations between suspects and crime scenes. a. Weapon detection. b. Intoxication detection and measurement. c. Rapid DNA testing. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which of the following is a specific technological breakthrough that might be a game-changer in the near or medium-term future? a. Drug detection. b. Rapid DNA testing. c. Intoxication detection and measurement. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

An unmanned aerial vehicle is also known as a _____. a. Taser. b. Cruiser. c. License plate reader. d. Drone.

d. Drone.

The case of Davis v. City of Dallas decided that __________. a. Requiring police applicants to have a high school education was not unconstitutional. b. Requiring police applicants to have a minimum of 45 semester hours with a C average was unconstitutional. c. Requiring police applicants to pass a standard physical agility test was discriminatory. d. None of the above.

d. None of the above.

The Boston Police Department, immediately following the Boston Marathon bombings, used _____ to communicate with the public for help in apprehending the fugitives. a. GPS. b. Walkie-talkies. c. Lie detectors. d. Social media.

d. Social media.

Some research suggests that approximately _______ of officers in the field have a baccalaureate degree. a. 13 percent. b. 43 percent. c. 53 percent. d. 33 percent.

d. 33 percent.

It appears that if strong recruitment efforts are made to attract college-educated minorities, a college degree requirement should have little impact on minority hiring. a. True b. False

a. True

Minority representation of police grew in many cities only as a result of pressure from the black community. a. True b. False

a. True

Once discrimination has been established in court, the burden of proof in establishing the validity of the practice shifts to the defendant. a. True b. False

a. True

One of the reasons for wanting increased educational levels in policing was because people were afraid to go out alone at night. a. True b. False

a. True

One study discovered that the benefits of a college education did not become apparent until the officers gained some experience. a. True b. False

a. True

Police departments are institutionalized organizations. a. True b. False

a. True

Police departments may be held liable for sexual harassment even if they did not know of the offending behavior. a. True b. False

a. True

Private police developed before the formation of public police. a. True b. False

a. True

Quid pro quo harassment requires the employee to choose between the job and sexual demands. a. True b. False

a. True

Research indicates that college-educated police officers are more "humanistic" police officers. a. True b. False

a. True

Research suggests that college-educated officers tend to make better decisions than non-college-educated officers, are less likely to use force or to be involved in civil liability complaints, and are more likely to take leadership roles and be promoted. a. True b. False

a. True

The logic used by the courts to decide the Davis case has also been applied by the courts to health-related professions and airline pilots. a. True b. False

a. True

The poverty rate is less precise than the unemployment rate, since defining how much income puts one in or above poverty is subjective. a. True b. False

a. True

The primary impetus behind body-worn cameras has been police officer accountability, especially in use-of-force incidents. a. True b. False

a. True

The quality of the educational experience may be an important variable in determining the impact of higher education. a. True b. False

a. True

Weapon detection, drug detection, and drug identification are all examples of potential technological breakthroughs that may prove to be "game-changers" in the future if they are scientifically feasible and practical to use. a. True b. False

a. True

The _____ is measured as the percentage of adults seeking work who are not successful in gaining employment. a. Unemployment rate. b. Poverty rate. c. Income inequality. d. None of the above.

a. Unemployment rate

To validate the need for higher-education requirements, possibly the best approach, one that has withstood the scrutiny of the courts, is to __________. a. Use national studies and commission reports. b. Use case law. c. Look at the history of policing. d. None of the above.

a. Use national studies and commission reports.

Crime trends, cybercrime, eyewitness identification, and shrinking budgets are __________. a. All examples of historical policing issues. b. All examples of contemporary policing issues. c. All examples of issues that police departments will soon face. d. None of the above.

b. All examples of contemporary policing issues.

This became a national issue in the 1964 presidential campaign: a. War on drugs. b. Crime in the streets. c. Higher education for police. d. All of the above.

b. Crime in the streets.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an issue that policewomen often have to deal with? a. Police culture. b. Deciding who gets promoted. c. Pregnancy and maternity. d. Sexual harassment.

b. Deciding who gets promoted.

Age, seniority, college major, and the quality of educational experience have little impact on higher education and job performance. a. True b. False

b. False

Although educated officers are commonly believed to perform better on the job in various ways, there is absolutely no relationship between education and on-the-job performance or effectiveness. a. True b. False

b. False

By the middle of the twenty-first century, African Americans are likely to be the majority population in the United States. a. True b. False

b. False

Collaboration, privatization, federalization, and militarization were trends that affected policing in recent decades but will not be relevant in the future. a. True b. False

b. False

Despite the various benefits of higher levels of education among officers, departments have not yet developed incentive programs to increase education among officers. a. True b. False

b. False

Early evaluations of female police officers found that they did not perform in a satisfactory manner. a. True b. False

b. False

Beginning in the 1960s, governmental intervention was required to eliminate discrimination in employment and promotion. a. True b. False

a. True

Community policing is the only police strategy that incorporates the problems encountered by the poor into decision making by the police. a. True b. False

a. True

Crimes in which the computer is incidental to criminal activity could include using a computer to keep financial records of illegal business activities or sending a threatening e-mail message. a. True b. False

a. True

Employers are required to treat pregnancy as they would any other temporary disability. a. True b. False

a. True

If a requirement can be shown to be a valid requirement of the job, even if it may have a discriminatory impact, it may be allowed to remain as a requirement. a. True b. False

a. True

In general, the police role is not physically demanding and requires a much stronger mental than physical capacity. a. True b. False

a. True

Attempts to remedy past discriminatory employment and promotional practices are reflected in an affirmative action plan. a. True b. False

a. True

Because of the nature of the police function, including authority and discretion, a major challenge is to avoid discriminating against people and groups because their origin, skin color, beliefs, or orientations differ from that of the majority in society. a. True b. False

a. True

Before the 1980s, in many police departments, an officer with a college degree was often viewed with contempt and resentment. a. True b. False

a. True

Reverse discrimination occurs when __________. a. Affirmative action plans for selection and promotion are put into practice and individuals who are not part of that plan feel they have been discriminated against. b. Female officers have gained majority representation on a police force. c. Affirmative action efforts fail and instead target the individuals they were intended to help. d. None of the above.

a. Affirmative action plans for selection and promotion are put into practice and individuals who are not part of that plan feel they have been discriminated against.

Testimonial evidence is __________. a. Based on the opinions of individuals who have strong political beliefs about the importance of diversity or whose experience has led them to believe that a diverse department is either more or less effective. b. Based on the managerial efforts that identify information pertaining to a case. c. Based on data derived from systematic study of one or more effectiveness criteria. d. None of the above.

a. Based on the opinions of individuals who have strong political beliefs about the importance of diversity or whose experience has led them to believe that a diverse department is either more or less effective.

Double marginality refers to a. Black officers being significantly more likely to arrest black citizens than white officers. b. White officers being significantly more likely to arrest black citizens than black officers. c. White officers being significantly more likely to arrest white citizens than black officers. d. Black officers being significantly more likely to arrest white citizens than white officers.

a. Black officers being significantly more likely to arrest black citizens than white officers.

This case challenged the department's requirement of 45 semester units with a minimum of a C average: a. Davis v. City of Dallas. b. Castro v. Beecher. c. Griggs v. Duke Power Company. d. None of the above.

a. Davis v. City of Dallas.

Prior to the 1950s, the role of women in policing was restricted primarily to what? a. Detecting purse snatchers, pickpockets, and shoplifters. b. Narcotics investigations. c. Vice investigations. d. All of the above.

a. Detecting purse snatchers, pickpockets, and shoplifters.

What is empirical evidence? a. It is based on the opinions of individuals who have strong political beliefs about the importance of diversity. b. Deliberate indifference. c. It is evidence that creates a hostile work environment. d. It is derived from the systematic study of one or more effectiveness criteria.

a. It is based on the opinions of individuals who have strong political beliefs about the importance of diversity.

What is defeminization? a. Neutralizing their threat to male dominance. b. Female officers who have law enforcement as the primary orientation. c. Female officers who place a strong emphasis on being a lady. d. None of the above.

a. Neutralizing their threat to male dominance.

This area of the country is the most densely populated and has the highest percentage of its population living in metropolitan areas: a. Northeast. b. South. c. West. d. Midwest.

a. Northeast

According to Franklin's research, women are still considered outsiders and inappropriate for policing by many within the policing industry. a. True b. False

a. True

What was the Court's ruling in the case of Detroit Police Officers' Association v. Young? a. That preferential treatment had been granted to blacks solely on the basis of race. b. Racial quotas as a means of reversing past discrimination were permissible. c. Leave policies that favor pregnant women may not be discriminatory. d. That the use of a professionally developed examination could not be used if it had a discriminatory effect.

d. That the use of a professionally developed examination could not be used if it had a discriminatory effect.

What was the ruling in the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company? a. That preferential treatment had been granted to blacks solely on the basis of race. b. That racial quotas as a means of reversing past discrimination were permissible. c. Leave policies that favor pregnant women may not be discriminatory. d. That the use of a professionally developed examination could not be used if it had a discriminatory effect.

d. That the use of a professionally developed examination could not be used if it had a discriminatory effect.

Studies seem to indicate that college-educated officers performed better on the job and were less authoritarian than those without a college education. Another factor that seemed to influence these findings was __________. a. The officer's age. b. The officer's seniority. c. The officer's college major. d. The overall college experience.

d. The overall college experience.

Which trend does not have an impact on counterterrorism? a. Privatization. b. Federalization. c. Militarization. d. They all have an impact.

d. They all have an impact.

Which of the following is NOT a suggested police strategy for dealing with terrorism? a. Intelligence-led policing. b. POP. c. COP. d. Traditional patrol.

d. Traditional patrol.