Part 1: Comps (Articulation, phonological disorders,

Systemic Simplification

- do not alter the syllable structure - systematically alter a particular type of speech sound and replace it with another speech sound

Characteristics of apraxia

-Distorting sounds. People with AOS may have difficulty pronouncing words correctly. -Making inconsistent errors in speech. -Groping for sounds. -Making errors in tone, stress, or rhythm. (Difficulty moving smoothly from one sound, syllable or word to another. Groping movements with the jaw, lips or tongue to make the correct movement for speech sounds. Vowel distortions, such as attempting to use the correct vowel, but saying it incorrectly.)

Roles of the SLP

-assessment and management -identify possible disorders -make referrals -educating others -provide treatment and counseling to client and family

Traditional Treatment Approach

A highly structured classic approach to the treatment of articulation disorders that progresses from sensory perceptual training to production training and then from the sound in isolation to the maintenance of learned behaviors in non-clinical settings across time. a. Population/age range b. Concepts/Vocabulary ie Baseline c. Progression/Phases of treatment d. Target selection considerations ie Developmental norms e. Basic treatment principles ie Shaping/approximations f. Cueing/prompting

Cleft Palate/Lip/Submucous characteristics

A split in the lip that appears as only a small notch in the lip or extends from the lip through the upper gum and palate into the bottom of the nose. A split in the roof of the mouth that doesn't affect the appearance of the face.

Cleft Palate/Lip/Submucous etiology and causes

A submucous cleft palate (SMCP) results from a lack of normal fusion of the muscles within the soft palate as the baby is developing in utero. It occurs in about 1 in 1,200 children. There is no single cause of SMCP, but current research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Cleft lip and cleft palate are thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other factors, such as things the mother comes in contact with in her environment, or what the mother eats or drinks, or certain medications she uses during pregnancy.

Standardized Test

A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.

Hearing loss causes

Aging. Degeneration of inner ear structures occurs over time. Loud noise. Exposure to loud sounds can damage the cells of your inner ear. Heredity. Occupational noises. Recreational noises. Some medications. Some illnesses.

Dysarthria assessments

An SLP can test your speech and language. This will help the SLP decide if you have dysarthria or another problem. The SLP will look at how well you move your mouth, lips, and tongue and how well you breathe. She will listen to your speech in single words, sentences, and conversation.

Etiology/causes of Apraxia

Apraxia is caused by a defect in the brain pathways that contain memory of learned patterns of movement. The lesion may be the result of certain metabolic, neurological or other disorders that involve the brain, particularly the frontal lobe (inferior parietal lobule) of the left hemisphere of the brain.

Definition of articulation disorders

Articulation disorders focus on errors (e.g., distortions and substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds. *****Phonological disorders focus on predictable, rule-based errors (e.g., fronting, stopping, and final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound..

Phonological disorders vs articulation disorders

Articulation disorders focus on errors (e.g., distortions and substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds. Phonological disorders focus on predictable, rule-based errors (e.g., fronting, stopping, and final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound.

Cycles Approach

By targeting each phonological process for a short and fixed amount of time and then cycling through other phonological processes, cycles approach targets children who use a lot of error patterns in their speech and correct them.

Cleft Palate/Lip/Submucous; Overview: ie types of speech sound errors

Children with a cleft that affects their soft palate; submucous (the part towards the back of the throat) may have problems with speech that include sounding nasal. This is caused by the soft palate not being able to properly close off the mouth from the nose while speaking and therefore letting air escape through the nose. Cleft palate speech" refers to speech sound errors that are more common in kids with a cleft palate. These include: Glottal stops: formed by a "pop" of air when the child forces his/her vocal folds (located in the voice box) together.

Hearing loss Overview: ie types of speech sound errors

Children with a hearing loss may not hear their own voice when they speak. They may speak too loudly or not loud enough. They may have a speaking pitch that is too high. They may sound like they are mumbling because of poor stress, poor inflection, or poor rate of speaking.

Etiology Causes of Dysarthria

Common causes of dysarthria include nervous system disorders and conditions that cause facial paralysis or tongue or throat muscle weakness. Certain medications also can cause dysarthria. Stroke Brain injury Tumors Parkinson's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS Huntington's disease Multiple sclerosis Cerebral palsy Muscular dystrophy

Dysarthria Overview: ie types of speech sound errors

Dysarthria is a MOTOR speech disorder in which the muscles that are used to produce speech are damaged, paralyzed, or weakened. The person with dysarthria cannot control their tongue or voice box and may slur words.

Empty set

Empty Set In contrast to maximal oppositions, in which a sound the child can produce is contrasted with a phonetically dissimilar sound, treatment incorporating an empty set consists of word pairs of two target sounds that a child is unable to produce.

Matthew Effect

In the educational community, "Matthew Effect" refers to the idea that, in reading (as in other areas of life), the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. When children fail at early reading and writing, they begin to dislike reading. They read less than their classmates who are stronger readers.

Maximum Contrast

Maximal Oppositions are pairs of words that differ by multiple elements among sounds. ... This approach gives them the opportunity to contrast letters that differ by various elements including how a sound is made, where a sound is made, and the presence or absence of voice at the same time.

Multiple Contrast

Minimal pairs for all or most errors simultaneously.

Hearing loss Characteristics

Muffling of speech and other sounds. Difficulty understanding words, especially against background noise or in a crowd. Trouble hearing consonants. Frequently asking others to speak more slowly, clearly and loudly.

Cleft Palate/Lip/Submucous assessments

Nasopharyngoscopy is a procedure that provides a view of the inside of the nose and throat and allows the doctors and speech pathologist to evaluate the child's velopharyngeal closure (closure of the soft palate against the side walls and back wall of the throat.

Major Class

Obstruent Sonorant

Causes and variables of Articulation Disorders: ie Organic vs. Functional

Organic speech sound disorders include those resulting from motor/neurological disorders (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech and dysarthria), structural abnormalities (e.g., cleft lip/palate and other structural deficits or anomalies), and sensory/perceptual disorders (e.g., hearing impairment). Functional speech sound disorders include those related to the motor production of speech sounds and those related to the linguistic aspects of speech production. Historically, these disorders are referred to as articulation disorders and phonological disorders, respectively.

Minor Class

Place Manner Voice

Speech production system

Respiration - speech starts with air Phonation - production of sound in larynx - vibration of vocal folds Articulation - movements of vocal tract (tongue, jaw, lips, etc.) Resonance - vibratory response to a force; the way air molecules vibrate. A response that occurs within our resonating cavities. ((((Prosody - rhythm and tone patterns of speech)))))

Hearing loss assessments

Simple tests with tuning forks can help your doctor detect hearing loss. This evaluation may also reveal where in your ear the damage has occurred. Audiometer tests. During these more-thorough tests conducted by an audiologist, you wear earphones and hear sounds and words directed to each ear.

Criticlal age hypothesis SSD

The Critical Age Hypothesis states that children need to be intelligible or possess clear, understandable speech by 5½ years of age, or they are likely to have difficulty with decoding and spelling.

Core Vocabulary Approach

The aim of the Core Vocabulary approach is to (1) identify a group of words that frequently part of the child's functional vocabulary (50 words minimum), (2) teach the child to consistently and accurately produce these words, and (3) for the child to use these words spontaneously when they communicate.

Assessments for apraxia

The best way to assess a speech sound disorder including childhood apraxia of speech is to look at the child's speech productions across different speech tasks, both elicited and spontaneous. Kaufman Speech Praxis Test (KSPT)

Examples of articulation disorders

There are four types of errors in articulation. These are best remembered as the acronym S.O.D.A. SODA stands for Substitution, Omission, Distortion, and Addition.

Phonetic Placement cues

When a client is not able to produce the target sound in imitation, the clinician begins providing instruction for the correct position or placement of the articulators for production of the sound.

Spontaneous speech sample

a sample of a child's oral discourse in conversation or while describing a picture, usually 50 to 100 consecutive utterances

Speech sound disorder etiology

a speech sound disorder has no known cause. But some speech sound errors may be caused by: Injury to the brain. Thinking or development disability.

Articulatory System-Mechanisms

a. Articulators b. Movable e. Static f. Facial muscles of mastication

Alternative SSD approaches

a. Compare and contrast approaches b. Population/age range c. Core Vocabulary Approach d. Concurrent Approach e. Naturalistic Approach f.Cueing & Prompting

Oral Motor Examination

a. Concept & Vocabulary ie At Rest b. Jaw/lips/tongue/cheek c. Normal vs atypical movement/integrity/implications d. Diadochokinesis: rate measures of the muscles of the oral mechanism during speech and nonspeech activities have long been used as an assessment task by the clinical speech and language pathologist. e. OME intervention strategies

Intelligibility calculations

a. PCC;To calculate PCC-R, the total number of correct consonants in a speech sample is divided by the total number of opportunities for consonant production in that sample and multiplied by 100. The resulting percentage reflects how accurately the child produced the consonant phonemes of his or her language. b. PWWC; Percentage of whole word correctness c. Method

Prelinguistic and Infant speech learning stages

a. Phonation (birth to 1); crying, fussing, coughing, sneezing, burping. b. Primitive Articulation/ Coo & goo stage (2 to 3 months); CV; back vowels & consonants. c. Exploration -Expansion: vocal play and exploration (4 to 6 months); squeals, growls, yells, raspberries, friction noises, & isolated vowel like sounds. d. Canonical Babbling (7 to 9 months); CV more adult like; reduplicated ; mama, baba (stops, nasals, glides) e. Variegated Babbling/Integrative stage (10 to 12 months); CV; variety of vowels and consonants. ; bawadu

Features of consonants

a. Place b. Manner c. Voicing

Descriptive terms position of phoneme

a. Prevocalic/initial b. Intervocalic/medial c. Postvocalic/final

Features of vowels

a. Rounding, Protruding b. Tense, Lax c. Front, Central Back d. High, mid, low

Assessment

a. Screening b. Formal c. Informal/spontaneous speech sample d. Data collection e. Developmental norms

Structural Simplification

alters the structure of syllables that make up a word

Nonspeech Oral Motor Exercises

are techniques that do not involve speech production but are used to influence speaking abilities. These often include blowing bubbles and horns, tongue pushes/wags/curling, pucker/smile movements and other mouth gymnastics

Stridency

characterized by harsh, insistent, and discordant sound a strident voice also : commanding attention by a loud or obtrusive quality strident slogans. (add v,f,)

Minimal Contrast

contrasts between two morphemes that differ in only one sound segment. For instance, the only feature contrast between pea and bee is that /p/ is voiceless and /b/ is voiced. Both the /p/ and /b/ share many features in that they are both labial stops.

Dysarthria Characteristics

distortions more than substitutions, consistent errors (Slurred speech. Slow speech. Inability to speak louder than a whisper or speaking too loudly. Rapid speech that is difficult to understand. Nasal, raspy or strained voice. Uneven or abnormal speech rhythm. Uneven speech volume. Monotone speech.)

Facial muscles of facial expression

orbicularis oris buccinator levator anguli oris depressor anguli oris zygomaticus major risorius platysma levator labii superioris

Infant speech perception

prefer language over complex speech analogs, discriminate rhythmically different languages, prefer to listen to their native language, detect word boundaries, and discriminate most phonemes of the world's languages.

Definition of articulation

refers to making sounds. The production of sounds involves the coordinated movements of the lips, tongue, teeth, palate (top of the mouth) and respiratory system (lungs). There are also many different nerves and muscles used for speech.

Sibilant

sounded with a hissing effect, for example s, sh.

Apraxia: Types of speech errors

substitutions additions repetitions phonemic prolongations.

Stimulability

the ability to imitate a target phoneme when given focused auditory and visual cues.