Part 2: Chapter 4

The field of psychological profiling has continues to grow, the two newest areas include

Hostage negotiation and terrorism

What are Latent Prints?

latent prints are impressions produced by the ridged skin on human fingers, palms, and sole of the feet.

What is forensic firearms examinations based on?

Forensic firearms examinations are based on firearms identification, which involves the identification of a bullet, cartridge case or other ammunition component as having been fired by or in a particular firearm,

Profiling gained popularity during the 1980s, when the FBI became heavily involved in the profiling of which type of criminals? Arsonists Sex offenders

Arsonists, Sex offenders And more recently caregivers with a disorder called Munchausen Syndrome by proxy ( MSBP)

Crimes of a sexual nature are analyzed in the same way as

As homicides. (same as slides above)

Carefully adhering to the proper identification procedures help?

Avoid misidentifications that may lead to unjust accusations or even erroneous convictions of innocent persons and divert the investigation away from the actual offender. In addition, even if the actual offender is caught and brought to trial, using improper identification procedures during the investigation often causes the suppression of identification at trial, resulting in dismissal of the charges or otherwise making it difficult or even impossible to convict the guilty party

What is the process of collecting handwriting exemplar?

Being sure that the writing instrument's (paper, pencils) used in the sample are the same as those used in the suspect document. Things to look for in the selection of paper included its size, thickness, color, and condition. In short, the sample paper should match, as closely as possible, that used by the suspect. If more that one sample is acquired the papers should not be stacked on one another because writing impressions might press through one page to another and hinder the examination of them, Each sample should be taken from the suspect sight as soon as it is obtained, this prevents the suspect from attempting to compare his writing from one exemplar to another The same type of instrument used for the document questioned should be furnished to the suspect for the control exemplar, this includes the pencil, pen, and felt-tip marker. Special attention should also be given to matching the lead number of a pencil, the color of an ink pen, and the width of a felt-top marker with that used on the questioned document.

Cases involving questioned documents require a comparison between the?

Between the suspect document and a sample or exemplar( also known as a standard)

What is case linkage or linking analysis

Brent E. Turvey, said it is the process of determining whether or not there are discrete connections between two or more previously unrelated cases through crime scene analysis.

What are some successful case that facial composites have been used in?

Cases like Oklahoma "Murrah Building" Bomber Timothy McVeigh and Baton Rouge serial killer Derrick Todd Lee They have been used in the television programs like America's most wanted, that aim to reconstruct major unsolved crimes with a view to gaining information from the members of the public.

What is a collected exemplars?

Collected handwriting exemplar is a sample of the suspect's handwriting that was not written for the purpose of examination and is not evidence in the crime under investigation. The obvious reason for this is that the sample document must be one that the suspect has not prepared or altered deliberately to match a suspect document. The most valuable collected document is one that has been acquired close to the time the suspect document was produced Typically, collected sample exemplars can be acquired from such documents as insurance policies, credit card receipts, canceled checks, and personal letter. Collected exemplars are samples of the suspect's handwriting that were not specifically written for the purpose of examination that are used as comparison documents.

What is DNA technology?

DNA has given scientists the emans with which to detect the remarkable variability existing between individual's. The results of this technology hold great promise in aiding the criminal justice system in making positive determinations of criminal identity.

What are the five basic elements that DNA consists of?

DNA is extremely complex chemically, it consists of only five basic elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. These five elements combine to form certain molecules known as nucleotides.

When is Daubert motion raised and why?

A Daubert motion, raised before or sometimes during trial, attempts to exclude the presentation of unqualified evidence to the jury. This is a special case of "motion in limine", which is typically used to exclude the testimony of an expert witness who has no such expertise or used questionable methods to obtain the information.

A crime labs' forensic photography unit is responsible for?

A crime labs' forensic photography unit is responsible for imaging operations. This unit captures, process, produces, analyzes, archives, and disseminates images using traditional silver bar photographic processes and digital imaging technologies.

What following examinations has the PCR technique been used for?

- Comparing the DNA of extinct animals with that of their closest living relatives - Assisting the military in identifying the remains of soldiers who fought in war such as Operation Desert Storm - Helping physicians detect small numbers of cancer cells circulating in the bloodstream and to make prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases such as sickle-cell anemia - Ensuring better matches between organ donors and transplant recipients.

The classic use of facial composite is the citizen recognizing the faces as an acquaintance, there are other ways that a facial composite can prove useful, which are?

- Identifying the suspect in a wanted poster - Providing additional evidence against a suspect - Assisting investigation in checking leads - Warning the public against serial offenders

What is investigative psychology technique?

This technique essentially brings together the retrieval of investigative information and draws inferences about the information in as far as the ways that police decision-making can be supported through scientific research This area is different from investigative analysis or "profiling" which grew out of the experience of police officers offering opinions about the possible characteristics of unknown offenders.

What is the psychological profiling technique?

This technique recognizes that hate, passion, fear, and confusion may all have certain indicators somewhere are the scene These can include postmortem slashing or cutting, rapes, lust, and mutilation murders

General acceptance under the Frye test appears to require a two-step analysis, which is?

General acceptance under the Frye test appears to require a two-step analysis: 1. Identifying the field in which the underlying theory falls (determining whether the technique meets the test of acceptance in the scientific community, defining what community is relevant) 2. Determining whether the principal has been accepted by most members of the field identified.

A forensic chemistry crimes laboratory sections is typically divided into three subunits, what are they?

General chemistry, toxicology, paints and polymers.

What is analyzing DNA ?

Genetic patterns Round in blood or Semen can bc just as distinctive as fingerprints Traditional serology tests on bodily fluids often don't discriminate enough to either exclude or include a suspect in a crime . DNA analysis provide much more conclusive analysis.

What is geographic profiling?

Geographic profiling is a criminal investigative technique that analyzes the locations of a connected series of crimes to determine where the offender mostly likely resides. This technique used in cases of serial murder or rape ( arson, bombing, robbery, and other crimes); it also helps police investigators prioritize information in large-scale major crime investigations that can involve hundreds or thousands of suspects and tips.

Researcher and Professor David Canter developed what?

He developed the discipline of investigative psychology as a response to his dissatisfaction with the scientific bases for criminal profiling.

After evidence is collected for the profiling, what next?

In the investigator analyzes the information and attempts to reconstruct the event. Techniques used are brainstorming to critique the case, use of intuition to follow hunches, and educated guessing. Profiling factors do not consist of clinical observations solely but rather a collection of investigative data from which to draw inferences about the suspect, victim, and motive of crime.

What is the history of DNA?

It was introduced in the mid-1980s, DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized forensic science and the ability of law enforcement to match offenders with crime scenes. DNA "fingerprinting", or DNA typing (profiling) as it is now known, was first described in 1985 by an English geneticist named Alec Jeffreys. Dr.Jeffrey discovered ... -that certain regions of DNA contain DNA sequence that are repeated over and over again next to each other -That the number of repeated sections present in a sample could differ from individual to individual Dr. Jeffrey develop a technique to examine the length variation of these DNA repeat sequences, he created the ability to perform human identity tests.

What do Latent Prints Unit do?

Latent Prints Unit conducts all work pertaining to the examination of latent prints on evidence submitted to the FBI Laboratory.

Idonie is used on the premise that ?

It attacks the object and change its color. The grease and oils naturally produced by the skin color very easily and naturally become good candidates for development with iodine. Iodine prints, generally used on paper and wood are temporary and began to fade after the fuming has stopped. So it is necessary for the investigator be ready to take the photograph the prints.

DNA analysis is

It is the unique genetic pattern found in each person DNA make it possible, with a high degree of accuracy to associate a suspect with (or exclude a suspect from) a crime. Except in the case of identical twins, every person's DNA and resulting DNA pattern are different.

What is Cross-Racial Identification?

It occurs when an eyewitness of one race is asked to identify a particular individual of another race.

According to John Douglas and Robert Ressler of the FBI,

Most (normal persons) have personality traits that are more or less identifiable. However abnormal persons tends to become more ritualized and tend to display a "pattern" to his or her behavior. Often the suspects personality is reflected in both the crime scene and in the furnishings of his or her home.

The practice of profiling was developed when

It was developed during World War II by government Psychologist William Langer to predict Adolph Hitler's future actions.

who should conduct a lineup?

Officers who are not assigned to that case should handle the procedure if possible. This helps to minimize the possibility that the officers who are conducting the investigation will, in their zeal to solve the case, convey (inadvertently or otherwise) clues to the witness as to which person to pick out or put pressure on the witness to pick out a particular subject

What does paints and polymers analyze and its function?

Paints and Polymer evidence can be analyzed for paint, tapes, adhesives, and other polymeric materials. Cases submitted typically originate from hit-and-run homicides, espionage, bombings, and counterterrorism investigations.

Authors Douglas and Olshaker also said that

"the primary goal is to aid local police in limiting and refining their suspect list so that they can direct their resources where they might do the most good.

Show-ups conducted in the station house or jail are the most unreliable and hence the most objectionable. When used, station house show-ups should at a minimum, be subject to what guidelines?

1. Show-ups should not be conducted when the suspect is in a cell, manacled, or dressed in jail clothing. 2. Show-ups should not be conducted at a late hour. 3. Show-ups should not be conducted with more than one witness present at a time. If show-ups are conducted separately for multiple witnesses, the witnesses should not be permitted to communicate before or after the show-up regarding the identification of the suspect. 4. The same suspect should not be presented to the same witness more than once 5. Show-ups suspects should not be required to put on clothing worn by the perpetrator, to speak words uttered by the perpetrator, or to perform other actions mimicking those performed by the actual perpetrator. 6. Words or conduct by the police that may suggest to the witness that the individual is or may be the perpetrator should be scrupulously avoided. For example, one should never tell the witness that the individual was apprehended near the crime scene, that the evidence points to the individual as the perpetrator, or that other witnesses have identified the individual as the perpetrator. Unfortunately, the mere fact that the individual has been presented to the witness for identification strongly suggests that the officers believed him or her to be guilty party.

What is a major problem of Cross-Racial Identification?

A major problem is that the witness and perpetrators are different races, and so that the witness of a different race has "cross-race impairment", where members of any one race have difficulty accurately identifying members of another race. Though the degree to which this difficulty affects the accuracy of an eyewitness identification is uncertain The professional and academic literature in this area goes back about 50 years.

How are latent prints detected and developed?

A variety of techniques, including the use of chemicals, powders, lasers, alternate light sources, and other physical means are used in the detection and development of latent prints. In instances in which a latent print has limited quality and quantity of detail, unit personnel may perform microscopic examinations to effect convulsive comparisons.

Nathan Brown case

A white woman, accused him of sexual attacking her, they found him guilty and spent 17 years until DNA evidence proved other wise.

What is handwriting analysis?

Accurate handwriting analysis requires many years of study and practice. People often adopt unique styles of their own, frequently characteristic only of that person, These characteristics are identifiable to handwriting experts, who must be knowledge in both photography and microscopy.

A crime laboratory's DNA Analysis UNit analyzes, what?bodily fluids and bodily fluid stains recovered as evidence in violent crimes

Analyzes bodily fluids and bodily fluid stains recovered as evidence in violent crimes Examinations include the identification and characterization of blood, semen, saliva, and other bodily fluids using traditional serological techniques and related biochemical analysis,

What is another phase of criminal profiling

Another phase of criminal profiling is case linkage.

What did Alphonse Bertillon do?

Around 1870, he developed a system to measure and record the dimensions of certain bony part of the body. These measurements were reduced to a formula that theoretically would apply to only one person and would not change during his or her adult life. This system is call the Bertillon system, was generally accepted for more that 30 years but was pronounced as fallible as a result of the Will West case of 1903.

What are the qualifications for a party calling a expert testimony?

At trial, any party may offer expert testimony. It is the obligation of the party calling expert witness to lay the foundation for such testimony. The foundation includes the qualifications and experience of the witness, details on how DNA test works, what procedure were followed, the results of the test, and facts and opinions that can be drawn from the test results.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) is primarily a ?

Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) is a primarily a 10-print system for searching an individual's fingerprints to determine whether a prior arrest record exists and then maintaining a criminal arrest record history for each individual, the system also offers significant latent print capabilities.

The background and history of the science of fingerprints is

Constitute an eloquent drama of human lives of good versus evil. Few developments in crime solving have played a more exciting role than that dramatized by the fascinating loops, whorls, and arches etched on the fingers and palms of a human being.

Investigative Psychology is grounded in what ?empirical research and logical inference to cover the full range of investigative activities in addition to the preparation of "profiles".

Empirical research and logical inference to cover the full range of investigative activities in addition to the preparation of "profiles".

How can evidence be accepted into court?

Evidence can be accepted into court, it must be offered by one of the parties and be admitted by the court. Questions regarding the admissibility of evidence have generally been handled at a pretrial hearing

Feathers can help do what?

Feather examinations can determine the species of bird that a feather came from, and questioned and known samples of feathers can be compared.

Fibers can help do what?

Fiber examinations can determine if a fiber is natural or manmade Questioned fibers can be compared to fibers from a known source to determine if they are consistent with having originated from that source. Questioned fibers can also be compared to other questioned fibers to determine if they are consistent with originating from the same source, though that source is not known.

What number of factors contribute to misidentifications ny eyewitnesses?

For example, human perception tends to be inaccurate, especially under stress The average citizen, untrained in observation and subjected to the stress of being a victim of or witness to a crime, is seldom able to describe a perpetrator accurately even in some cases after coming face to face with the individual. Also, a witness especially one who is unsure what the perpetrator actually looked like, may be easily influenced by suggestions conveyed to him or her during the identification process. This face was recognized in the United States v. Wade, in the Supreme Court of the United States stated: The influence of improper suggestions upon identifying witnesses probably accounts for more miscarriages of justice than any other single factor. Perhaps it is responsible for more such errors than all other factors combined.

Photo identifications may take a number of forms.

If a single photo is shown to the witness, the photo identification has all of the shortcomings of the show-up and is generally regarded by the courts as improper and suggestive. Consequently multiple-photo procedures are preferable. In such procedures, the photos may be shown individually, one at a time, or displayed simultaneously in a book or array. This procedure is similar to a lineup, and virtually all of the cautions set forth for lineups in the preceding discussion apply to multiple-photo identification procedures as well.

Criminal profiling has its own problems and controversies like

Investigators mau identify a suspect early on who appear to fit a profile but by doing so they ignore other investigative leads An example is Richard Jewell, who was extensively investigated ( discredited in the media) following the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta in 1996. This not only caused considerable grief and embarrassment for Jewell but also delayed identifying the actual perpetrator, Eric Rudolph. The added cost of the "false positive" on Jewell was the FBI and local police gave up the search for other suspects for a significant period of time.

simultaneous lineups

Is the line most used by the police In this lineup, eye witness views all the people or photos at the same time

What is one technique for the development of fingerprints?

One technique for the development of fingerprints si Amido black protein. This is an amino-acid-staining diazo dye used in biochemical research to stain for total protein on transferred membrane blots. It is used in criminal investigations to detect blood present with latent fingerprints by staining proteins in blood a blue-black color.

What are the two common types of lineups

Simultaneous and sequential

What is FBI Criminal Justice Information Service's (CJIS) Division?

The FBI Criminal Justice Information Service's (CJIS) Division maintains one of the largest repositories of fingerprints records.

Fingerprints are resolved into three large general groups of patterns:

The arch, the loop, and the whorl. Each pattern bears the same general characteristics. Patterns can be further subdivided by means of the smaller differences existing between patterns in the same general group. Patterns are divided as follows: Arch loop, Whorl, Plain radical, Plain tented, Ulnar, Accidental double, Central Pocket.

What are the three types of lasers that are used in the development of fingerprints?

The argon ion laser, the copper vapor laser, and the neodymium:YAG Laser. Laser light is extremely bright, eye protection must be worn by equipment operators, special light

What is the role of the Crime Laboratory?

The crime Laboratory plays a pivotal role in criminal investigation

The Supreme Court has held that requiring a suspect participating in a lineup speak, even the extent of uttering the same words used by the criminal does not violate

The fifth amendment because it is not 'testimonial self-incrimination." Other actions such as standing, walking, and gesturing, are similarly not self- incrimination within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment. Similarly, requiring the suspect ot wear certain clothing has been held to be outside of the coverage of the fifth amendment

A plastic fingerprint is?

When a finger pressed against a plastic material and leavers a negative impression of friction ridges. Typically, these are found on recently painted surfaces; in wax, grease,tar, and putty; in the gum on stamps or envelopes; and on adhesive tape.

Criminal profiling is used when?

When the offender did not leave any physical trace at the crime scene. It is used to narrow down the suspects list. As author's Douglas and Olshaker have pointed out, "criminal profiling is used mostly by behavioral scientists and the police to narrow down an investigation to those who posses certain behavioral and personality features that are revealed by the way a crime was committed.

Where can writing be and characteristics ?

Writing can occur in many forms, including that on personal correspondence, desks, walls, and even dead bodies. In all cases, they may offer the investigator valuable evidence in identifying suspects Handwriting specimen has 500 to 1000 characteristics, including elements such as form, movement, connections, alignment, punctuation, slant, spacings, and embellishments Any object containing handwritten or typewritten markings and whose source or authenticity is in doubt may be referred to as a questioned document

What is MitoSearch?

A software package specifically designed for the compilation and analysis of mtDNA databases, and contains both sets. MitoSearch estimates the relative frequency of specific sequences for the various populations represented within the database and assesses the relative relatedness of each population with reference to the size database

Positions in crime labs include specialists in ?

DNA (blood), trace evidence, handwriting analysis, toxicology, and ballistics.

What are examples of trace materials?

Examples of trace materials could be human hair, animal hair, textile fibers, and fabric, ropes, and wood

Different phases for profiling have been identified. What is an Example: (next flash card)

Former FBI Agent Gregg O. McCrary, said that the basic premise of criminal profiling is that "behavior reflects personality"

Hair can help do what?

Hair can determine if a hair is animal or human If it is animal, the species, and possibly the breed, of the animal can be determined. If human the racial characteristics, body area, length, root type (natural shed/forcibly removed), and any artificial treatment or damage can be determined. Hair associated by microscopic comparison are also examined by the DNA Unit

Iodine fumers are controlled through the use of an iodine gun for .... and a fuming cabinet is used.

Iodine fumers are controlled through the use of an iodine gun for small specimen and a fuming cabinet is used larger objects

A visible fingerprint (also called a dust print) is?

Is a print that has been adulterated with foreign matter. If a finger is placed in a thin layer of dust, for example, the dust may cover the friction ridges. If the finger subsequently touches a clean surface, a visible fingerprint may result. A visible fingerprint may also develop as a result of touching other substances such as blood, flour, ink, or oil.

Geographic profiling is a subtype of

It is a subtype of offender or criminal profiling (the inference of offender characteristics from offense characteristics). It is therefore related to psychological or behavioral profiling, If psychological profiling is the "who" and the geographic profiling is the "where". All certified geographic profilers are members of the International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship (ICAF), a professional profiling organization first begun by investigators trained by the FBI in the mid-1980's

The formalized process of geographic profiling originated from where ?

It originated out of a research conducted at Simon Fraser University's School of Criminology in British Columbia, Canada in 1989. Theoretical foundation is in environmental criminology, particularly crime pattern theory, routine activity theory and rational choice theory. The Vancouver Police Department instituted the world's first geographic profiling capability in 1995, but the technique has now spread to several USA, Canadian, British, and European Law enforcement agencies. Originally designed for violent crime investigations it is increasingly being used on property crime .

What must be worn by lase operators?

Laser light is extremely bright, eye protection must be worn by equipment operators, special light-filtering goggles can be worn to illuminate latent prints with greater clarity.

The detection and development of latent fingerprints left at crime scenes have taken a quantum leap forward with the use of laser technology. When was it developed and what is its use?

Lasers were developed in 1976, this technique has been used to develop prints that could not have been developed through the use of powders, iodine, ninhydrin, silver nitrate, or superglue fuming.

The use of specialized laboratory equipments is one of the hallmarks of

Modern crime lab

For years, the means of identifying the type of person responsible for a particular crime was known as

Personality Profiling.

What are considered identification procedures categorized as?

Photo identifications, lineups, or show-ups Photo identification procedures may involve the showing of one or several photographs to a witness for the purpose of obtaining an identification. In a line-up, eyewitnesses are presented simultaneously with a number of individuals.

Who has the authority to exclude inappropriate testimony?

The Trial Judge does but before the Daubert Trial, courts often preferred to let juries hear evidence proffered by both sides.

What happens when the court determines that an identification procedure was excessively suggestive?

The court may prohibit introduction of the evidence in question It may rule that any in-court identification of the accused by the victim s inadmissible, suppress other evidence that was obtained as a result of an improper pretrial identification procedure, or both. Of course any of these actions may result in prosecution being thwarted

Fingerprints can be divided into three main groups called?

The three groups are latent, plastic, and visible.

What does toxicology analyze and its function is?

Toxicology -Conducts toxicological analyses of biological specimens or food products for drugs, drug metabolites, and poisons - Investigates claim of product tampering

Ninhydrin is the second process involving the development of prints using?

Using amino acids present as a result of perspiration, is generally the most common method of a fingerprint development for latent prints. Solution of ninhydrin in powder of aerosol form can be acquired from fingerprints supply companies. Similar to chlorides,amino acids permeate the friction ridges of the fingerprint and remain unchanged for an extremely long time. In some cases prints have been developed on paper 30 or 40 years after they were deposited. One fundamental requirement is that the paper must have been stored under dry conditions from the time deposited to the time developed. A ninhydrin solution can be applied to the surface of an object by spraying, dipping, or brushing, with spraying being the preferred method. After treatment, prints should develop within 24 hours but will probably appear within an hour or two. Development can be expedited through the use of heat, like a blow-dryer but investigators should take care not to scorch the material being printed.

What are the four bases that code genetic information in the polynucleotide chain of DNA?

he four bases that code genetic information in the polynucleotide chain of DNA are thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine (T,C,A, and G ) A variety of different sequences of nucleotides exits A single strand of DNA can be millions of nucleotides long 6 billion nucleotides constitute the DNA in one human being. In human being 23 pairs of chromosomes originate from each parent: one of each pair from the mother and one from the father at the time of conception. Therefore, when a person is born, his or her genes are made up of a combination of maternal and parental genes Because of this no two person are are exactly alike expect identical twins.

What are the tools used by geographic profilers are?

specialized software systems, such as Rigel or Crime specialized software systems, such as Rigel or Crimestat. system inputs are crime location addresses or coordinates often entered through a Geographic information system (GIS) The output is a jodary surface (3 dimensional probability surface) or color go profile, which depicts the most likely areas of the offenders residence Or search base

In 2008, the National Institute of Justice Reported that other variables that can affect the outcome of the police lineups , are

- Pre-lineup instructions given to the witness: This includes explaining that the suspect may or may not be present in the lineup. Research on pre-lineup instructions by Nancy Steblay, Ph.D., professor of psychology at Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Minnesota, revealed that a "might or might not be presented" instructions reduced mistaken identification rates in lineups where the suspect was absent. - The physical characteristics of fillers: Fillers who do not resemble the witness's description of the perpetrator may cause a suspect to stand out. - Similarities and differences between witness and suspects age, race, or ethnicity. Research suggests that when the offender is present in a lineup, young children and elderly people perform nearly as well as young adults in identifying the perpetrator. When the lineup does not contain the offender, however, young children and elderly people commit mistaken identifications at a rate higher than young adults. Research has also indicated that people are better able to recognize faces of their own race or ethnic group than faces of another race or ethnic group. - Incident Characteristics, such as the use of force or weapons. The presence of a weapon during an incident can draw visual attention away from other things, such as the perpetrator's face and thus affect an eyewitness's ability to identify the holder of the weapon.

The court offered "general observations" of whether proffered evidence was based on the scientific method, although the list was not intended to be used as an exhaustive checklist. What is on there?

-Empirical testing, the theory or technique must be falsifiable, refutable, and testable - Subjected to peer review and publication - Known or potential error rate and the existence and maintenance of standards concerning its operation - Whether the theory and technique are generally accepted by a relevant scientific community.

Because of the nature of such evidence, the profiling procedure has limitations and should be used in conjunction with other investigative techniques. The profiling technique requires the collection of certain types of information:

-Photographs focused on the extent and depth of wounds - Neighborhood information, including racila, ethnic, and social data - Medical Examiner's report, including photos of damage to body, such as stabs, gunshots, bruises, and lividity and information regarding toxicology, postmortem wounds, and personal observations of the medical examiner - Map of the victims travel before death, including residence and employment information, where last seen, and crime scene location -Complete investigation report of the incident, such as date, time, location, type of weapon used, and detailed interviews of witnesses - Background of victim, including age, race, gender, physical description, marital status, lifestyle, secual preference, medical history (physical and mental), personal habits, use of alcohol or drugs, and friend or enemies.

In a homicide case, FBI Profilers try to collect the personality of the offender through questions about his or her behavior. What are the four phases these questions occur at?

1. Antecedent: What fantasy or plan, or both, did the murderer have in place before the act? What triggered the murderer to act some days and not others. 2. Method and Manner: What type of victim or victims did the murderer select? What was the method and manner of murder: shooting, stabbing, strangulation, or something else? 3. Body Disposal" DId the murder and body disposal take place all at one scene, or multiple scenes. 4. Post-offense behavior: Is the murder trying to inject himself into the investigations by reacting to media reports or contacting investigators?

What should officer avoid before a lineup?

1. Showing the witness any photos of the suspect 2. Conducting a show-up with the suspect or allowing the witness- accidentally or otherwise- to see the suspect, such as in an office or holding-cell, before the lineup 3. Making suggestive statements to the witness, such as telling the witness that the person whom the police suspect will be in the lineup. It is even desirable to tell the witness that the perpetrator may not be among those in the lineup. Other common errors that should be avoided include telling the witness that another witness has identified someone in the same lineup, advising the witness to take special notice of some particular individual in the lineup or making any other statement or action that may causes the witness to focus on a particular individual or to think that he or she must pick out somebody. Finally if more than one witness is to view a lineup, the witnesses should be kept separated before the lineup and should not be permitted to discuss the case with each other, compare descriptions, and so forth.

What should be observed in conducting a lineup?

1. Statements that put pressure on the witness to make an identification should be avoided. Witnesses are anxious to please the officers conducting the lineup, so they should not be made to feel that they are expected to pick someone. For example, telling a witness that the person the police suspect is in the lineup or urging a hesitant witness to make an identification or to "try harder" would be improper. 2. Statements that may cause the witness to focus on a particular individual should be avoided. The same sort of statements discussed in regard to witness preparation should be avoided during the actual conduct of the lineup. Officers are often tempted to prompt a witness is hesitant to make an identification. Statements such as: " what about the second guy from the right" or " take another look at the one in the middle" are so suggestive that they will, if challenged by the defense attorney, almost certainly result in any subsequent identification being suppressed by the court 3. The lineup should be presented to one witness at a time. The common practice of having a group of witnesses view a lineup simultaneously should not be permitted. Courts, including the Supreme Court, have disapproved of multiple witness lineups. If for some reason, more than one witness must be present simultaneously, witnesses should be required to make their identifications silently in writing and should not be permitted to discuss the identification aloud with each other or with the officers present. 4. If possible, conduct a "blank" lineup. Conducting two or more lineups, where one lineup includes the suspect and the other do not, assist the prosecution in later refuting any claim by the defense that the lineup too small or was suggestive 5. If multiple lineups are to be conducted for the same witnesses, do not put the suspect in more than one. Seeing the same face in a second lineup may cause the witness to erroneously "recognize" the person as the perpetrator, merely because the face is familiar from the first lineup. Because of this, the courts have disapproved this practice.

Since the implementation, the IAFIS has been responsible for the successful identification of suspects in hundreds of cases. What are some examples?

1. The case of the cocaine murder: In April 2004, a man was arrested in Connecticut by a drug task force for possession of cocaine. He was fingerprinted and his electronic prints were sent to IAFIS. Ten minutes later, there was a match. Turns out he was wanted in Miami since september 2022 for fleeing the state to avoid being prosecuted for homicide and he been wanted in Fort Lauderdale since october 2003 on homicide charges. In no time he was picked up and extradited to Florida for prosecution. 2.The case of the vicious rapist: In June 2004, a man was arrested by police in New Jersey for simple assault and endangering the welfare of children. When he was fingerprinted and his prints were sent to IAFIS, 13 minutes later a match came back, he was wanted IN Norfolk Virginia, Since October 200 for rape and sexual abduction and he had been wanted in Yorktown, Virginia since May 200 doe kidnapping and sexaul assault. 3. The case of the christmas murderer: In September 2004, a 57 year old man was arrested in Massachusetts for slashing another man with a pocket knife. Fingerprints was taken at the booking station and sent to IAFIS, turns out he was accused of horrific crime in Baltimore in 1974, 30 years earlier on Christmas, He shot a police officer who was helping pack food baskets. The police officer identified his alleged assailant from photographs The suspect had lived in different places, assumed 10 different identities and was arrested 5 times in Boston in 1980s for charges from shoplifting to weapon possession.

Preparing for a lineup, and which witnesses should be present.

1. The lineup should consist of individuals of similar physical characteristics. Witnesses tend to pick out anyone who stands out from the rest of the group in any significant way. Therefore, the individuals who appear in the lineup should be reasonably similar with respect to age, height, weight, hair color, length and style, facial hair, clothing, and other characteristics such as glasses. Of course, the individuals must be of the same race and gender. Absolute uniformity of the lineup participants is obviously unattainable and is not procedurally necessary. 2. The lineup should consist of at least five or six persons. The smaller the lineup, the less objective it is. A lineup with only two or three persons is little better than a show-up, and suggestive factors become excessively influential. As a result most authorities recommend that at least five, preferably six, persons be in the lineup. In addition, some authorities caution against the use of plainclothes police officers in lineups because they do not naturally look or act like suspects, a factor that causes to reject them as possibilities.

What is the two-prong test of admissibility?

1. The relevancy prong: The relevancy of a testimony refers to whether or not the experts evidence "fits" the facts of the case. For example you may invite an astronomer to tell the jury if there was a full moon on the night of the crime. However, the astronomer would not be allowed to testify if the fact that the moon was not relevant to the issue at hand in trial. 2. The reliability prong: The Supreme Court explained that for expert testimony to be considered reliable, the expert must have derived his or her conclusions from the scientific method.

recommendations for photo identification are:

1. There should be at least six photographs 2. The photographs should be of people who are reasonably unifor, in age, height, weight and general appearance and of the same gender and race. 3. The photographs themselves should be similar. For example photographs should not be mixed; the photographs should also be approximately the same size and composition. 4. Mug shots should not be mixed with snapshots because they are generally recognizable as such and have an immediate tendency to "brand" an individual 5. If mugh shots are used or if the photographs otherwise include any identifying information regarding the subject of the photograph, this information should be covered so it cannot be seen by the witness. If only some of the photos have such information, the corresponding portions of photos should be covered so that none of the photos will look different. 6. The array should not include more than one photo of the same suspect. 7. The photo array should be shown to only one witness at a time. 8. As with showups and lineups, no suggestive statements should be made. For example, the witness should not be told that the suspect is in the group or that someone else has already picking out one of the photos as being the criminal. Similarly, nothing should be said or done to direct the witness's attention to any particular photograph For example pointing to a particular photo and asking " Is that the guy" is improper and may lead to the identification being excluded 9. If possible, the photo array should be preserved for future reference. In fact, in some states, failure to preserve the array will lead to suppression of the identification process. Additionally, full details about the identification process should be recorded and preserved. Assuming that the photo identification has not been properly conducted and that the array itself was not in any way suggestive, preserving this information helps the prosecution refute any claims by the defense to the contrary. The proper use of photographs to obtain identification of a perpetrator has been approved by the courts. However, the courts appear to prefer that photo identification procedures be used only to develop investigative leads. Some courts have criticized the practice of using photo identifications after the suspect has been arrested, preferring that after the suspect is in custody and therefore readily available, a lineup be used for eyewitness identification

How to dispose evidence?

All contaminated evidence that is ready for disposal, as well as all disposable equipment or cleaning materials contaminated with bodily fluids, should be bagged in accordance with state and federal laws. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention recommends that in general infective waster be either incinerated or decontaminated before disposal in a sanitary landfill. Bulk blood or other bodily fluids may be carefully poured down a drained connected to a sanitary sewer. Sanitary Sewers may also be used to dispose of other infectious wastes capable of being ground and flushed into the sewer. In all cases, department should be familiar with state and local laws governing such disposal.

Law enforcement officers can also cause misidentifications in what ways.

By suggestive words or conduct. The average witness, anxious to make identification and influenced by the police officers image an authority figure, tends to be very sensitive to any suggestion made by the police regarding the identity of the perpetrator. Officers may, intentionally or unintentionally , convey to the witness by words or conduct that a particular person being viewed is the perpetrator. As a result great care must be taken by officers conducting identification sessions of any type to avoid any action that might lead to an erroneous identification.

In both lineups simultaneous or sequential, the lineup administrator

Can be blind, meaning he or she does not know the identity of the suspect, or non blind, meaning the administrator known who the suspect is Historically the investigator knows who the suspect is But critics suggest in these cases, lineup administrators might either knowingly or unintentionally give the witness verbal or nonverbal cues as to the identity of the suspect. For example, if the eyewitness identifies a filler, the investigator might say to the witness " Take your time.. Make sure you look at all the photos" Such a statement might effectively lead the witness away from the filler

Presence of counsel, helps how?

First the department's goal should be to avoid any possibility of an erroneous identification and a resultant miscarriage of justice. therefore, the presence of counsel may be regarded as a positive step in preventing any such occurrence. In addition, if counsel is present and acquiesces in the procedure being used, this may preclude any subsequent defense contention that suggestiveness or other impropriety occured. This will strength the prosecution's case. Therefore to the extent that defense counsel is responsible and objective, cooperation with counsel in constructing and conducting a non suggestive and otherwise proper identification procedure may benefit all concerned.

One problem with the reliance by criminal investigators on eyewitness accounts of crimes, is that it is pervasive.

For example, in 2009, the Innocence Project reported: "Eyewitness misidentification is the single greatest cause of wrongful convictions nationwide, playing a role in more than 75 of convictions overturned through DNA testing. For more than 30 years, research has proven the unreliability of eyewitnesses testimony. For example (1) criminal suspects have been identified by eyewitnesses seated in back of a patrol vehicle, a long distance away on a dimly light street (2) witnesses have been shown photo arrays in which only one photo is clearly marked with an "R" (3) witnesses have changed their physical description of a criminal suspect after speaking with police and learning additional information about the suspect (4) eyewitnesses and victims have been reluctant in identifying a suspect, but at trial prosecutors inform the jury that the witnesses did not waiver in their identification Many cases have resulted in innocent persons being wrongfully accused and convicted of crimes they did not commit.

After lineup, what certain precautions should be taken.

For example, when more than one witness has viewed a lineup, witnesses should be kept separate after the lineup procedure has been completed. Although discussions between witnesses following a lineup will presumably not render any previously made identification invalid, it may affect the admissibility of a subsequent in-court identification of the defendant by these witnesses during the trial itself. Witnesses should not be praised or congratulated for picking out the suspect. This may serve to reinforce a sharky identification, convincing the witness that he or she has picked out the actual perpetrator when the witness is in some doubt. In addition to increasing the chances of a miscarriage of justice, this may lead to suppression of a later in-court identification of the perpetrator by the same witness.

What is DNA?( Known as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

In all life forms viruses to human being, the basis for difference lies in the genetic material known as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) In every living organism, with the exception of certain viruses that possess ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA represents a genetic facsimile, or blueprint, of the organism. In every cell within each human body, the DNA is identical. This applies whether the cell is a white or a read blood cell a piece of skin, spermatozoa, oe even a follicle of hair.

What is the Case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993)

In the Daubert Case, the Supreme Court held that federal trial judges are the "gatekeepers" of scientific evidence. Under the Daubert standard, trial judges must evaluate proffered expert witnesses to determine whether their testimony is both "relevant" and "reliable", a two-pronged test of admissibility.

What is the Florida v. Andrews (1987) case?

In this case, the police in Orlando suspected that one man was involved in more than 20 cases of prowling, breaking and entering and attempted sexaul assault. In every case the modus operandi (MO) was similar: The man would stalk his victim's for weeks, prowling around her house and peeping through windows. When attacked the victim had little or no opportunity to make a visual identification. Until Tommie Lee Andrews was arrested, all police had to go on were composite drawing and several calls about a prowler. After his arrest a rape victim ( who had seen the suspect for 6 seconds) picked out Tommie in a line up. When attorney Hal Uhrig was appointed to be the defense for Tommie, his concern was not about DNA Evidence, he was worried about the amount of time and effort that would be required for him and his small law firm to defend Andrews against multiple rape charges. It was not until later, after prosecutor Jeffrey Ashton read an advertisement in a legal publication about DNA testing and employed the services of Lifecodes Inc., that Uhrig discovered he was involved in the first-known DNA criminal case in the USA At Andrews first trial, prosecutors successfully introduced results from the test by Lifecodes. The defense however, successfully challenged the introduction of any testimony regarding the statistical probabilities resulting from the test. The trial ended in a hung jury. At retrial, DNA evidence was again admitted and this time prosecution was prepared to argue that the statistical probabilities of the test to be introduced. Using a relevance standard similar to that in federal rule of evidence, the court admitted that statistical data. Andrew was subsequently convicted Prosecutor Ashton said that he was unaware at the outset that this was the first case to use DNA testing in the USA but he believed it would be powerful tool in future cases, especially when the suspect it is a serial rapist who is careful not to leave much evidence. Defense attorney Uhrig, said that he came away from his experience in defending against DNA evidence most concerned about the use of statistical data, which he believed carries inordinate weight in the minds of the jury. As more population data are collected the numbers could become much smaller and lose "real-world meaning" to juries. Hypothetically, said Uhrig, odd of 10 billion to one could be introduced into court. But if the defendant in such a case had an identical twin, the odds of a random match would be 5 billion to one, with a 50% probability that the DNA in question would not belong to the defendant. DNA typing, Uhrig said, might well result in more rape defenses that center on consent rather than on alibi or denial defenses.

The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) maintains?

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) maintains the largest biometric database in the world, containing the fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information for more than 47 million subjects in the Criminal Master File. The fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information are submitted voluntarily by state, local, and federal law enforcement agencies. A few years ago, substantial delays were a normal part of the fingerprint identification process because fingerprint cards had to be physically transported and processed. A fingerprint check could often take 3 months to complete. The FBI formed a partnership with the law enforcement community to revitalize the fingerprint identification process, leading to the development of the IAFIS. The IAFIS became operational in July 1999.

Profiling as it relates to criminal investigation is

Is based on the notion that crime is , directly or indirectly, based on the personality of the person committing it. Profilers typically scrutinize evidence found on the crime scene and attempt to re-create the circumstances surrounding the crime and to predict the offenders' frame of mind. The profile is then used to narrow down the list of suspects as it develops. From a practical standpoint, profiling can be helpful in investigating any crime in which the evidence suggests that the suspect is irrational or mentally or emotionally unstable.

What is on goal of investigative psychology research?

Is determining behaviorally important information regarding the consistency of the behavior of many different types of offenders. Although to date, most studies have been of violent crimes, there is a growing body of research on burglary and arson. It is also important to establish valid and reliable methods of distinguishing between offenders and between offenses.

What is the process of analyzing DNA?

It begins with DNA source material such as blood or semen. After the DNA is removed from the sample chemically, restriction enzymes known as endonucleases are added that cut DNA into particles or fragments. The particles are then mixed with a sieving gel and sorted out according to size by a process call electrophoresis. In this process, the DNa moves along the gel-coated plate, some faster than others. At the completion of the process, the double stranded fragments of DNA are treated so the the strands separate form each other. Next a transfer method developed by Edward Southern, called Southern blotting, is used. In this process, the DNA is transferred to a blotter. The nylon sheet is then treated with radioactively labeled DNA probes, single-stranded pieces of DNA that can bind through complementary base pairing with target DNA Whereas a single-locus probe "looks " for only one field, a multilocus probe looks for numerous fields simultaneously. The radioactive probe the mergers with the specific DNA sequences found on the membrane fragments The image that results from x-ray film placed in contact with the membrane to detect the probe configuration look like the price barcodes used on a supermarket products These images are analyzed visually or by a computer

Why is this profiling technique be advantageous

It can illuminated certain clues at the crime scene that may not be apparent upon first examination.

What technologically, is the most common used software in the United States.

It is FACES, although there are popular products such as "IQ Biometrix," " CompuSketch", and "SuspectID"

What is the Daubert Standard?

It is a legal precedent set in 1993 by the Supreme COurt of the United States regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses' testimony during federal legal proceedings.

What will happen in the future to DNA Analysis?

It is clear that DNA will prove to be one of the most exciting and valuable investigative tools developed in recent decades, possibly even more significant than that of fingerprinting technology. As time goes on, there will be undoubtedly be significant legal and scientific challenges to the application of DNA technology in crime solving. Certainly however, as the "bugs are worked out, society as a whole will be the beneficiary of this captivation science, which enables virtually positive identification of both criminal suspects and their victims.

How is a requested exemplar obtained?

It is obtained from a suspect at the formal request of a law enforcement officer and is performed solely as a means to acquire a comparison document. It is logical to assume that no two samples of a suspects handwriting it is the same, therefore a sufficient number of exemplar must be obtained to demonstrate to the examiner the range of natural variations in a suspects writing peculiarities. In a 1967 case, Gilbert v. California, the court held that requiring a suspect to give a handwriting sample does not violate a person's 5th Amendment protection against self-incrimination. Therefore he or she cannot refuse Exemplars requested by the police are a means to acquire a comparisons document from a suspect

In 1992, the Defense Department announced that

It would establish a repository of genetic information on all U.S. service members as a way of identifying future war causalities. The Armed Force Institute of Pathology now collects the samples of DNA from blood and oral swabs and adds the information to fingerprint, dental, and other records. DNA profiling may be the most significant breakthrough in forensic science since the development of fingerprinting. Federal, state, and local crime laboratories are currently working to enhance profiling techniques and to establish a national DNA index. In addition, a uniform approach to DNA testing is being sought to ensure an effective and secure system.

What are the disadvantages and advantages of the Frye test?

Its proponents note that test guarantees a minimal amount of support by experts for a scientific test or procedure in its introduction in a court of law One court, the experts "form a kind of technical jury, which must first pass on the scientific status of a procedure before the lay jury utilizes it in making its findings a fact" After the pretrial Frye or evidentiary hearing, a court rules whether DNA testing will be admitted into evidence and if, so, under what conditions. At trial, any party may offer expert testimony. It is the obligation of the party calling expert witness to lay the foundation for such testimony. The foundation includes the qualifications and experience of the witness, details on how DNA test works, what procedure were followed, the results of the test, and facts and opinions that can be drawn from the test results.

Who used profiling techniques for the Green River Killer -Gary Ridgway?

John Douglas authored a 12-page profile for Ridgway, which identified the following points about the killer: - Probably a white male who had a dysfunctional relationship with women - Organized since he tired to hide the bodies and appeared to spend some time at the river - Cunning in using rocks to weigh down the victims down in the water to conceal them - Very mobile with a vehicle -Going to kill again - Like other serial killers, he would be prone to contacting police wanting to help in the investigations It should also be noted that the profile have characteristics which did not apply to him, such as being an outdoorsman and being incapable of closeness to other people. He visited the green way river with his wife often and had a very close relationship with his last wife. It is not a foolproof tool, criminal profiling has assisted criminal investigators on numerous occasions and will continue to do so in the future.

Facial Composites are

One method of developing an idea of the suspect's general description is to have the witness proved information to a police artist so that a facial composite can be generated. In previous years, construction of the composite was done by a trained artist through drawing a sketch or painting in consultation with a witness or crime victim.

What are photo lineups?

Photo lineup is commonly used investigative technique to identify suspects. When improperly used, however, innocent persons can be singled out for prosecution For example, very thing happen with Calvin Willis 3 girls in 1982 were sleeping home Alone in Shreveport Louisiana when a man with cowboy boots made entry and raped the Oldest girl (10 years old) The 3 girls remember the rape differently; 10 year did not see the her attackers face , Another gin identified Clavin,who lived in the neighborhood > the victim testified and said she was told to pick the man without the bread . He was convicted and sentenced to prison, 2003 PNA testing proved Willis's innocence and he was released. He had Served 22

Why are physical lineups preferable?

Physical lineups are prefered if they are conducted properly and is significantly less suggestive than the show-up Nevertheless police officers conducting a lineup must use caution to avoid suggestive influences. Studies of witness psychology reveal that lineup witnesses tend to believe that the guilty party must be one of the individuals in the lineup. Consequently, witnesses tend to pick out the person in the lineup who most closely resembles their perception of the perpetrator, even though the perpetrator is not in fact present. In addition, it is possible that witnesses in an effort to please the police officers conducting the lineup, feel obligated to pick out someone from the lineup rather than "disappoint" the officers. Such witnesses are often sensitive to, and strongly influenced by, clever clues conveyed by the officers that may indicate to the witness that the officer believes a particular individual in the lineup is the perpetrator. This makes it even more important that officers conduct the lineup- and their own behavior- in a non suggestive manner.

Preparing a witness for viewing the lineup is another important consideration.

Preparation should be limited to non suggestive statements, such as explaining the procedure that will be used and making it clear that the individuals in the lineup will be unable to see him or her. Officers should avoid taking any action or making any statement that will adversely affect the validity of the lineup.

What are show-ups?

Show-up has been widely condemned by the courts and by experts in law, law enforcement, and law enforcement identification procedures Whereas the courts have not held show-ups to be categorically improper, they have ruled that the determination of whether a specific showup was excessively suggestive will be made based on the "totality of the circumstances" attending that particular show-up. In practice, evidence deriving from show-ups is frequently suppressed because the show-up is so inherently suggestive that it is virtually impossible to eliminate suggestion from the procedure. Show-ups should be avoided whenever possible, and only when exigent circumstances make it absolutely necessary should this technique be used. When it must be used, certain guidelines should be followed to minimize the suggestiveness of the procedure and the risk of suppression of any resultant identification evidence.

What happen's when show-up guidelines are followed?

Sometimes it is possible that a court may suppress the resulting evidence on the grounds that no amount of care eliminate suggestion and hence unreliability from the procedure.

What was developed in 1960s, for those police artist who are less artistic

Techniques were developed using interchangeable templates of separate facial features, such as Smith and Wesson's Identi-kit. More recently, computer generated imaging systems have been developing, such as Smith and Wesson's "Identi-kit 200". Today, the FBI maintains that hand-drawing is still the correct method for constructing a facial composite. Many police agencies, however use software because developed artistic talent is not often available.

The DNA repeat region became known as ?

The DNA repeat region became known as VNTRs, which stand do for Variable Number of Tandem Repeats. This technique used by Dr.Jeffrey to examine the VNTRs was called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) because it involved the use of a restriction enzyme to cut the regions of DNA surrounding the VNTRs. This RFLP method was first used to help in and English immigration case and shortly thereafter to solve a double homicide case. Since that time, human identity testing using DNA typing methods has been widespread.

What is the Relevancy Test and Frye test?

The Relevancy Test, is based on the federal rules of evidence, permits the admission of relevant evidence that is helpful to trier of fact(jury) The second pretrial hearing the Frye test ot Frye Standard involves the admission of scientific evidence. This test is named after the defendant in a 1923 murder case, it is the oldest test and the one used most often for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence. Under the Frye Standard, courts admit evidence based on novel scientific techniques has gained general acceptance in the scientific community to which it belongs

Today in evaluating proper identification procedure, the courts are generally concerned with whether it was suggestive. What happens if the court finds the procedure was suggestive?

The court will then procedure to determine whether despite the suggestiveness, the identification was reliable considering the "totality of the circumstances" The court will consider the following six factors: 1. The opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime 2. The witness's degree of attention 3. The accuracy of the witness's prior description of the criminal 4. The level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation 5. The length of time between the crime and the confrontation. 6. Whether the witness wa a "causal observer" or the victim of the crime. If in view of these various factors, it appears that identification was reliable despite the suggestiveness of the procedure, evidence of the identification will be admissible to bolster a subsequent in-court identification.

What is Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy?

The disorder involves offenders who injure or cause illnesses in their children to gain attention and sympathy for themselves. Past caregivers who are women are more suspects because they want to become attention by police, doctors, family members, and others. MSBP is thought to be a serial offense usually affecting families with more than one child. Characteristics of offenders include a history of self-inflicted wounds, past psychiatric treatment, past attempted suicides, a middle to upper-class background, a better-than-average education, and knowledge of the medical field and related procedures.

Elimination Samples is

The effective use of DNA may require the collection and analysis of elimination samples. Elimination samples can be used to determine whether the evidence comes from the suspect or from someone else. It is important for the investigator while still at eh crime scene to think ahead to the time to trial and possibles defenses. For example a burglar drunk a glass of water at the crime scene, an officer should identify appropriate people, such as household members for future elimination samples. These samples may be needed for comparison with the saliva found on the glass to determine whether the saliva is valuable evidence. In homicide case, be sure to collect the victim's DNA from the medical examiner at the autopsy, even if the body is badly decomposed. this may served to identify an unknown victim or distinguish between the victim's DNA and other DNA found at the crime scene. When investigation rape cases, it may be necessary to collect and analyze the DNA of the victim's recent consensual partners, if any, to eliminate them as potential contributors of DNA is suspected to be from the perpetrator. If this is necessary, it is important to approach the victim with extreme sensitivity and provide a full explanation of why the request is being made. When possible the help of a qualified victim advocate should be enlisted for assistance.

What are lineups?

The function of police lineup is to identify a suspect Lineups are typically shown to victims of crime or eyewitnesses to a crime. From a procedural standpoint, a police lineup involves placing a suspect among people not suspected of committing the crime (fillers) and asking the victim or eyewitness if he or she can identify the perpetrator. This can be done using a live lineup of people or as more commonly done in the nation's police departments, a lineup of photographs. Live lineups typically use five or six people (suspected plus four or five filler) And photo lineups six or more photographs

What is the inference process of investigative psychology?

The inference processes at the heart of investigative psychology differ from the approach used by the FBI, which emphasize a subjective process such as "thinking like a criminal". Rather, investigative psychology stresses that the results of scientific psychology can contribute to many aspects of civilian and criminal investigation, including the full range of crimes from burgarly to terrorism, not just the extreme crimes of violence that have an obvious psychopathic component. The contribution to investigations draw on the extent to which an offender displays various tested characteristics as well as procedures for enhancing the processes by which interviews are carried out or information is put before the courts.

Summary of lineups

The most common lineup procedure in use by law enforcement is the simultaneous lineup. Researcher Gray Wells argues, however, that during simultaneous lineups, witnesses use relative judgement. This means that they compare lineup photographs with each other rather than to their memory of the offender. This is a problem when the perpetrator is not present in the lineup because the witness will often choose the lineup member who most closely resembles the perpetrator. On the other hand, during sequential lineups, witnesses must make a decision about each photograph or member before moving on to the next, prompting them to use absolute judgement. In other words, witnesses compare each photograph or person only with their memory of what the offender looked like. Research shows that the double-blind sequential method, in which the officer conducting the lineup does not know the identity of the suspect, produces fewer false identifications than the traditional simultaneous method.

What is the process known for identifying the type of person responsible for a particular crime today?

The process is known as criminal investigative analysis, ti is accomplished by identifying psychological and social characteristics surrounding the crime as well as the manner in which it was committed. An example is the Unabomber case in which mail bombs killed four people. Forensic investigators subsequently determined that the bomber chose his postage carefully, using Frederick Douglass stamps when he wanted to injurie his targets and stamps of playwright Eugene O'Neill when he intended to kill O'Neill's plays were known for their dark themes, Dynamo was highly critical of America's growing reliance on machinery and industrialization, a theme echoed in the Unabomber's manifesto

What are two types of exemplars?

The requested and the collected The origin must be well documented before analysis to ensure genuineness.

In 1967, the Supreme COurt of the United Sates held that ( for post-indictment lineup)

The suspect has a right to counsel at a post-indictment lineup The court expanded this ruling to provide for a right to counsel at any lineup conducted after the formal adversary proceedings have been initiated against the suspect, whether by a way of formal charge the preliminary hearing indictment, information, or arraignment. there is however not right to have counsel present at a lineup conducted before such adversary proceeding have been initiated. These same rules apply to show-ups However, there is no right to counsel at photo identification sessions. The purpose of having counsel present at the identification is to enable counsel to detect any suggestiveness or other irregularities in the procedure. It should be recognized, however, that the presence of counsel requirement may actually help the police in certain instances

The psychological profiling technique was used by the FBI in 1973 to 1978 for

The ted bundy the serial murderer responsible for the murders of 30 young women in the northwestern United States. Richard B. Jarvis used profiling techniques, was able to predict the age range of Bundy,his sexual psychopathy and his above average intellectual traits.

What are the two standards that have been used to govern admission of scientific evidence?

The two standards that have been used to govern admission of scientific evidence: the relevancy test and the Frye Test.

In addition to its utility in criminal investigations, DNA blood typing can be put to other uses. What are other Uses of DNA?

The use of a new process called PCR, cells producing billions of DNA strips can be reproduced rapidly in a test tube, a feat that would take a dividing cancer cell at least a month to perform.

What is the writing area?

The writing area is where the suspect is comfortable to write, not like the back of the police car. The investigator must make sure that the suspect is writing in the same general style as in the suspect document; block letters for block letters, cursive writing for cursive writing, and so on. It might also be advisable to obtain sample of writing in the suspects opposite hand in the event that the suspect used this technique as a deception In addition the investigator will have to observe as the suspect writes the sample document because hos or her testimony will be require in court. The investigator must make sure the suspect is writing in the same general style as in the suspect document.

Today how is DNA tests ues?

Today, more that 150 public forensic laboratories and several dozen private paternity testing laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands of DNA tests annually in the United States In addition most countries in Europe and Asia have forensic DNA programs. The number of forensic laboratories around the world conducting DNA testing will continue to grow as the technique gains popularity.

What happens when evidence is excluded by a Daubert Trial in other trial

When evidence is is excluded by a Daubert Motion because it fails to meet the relevancy's and reliability standard, it will likely be challenged when introduced again in another trial. Daubert motion is not binding to other courts of law, if something was found not trustworthy, other judges may choose to follow that precedent. Of course, a decision by the Court of Appeals that a piece of evidence is inadmissible under Daubert would be binding on district courts within that court's geographic jurisdictions

What is the own-race effect or own race basis?

When eyewitness trying identify another person of a different race. The own-race effect is strongest when the white witnesses attempt to recognize black subjects. The research shows that his problem is apparently less influential to black witnesses. The research is this area demonstrates that the process of eyewitness identification of suspects when using a photo array or lineup must utilized procedures that are not suggestive to the eyewitness or victim as to the identification of the suspect, The investigator should attempt to identify evidence other than the eyewitness identification to corroborate or refute whether the most likely suspect was selected.

What to do when transporting and storing evidence?

When transporting and storing evidence that may contain DNA it is important to keep the evidence dry and at room temperature. After the evidence has been secured in paper bags, or envelopes, it should be properly sealed, labeled, and transported in a way the ensure proper identification of where it was found and the proper of chain of custody. DNA evidence should not be placed in plastic bags because plastic bags retain damaging moisture. Direct sunlight and warmer conditions can also be harmful to DNA. Consequently, investigators should avoid keeping evidence in places that may get hot, such as a room or police care without air-conditioning.

Exigent circumstances in show-ups

Yet exigent circumstances may justify the use of show-ups in certain instances. For example, in certain instances, a station house show-up may be tolerated by the courts if it can be demonstrated that time or other factors prevented the plovie from arranging a proper line up. However the reasons for not taking the time to prepare and conduct a lineup must be substantial and reasonably explained. Even then, they may not be accepted by the courts. Exigent circumstances may also justify a show-up in the field. A show-up conducted shortly after the commission of the offense and in reasonable proximity to the crime scene may be tolerated by the courts. The court may recognize that the realities of the situation often make it vital that a witness view a suspect immediately at or near the scene. Courts have noted that this procedure has potential advantages both for the suspect and the police. If the identification is negative, it will result in the freeing of the suspect and permit the officers to devote their time and attention to other leads. If the identification it positive, the police can focus their attention on the identified suspect. Some courts are more willing to tolerate this type of show-up.

sequential lineup

involves people or photographs that are presented to the witness one at a time

What is a double-blind lineup?

it is when neither the officer administering the lineup nor the witness knows the identity of the suspect, so there is no way the officer administering the lineup can influence the witness in any way.

What are specific examples of paint and polymer analysis included?

- Analyzes the paint chips for comparison with suspected sources - Conducts automotive make, model, and year determinations from suspected paint samples -Compares plastics with suspect sources -Determines tape composition, construction, and color for comparison to suspect sources; determines manufacturer of suspected duct tape; performs tape identifications with the torn or cut end of the tape and a roll of suspected tape -Compares caulks, sealants, and adhesives by color and composition with suspected sources.

What are tests and examinations routinely performed by laboratory ballistic criminalists?

- Trigger pull tests - Function test - Full-auto conversion tests - Accidental discharge tests -Shot pattern examinations -Gunshot residue examinations - Ejection pattern testing - Trajectory analysis examinations -Silencer (flash suppressor) testing - Serial number restorations

A crime lab's forensic photograph unit is responsible for

-Crime scene and evidentiary photography -Forensic photography -Surveillance photography -Aerial photography -Venue photography - Tactical imaging -Photographic scanners -Field photographic equipment - Regional color photographic processing mini-laboratories -Silver-baes and digital darkrooms -Digital imaging technologies -Courtroom presentation and exhibits

Using Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS, a latent Print Specialist can?

A latent print specialist can digitally capture latent print and 10-print images and perform several functions with each. Which are.. - Enhancement to improve quality - Comparison of latent fingerprints against suspect 10-print records retrieved from the criminal fingerprint repository. -Searches of latent fingerprints the 10-print fingerprints repository when no suspects have been developed - Automatic searches of new arrest 10-print records against an unsolved latent finger print repository - Creation of special files of 10-print records in support of major criminal investigations. Personnel from a crime laboratory latent print unit may also form the nucleus of the local or state disaster squad, which renders assistance in identifying victims at disaster scenes.

Attempting to develop fingerprints on absorbent's surfaces require the use of more complicated procedures that the simple use of fingerprint powder but positive results are worth the effort. What are absorbent surfaces?

Absorbent surfaces are paper, cardboard, and unpainted wood.

Several new developments were documented regarding fingerprinting, what are they?

An article published in 1880 by Henry Faulds of the Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan discussed future possibilities of fingerprint science. He recommended the use of a thin film of printers ink as transfer medium, as is generally used today He also discussed the potentialities of identification of criminals by their fingerprints left at the crime scenes. The first documented use of fingerprint in the USA was in 1882. Gilbert Thompson of the U.S. Geological Survey, while in charge of a field project in New Mexico, used his own fingerprint on commissary orders to prevent their forgery. Later that year, Sir Francis Galton, a noted British anthropologist, published his book FIngerprints. He also contributed to the field by devising the first scientific method of classifying fingerprint patterns.

In earlier times what were use's to distinguish the criminal for the crime he or she Committed?

Branding, Maiming , distinctive clothing and photography were used to distinguish the Criminal for the crime he or she committed? thieves,for example were sometimes deprived Of the hand that committed the crime .

How is superglue fuming used to develop prints?

Cyanoacrylate resin, or superglue, was developed in the late 1950s as a bonding adhesive for metals and plastics. The substance was first used in fingerprinting, however, by the Japanese national police in 1978. Since then the process has been refined and accepted as valuable for developing latent fingerprints on various types of surfaces.

What evidence is received in a Forensic Ballistics Unit

Evidence in a typical case may include a number of recovered rifles, pistols, shotguns, silencers, and other muzzle attachments, magazines, holsters, and a variety of fired and unfired cartridges. Lead and other fragments, shot wads, shot cups, and bullets removed from bodies during an autopsy are also frequently received items in a firearm-related casework. Evidence received in tool marks cases may include screwdrivers, scissors, knives, pliers, wrenches, crowbars, hammers, saws, wire, sections of sheet metal, chains, safety deposit boxes, human bone, or cartilage, plates, locks, doorknobs, bolts, and screens.

What are examples of questioned document that are examined?

Examples are Handwriting comparisons, fractured/cut edge comparisons (paper, tape, postage, stamps, dryer sheets), plastic bag comparisons, printing process examinations (document authentication/ typewriting classification), charred and liquid soaked document preservation, indented writing examinations, alternate light source examinations( ink discrimination, alterations, enhancements), office machine artifact comparisons, tire tread and shoeprint comparisons/classification, database queries (anonymous letter file, automated counterfeit identification database, bank robbery not fie, tire tread and shoe print database

Fabrics can help do what?

Fabric examinations can determine if a questioned piece of fabric and a known piece of fabric are consistent in color, construction, and composition. Torn pieces of fabric can be physically matched to a damaged garment.

What are fingerprint lifters used for?

Fingerprint lifters are used to remove print from surfaces that are curved or otherwise difficult to photograph. For surfaces like these, rubber lifters are recommended. Rubber lifters are available at fingerprint supple houses and consist of a thin black or white flexible material coated with an adhesive. The adhesive side is guarded by a thin cover that is removed just before it is placed on the print and then replaced just after use. As a general rule, the latent fingerprint is dusted with print powder, the adhesive side of the lifter is then placed against the print and slowly pulled away. The print is preserved by the fingerprint powder being pressed against the lifter. After the print is lifted, the lifter cover is replaced. Lifting tape is a commonly used medium for fingerprint preservation. This is a special transparent tape supplied in rolls 1 to 2 inches wide. The procedure is to dust the print with fingerprint powder and then place the tape over the print thus removing it. The investigator must take care to avoid pockets in the tape while it is being applied because these will show up as void areas on the print impression. After is has been applied, the tape will adhere to the powder particles and and transfer the fingerprint impression.

Fingerprints as evidence has proven to be one of the most effective methods for..

Fingerprints as evidence has proven to be one of the most effective methods for apprehending person who might otherwise go undetected and continue their criminal activities.

What do firearms examiners do?

Firearms examiners microscopically compare bullets and ammunition components with each other as well as to any number of firearms to determine whether an association exists between or among items submitted as evidence and items who origins are known.

What does general chemistry analyze and functions are?

General Chemistry -identifies specific dyes and chemicals used in bank security devices; analyzes items such as clothing or currency for the presence of these dyes and chemicals -Analyzes controlled substances to determine identity and quantity - Compares stains or markings with suspected sources. Detect the presence of lubricants and compares them with suspected sources. - Compares the formulations of known and questioned ink (pens, typewriters, stamp pads) Conducts chemical analysis of unknown solids or liquids Performs pharmaceutical identification of constituent composition, active ingredients, quantity, and weight

When was the files for fingerprinting identification installed as a means of identifying criminals

In 1891, Juan Vucetich, an Argentinean police official, based this system on pattern types by Sir Francis Galton The Vucetich system is the basis of the systems presently used in many spanish-speaking countries. Between 1890 and 1924 the official use of fingerprinting escalated in the United States. The New York Civil Service Commission implemented the use of fingerprints to prevent applicants from having better qualified person take their tests for them. The New York State Prison system also adopted the first practical use of fingerprints in the United States for the identification of criminals.

Where should investigators search for fingerprints?

Investigators must be judicious in their search for fingerprints, as such evidence may be located in not-so-obvious places at the crime scenes. In a burglary, the search fo prints should begin at the place of entry by the criminal, and at this point the investigators should determined if the suspects hand were covered. If a door has been forced open, prints may be located on the lock or its immediate surroundings or in the general area of entry. When entry is gained through a window, broken glass should be searched for and documented. Generally this method of entry involves the criminal breaking a piece of glass just large enough for a hand to reach through and open the latch. Broken glass does not always fall inside the residence, they may or may not be in the structure at all, or the burglar might pick up the pieces and throw them outside, out of the way. When attempting to climb through a window, the burglar may leave fingerprints on a window jamb, frame, or sill. The search for fingerprints should begin at the place of entry by the criminal. Some burglars have been known to eat food or drink something while in a residence. The investigator must anticipate this and take care to preserve any fingerprints left on glassware and even on some types of food Electric light switches, circuit breakers, and light bulbs should be examined closely for prints. If if has been determined that the burglar was wearing gloves, places where gloves would be awkward to wear should be examined because the burglar may have removed the gloves to accomplish a particular task. Many police are required to wear gloves Another technique used for recognizing fingerprints on a crime scene is shining a flashlight at an oblique angle at the suspected area. Although using this technique on porous surface does not work well, it is effective on surfaces such as title floors, glass surfaces, and countertops.

A latent fingerprint (also called a patent fingerprint) is?

Is one that occurs when the entire pattern of whorls on the finger which contain small amounts of grease, oil, perspiration, or dirt, for example is transferred to an object when it is touched. The grease and oil are usually natural and are transferred to the fingers when the person touches other areas of his or her body containing various bodily excretions. Latent prints include those not only visible to the naked eye but also those that can be examined properly only after development. Those are usually found on paper and smooth surfaces.

What is the forensic tool mark identifications?

It involves the identification of a tool mark as having been produced by a particular tool to the exclusion of all others. Examiners compare the micro-and macroscopic features of tool marked items with known and questioned tools that may have produced them

What is the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)?

It is a national fingerprint and criminal history database maintained by the FBI"S CJIS Division.

What is chromatography?

It is an instrument used to look at complect mixtures by separating them into their components. The separation of a mixture into its components is a physical process-- that is because the components of the mixture are not chemically combined, they can be separated by physical means. Criminal investigators use this technology to identify substances such as drugs, blood, ink , and other fluids.

The use of fingerprints for identification purposes is based

It is based on distinctive ridges outlines that appear on the bulbs on the inside of the end joints of the fingers and thumbs These ridges have definite contours and appear in several general pattern types.

After a stain has been identified, what happens?

It is characterized by DNA Analysis using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The results of the analyses are compared with results obtained from known blood or saliva sample submitted from the victims of suspects.

What is trace evidence?

It is physical contact between a suspect and a victim which may result in the transfer of trace materials such as hairs and fibers. The identification and comparison of these materials may often link a suspect to a crime scene or to physical contact with another individual.

What happens when a latent print is clearly visible?

It should be photographed before attempts are made to develop it. Wet fingerprints should be allowed to dry before any attempt is made to develop them, failure to do so will probably result in the print being destroyed.

Preservation of Fingerprints

Latent fingerprints in any criminal investigation, great care must be taken to preserve them for later examination and use in court. Fingerprints remain on affected areas for varying amounts of time, depending on whether they are plastic, visible, or latent. Generally plastic and latent prints may remain for years, depending on the type of surface on which they are located

silver nitrate as a development for fingerprints

Latent impressions developed by the use of silver nitrate are caused by the reaction of sodium chloride present in perspiration. When a person touches a surface with a sweaty finger, sodium chloride remains (almost indefinitely) while the other chemical compounds decompose. If a solution of silver nitrate is used on the impression, a chemical reaction occurs between the sodium chloride and the silver nitrate resulting in the appearance of two new chemicals; sodium nitrate and silver chloride. Through the use of ultraviolet radiation or sunlight, the silver chloride is reduced to metallic silver, bringing out a brownish print. One commonly used procedure is to prepare a 5 percent silver nitrate solution in distilled water. The solution is either brushed on the paper or the paper is dipped in the solution. After it dries, the paper is exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light to bring out the latent prints. Because the entire paper will soon darken, prints must be photograph immediately.

What are Fluorescent powder?

Many investigators have adopted the use of fluorescent powders as an investigative alternative. Available in both powder and aerosol form, these are typically used to duest currency or other documents that may be handled by criminals. This technique differs from traditional fingerprinting in that these powders are used "before" the fingerprint is deposited. After the criminal touches the dusted object, the area is examined by the use of ultraviolet light, which will display any fingerprints clearly. These are photographed and classified.

What is mineralogy?

Mineralogy is the analysis of geologic evidence, this includes both naturally occurring and man-made geologic materials. Materials examined are typically soil, glass, building materials, and gemstones. Forensic soil examinations can also occur in addition to pollen analysis. Typical examinations include comparison to assess a common origin, identification of an unknown material, and assessment of the geologic origin or geographic location of a material

What is odontology and Physical Anthropology?

Odontology is forensic dentistry and Physical anthropology is skeletal remains which both help assist in identifying human remains.

What are the two parts of the iodine gun?

One tube (through which the breath is blown) containing a drying agent such as calcium chloride to remove moisture from the breath and another containing a small number of iodine crystals that are vaporized by the heat of the breath and the warm hand cupped around the tube containing the iodine. The vapor is blown on the specimen

How are Questioned documents examined?

Questioned Documents are examined and compares data appearing on paper and other evidentiary materials.

Some investigators prefer the use of Magna-Brush, why?

Some investigators prefer the use of the Magna-Brush, a magnetic brush that is used with magnetic powder. When the particles of the magnetic powder come into contact with the latent surface, the print becomes apparent. When brushing, the investigator should try to identify the contour of the ridges of the print so that brush strokes can go the same direction. Powder particles will then affix themselves to the oily ridges of the fingerprint and the print will become visible Typically beginners tend to use too much powder and too little brushing, thus making the print unidentifiable.

What are methods for fingerprinting preservation?

Some methods are photography of the print and lifting techniques. Often fingerprints are left on a surface that can be transported to the crime laboratory for examination.- That is the preferred way to facilitate classification of the print. However many prints must be processed on the crime scene because they are found on surfaces too large to transport. In general plastic and latent prints can reamina for years, depending on the type of surface on which they are located.

In 1999 what did the FBi develop and implement?

The FBI developed and implemented a new automated fingerprint system known as Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS), which has since been adopted by most state crime laboratories a well

What does the Forensic Ballistics Unit do?

The Forensic Ballistics Unit receives and examines evidence related to firearms, firearm components, ammunition, ammunition components, tools, and tool marks.

The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) provides what?

The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) provides automated fingerprint search capabilities, latent searching capability, electronic image storage, and electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. It combines with criminal histories, mugshots, scar, and tattoo photos, height, weight, hair, and eye color, and aliases to help match evidence with identities. As a result of submitting fingerprints electronically, agencies receive electronic responses to criminal 10-print fingerprint submissions within 2 hours and within 24 hours for civil fingerprint submissions.

The gas chromatograph is commonly used for

The gas chromatograph is commonly used for isolating gases or liquids from complex solutions or mixtures, generally in the analysis of illicit drugs, plastics, and explosives.

What is the history of fingerprints?

The history of fingerprints is that Romans used the tattoo needle form identifying and preventing desertion of military soldiers In more recent times, law enforcement officers relied heavily on identification of criminal by sights, or what was known as the "camera eye". In using this system, photography lessened the burden on memory but was not the answer to the criminal identification problem because personal appearances change. Throughout history people have been aware of the friction ridges on the tips of fingers and palms The precise science of personal identification is somewhat unclear, records show it application extending back to ancient civilizations. For example

The mass spectrometer is used to

The mass spectrometer is used to separate and record ions according to their characteristic masses It is most commonly used in the detection of trace elements in glass, ashes, and other inorganic material.

What is Mitochondrial DNA Population Database composed of?

The mtDNA population database is composed of complete nucleotides sequences of the first and second hypervariable segments of the control region of the human mitochondrial genome and consists of two main data sets. The first data set contains individual populations of forensic relevance and is contributed mostly by the Scientific WOrking Group on DNA Analysis Methods and forensic laboratories. The second data set, based on mtDNA concordance, contains nucleotide sequences from ethnic groups around the world.

Prints from gloves are?

The notoriety of the success of fingerprinting has resulted in the use of gloves by many criminals as a protective measure. Investigators may discover "smearing" from gloves on a crime scene but may give the matter little consideration. Indeed, such gloves, it located may produce valuable evidence in locating the perpetrator. The glove itself may have a unique, identifiable pattern, as with a fingerprint. Leather gloves may contain fatty material and fabric gloves are often contaminated with soil or other foreign matter, in these gloves ridge patterns may be left behind. A leather glove may possess certain pattern characteristics that make its distinguishable. This is because animal hide possesses friction ridge skin similar to that of human beings, and tis characteristics can readily be identified. Fabric gloves do not offer as identifiable a pattern as that of leather gloves, but certain features may still be identifiable. After wearing gloves for a period, certain wrinkles or cracks in the material may create distinct marks, sometimes a fingerprint can be recovered from a glove, particularly if it is made of latex material

The official use of fingerprinting was in and by who

The official use of fingerprinting was in 1858 and by Sir William Herschel, British Chief administrative officer for the hooghly district Bengal India. He required natives to affix their fingerprints as well as their signatures to contracts. Although there is no evidence to suggest the Herschel was aware that fingerprints were individualized, he believed that to the native mind, this procedure would be impressive enough to discourage dishonesty. Herschel continued his study of fingerprinting and in 1877 submitted a report to his superiors asking permission to identify prisoners through fingerprinting.

How does the U.S. Department of Justice defines the pattern area?

The part of a loop or whorl in which appear the cores, deltas, and ridges with which we are connected when classifying. Type lines enclose the pattern areas of loops and wholes. Type lines may be defined as the two innermost ridgers, which parallel, diverge, and surround or tend to surround the pattern area. Fingerprint impressions can be made from blood, dirt, grease, or the saline substance emitted by the glands through ducts or pores in the skin.CHeck page 98 for picture.

What happened as fingerprints become more accepted throughout the USA?

The penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas, and the St.Louis, Missouri, Police Department both implemented fingerprint bureaus. The St.Louis system was activated through the assistance of a sergeant associated with London's Scotland Yard As more and more police departments established identification bureaus, many sent copies of their files to the National Bureau of Criminal Identification, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police In 1924, the fingerprints records of the botht the National Bureau of Criminal Identification and the Leavenworth Penitentiary, totaling 810,188 were consolidated to form the nucleus of the FBI identification Division. Between 1924 and 1954 alone , more than 130 million fingerprint cards had been received by the FBI

What are the directions for the powder method?

The powder is lightly brushed over the print so it will adhere to the oils on the surface of the print pattern. Generally grey and black powders are best for latent fingerprint, grey for dark backgrounds and black for light backgrounds. Usually a small camel hair, fiberglass or nylon brush is used in dusting for latent prints. The brush must be kept dry to be effective. A small amount of powder is first placed on the brush for application to the surface being powdered.

What is the powder method?

The powder method is used to develop fingerprints by making them show up on a surface where they would otherwise go unnoticed. To develop a latent fingerprint with powder, the powder used should contrast with the color of the surface of the print. Many investigators have adopted the use of fluorescent powders as an investigative alternative. Available in both powder and aerosol form, these are typically used to duest currency or other documents that may be handled by criminals. This technique differs from traditional fingerprinting in that these powders are used "before" the fingerprint is deposited.

What is the history of fingerprints? #2

The precise science of personal identification is somewhat unclear, records show it application extending back to ancient civilizations. For example, on the face of a cliff in Nova Scotia, a prehistoric Indian picture writing exists of a hand with ridge patterns crudely marked. Another example include references to fingerprinting clay tablets or recorded business transactions in ancient Babylon and to ancient Chinese documents identified with eighth-century A.D. T'ang Dynasty which refers to fingerprints being impressed on business contracts.

What is the laser process?

The procedure is a clean, relatively easy method to develop prints, and pretreatment of the specimen is not required. An expanded laser beam is used to luminesce certain properties of perspiration, body oils, or other foreign substances found on a latent print.

What is the process of using superglue?

The process occurs as the fumes adhere to the friction ridges and then harden as ridge detail is built up on the print. The vapor is controlled through the use of an airtight container such as a tropical fish aquarium or other glass or plastic container. To begin, a small amount of glue is recommended, usually a 1-2-inch diameter pool for approximately 8 cubic feet of container space. The glue can be placed on a disposable receptacle made of aluminum foil. The glues is then heated to emit the fumes. This can be accomplished easily by placing a hot plate or light bulb under the receptacle. Objects to printed are placed in the container, usually by suspending them with wooden clothespins or spring-loaded clips, allowing maximum exposure to fumes Exposure time may vary, so periodic inspection of the objects is necessary to check progress. The investigator must remember that because of the flashpoint of the glue may vary, great care should be given to maintain a desired temperature level. After the procedure, all prints are photographed, and the specimens should be powdered

What are the results of mtDNA compared with..

The results of mtDNA are compared with blood, saliva, or both submitted from victims or suspects. The unit examines evidence that may have not been suitable for significant comparison purposes before the development of this technique.

What is the sole purpose of developing, or lifting, a latent fingerprint

The sole purpose is to make it visible so that is can be preserved and compared. Several different powders and chemicals are used for this purpose in addition to several techniques designed to develop such evidence.

The spectrograph is used to

The spectrograph is used to identify minute samples of a substance by burning the material and interpreting the light emitted from the burning process.

The spectrophotometer is used to

The spectrophotometer is used to analyze coloring agents in small samples such as those found in paint and cloth.

What is the surface data on a Questioned documents?

The surface data on a Question Document is handwriting, hand printing, typewriting, printing, erasures, alterations, and obliterations. Also impressions, such as those from indented writing or use of a check writer or dry seal are also routinely evaluated by unit examiners, as are shoeprint and tire tread impressions.

What does the Trace Evidence Unit do?

The trace evidence unit identifies and compares specific types of trace material that could be transferred during the commission of a violent crimes

The use of fingerprinting is

The use of fingerprinting also makes it possible to learn accurately the suspect's number (and type) of previous arrest and convictions. This result in more appropriate sentences being handed down to repeat or career criminals. Early on fingerprinting has been associated in the layperson's mind almost exclusively with criminal identification. The civil fingerprint file of the FBI contains three times as many fingerprints as the criminal file. Such files also provide a humanitarian benefit to society in general by identifying missing persons, amnesia victims, and unknown deceased people. In latter case, victims of major disasters can be identified quickly and positively if their fingerprints are on file.

Super glue is used to develop prints on..

The use of superglue is a relatively simple procedure and is particularly valuable in developing prints on plastic bags, metal foil, waxed paper, lacquered wood,leather, and almost all hard surfaces. Even fruits, vegetables, and dinner rolls

What was established for fingerprints?

The value of fingerprints as a means of detecting the fallibility of the Bertillon system and establishing the value and reliability of individualized identification for criminal suspects was therefore established.

What is evidence within paper or other surfaces on Questioned Documents?

The within paper or other surfaces are watermarks, safety fibers, and other integral features (may be components of document examinations). Unit examiners also match the torn or perforated edges of items such as papers, stamps, or matches Other examiners include analysis of typewriters ribbons, photocopiers, facsimiles, graphic arts, and plastic bags.

Latent Print Unit examiners do what?

They analyze and compare latent prints with known prints of individuals in effort to make identifications or exclusions. The uniqueness, permeance, and arrangement of the friction ridges allow unit examiners to positively match two prints and determine whether an area of a friction ridge impression originated from one source to the exclusion of all others.

Who are criminalists?

They are major contributors to the investigative process. There duties and qualifications of criminalists vary greatly from one position to the next.

In 1996, a number of DNA crime laboratory analysis units began using what?

They began using mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) analysis, which is applied to evidence containing small or degraded quantities of DNA from hair, bones, teeth, and bodily fluids

What doe each type of fingerprints have?

They have general and specific variations of the pattern, depending on the shape and relationship of the ridges. The ridge outlines appear most clearly when inked impressions are taken on paper, so that the ridges are black against a white back-ground. This results from the ink adhering to the friction ridges. Impressions can be made by a variety of substances, including blood, dirt, grease, or any other foreign matter present on the ridges of the saline substance emitted by the glands through the ducts or pores that constitute their outlets. The background or medium may be paper, glass, porcelain, wood, cloth, wax, putty, silverware, or any smooth non porous material.

What do laboratory technicians used?

They typically use the FBI's National Automotive Paint File that has entries as far back as the 1930s.

When do we use Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) fingerprint search capability against data from the FBI Criminal Justice Information Service's (CJIS) Division?

We use Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) fingerprint search capability against data from the FBI Criminal Justice Information Service's (CJIS) Division, when there are no known suspects have been named for comparisons purposes and in cases in which latent prints on crime scene-related evidence were not identified with suspects named in the investigation.

What happens when the iodine cabinet is used?

When the iodine cabinet is used several pieces can be developed at one time, and the investigator can observe the process The cabinet is constructed of wood or plastic with glass sides Fumes are generated by placing a small glass dish containing the iodine crystals in a hole cut in the bottom of the cabinet. As soon as the fumes begin to appear in sufficient amounts, the burner is removed. Specimens can be hung in the cabinet by wooden clothespins fastened to a removable strip. The top of the cabinet is hinged to permit access. Iodine fumes can be removed by placing the specimen in a current of air from a fan, blow-dryer, or other device. The process should be carried out in a well-ventilated area because fumes can cause respiratory damage if inhaled in large amounts.

What are the most valuable clues for investigators at the crime scene

it is the fingerprints and palm prints. After such fingerprints have been collected by investigators and evaluated by classification experts, a definitive determination can be made as to the exact identity of the suspect(S).