part 2 exam

instrumental aggression

aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned

reactive aggression

aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing ex. spreading rumors

mid-life crisis

an emotional crisis of identity and self-confidence that can occur in early middle age. 35-45 yrs old

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that is realized because we act in ways that make is happen

Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

authoritarian

conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is...

common across many cultures

crowds

large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity based on stereottypes and reputation e.g. jocks, brains, nerds, populars etc

indifferent parenting

low responsiveness, low demandingness -adult-centered -little to no communication -distant, withdrawn absent -know little ab child's whereabouts and activities

According to researchers, adolescents prefer spending time with peers over spending time with family members because

peers place less emphasis than do family members on following rules.

Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show ________ empathy toward victims of the harassment

Less

age grading

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to perceive hostile intent in others believing someone did something on purpose

indulgent parenting

-child centered - no guidelines, nondirective -few rules/expectations -warm accepting nurturing - avoids confrontation, rare discipline -child act as she/he wishes

authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children. -im right ur wrong mindset

Family Systems Theory

A perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling).

Which of the following adolescents is most at risk of mental health problems? A. Mason, a 13-year-old homeless boy B. Angelica, a 15-year-old girl living with a single mother C. Uri, a 12-year-old boy living with his mother and stepfather D. Mai Lee, a 14-year-old girl whose parents are having financial difficulties

A. Mason, a 13-year-old homeless boy

Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes which of the following types of discipline? A. consistent B. indulgent C. controlling D. authoritarian

A. consistent

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through which of the following? A. discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships B. asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues C. giving children as much independence as possible as young as possible to help them develop self-reliance D. making children spend time with their parents, even when they do not get along

A. discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships

best example of the diathesis-stress model in action? A. Dimitry's family has no history of mental health issues; however, after his parents get a divorce, he begins showing signs of depression. B. Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. Keiron's mother is an alcoholic and responds to stress by drinking. When Keiron feels stressed, he goes for long runs in the park. D. Farrah's parents raise him in a supportive and respectful environment. Farrah does well in school and is socially active with both her family and peers

B. Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Growing up, Tonya's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tonya is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following? A. authoritative parenting B. domestic violence C. remarriage D. shared environmental influences

B. domestic violence

Which of these is the basis for membership in a crowd? A. isolated activity b. shared activity C. friendship D. social bonds

B. shared activity

The fact that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is A. whether they are in dual or sole custody. B. the degree of conflict between parents. C. whether they have contact with the nonresidential parent. D. the sex of the custodial parent.

B. the degree of conflict between parents

Which of the following is the most likely result of the effects of divorce on a child in the United States? A. Nancy's peers tease her because her father no longer lives in her family's house. B. Juanita spends more time with her grandfather and therefore engages in more misbehavior C. Malik gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates. D.Nirali is happier and does better in school after his mother remarries his stepfather.

C. Malik gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents A. experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with their parents. B. resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C. appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents. D. become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with

C. appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents.

New technologies and social innovations have A. transformed family life, and as a result, parents do not really make a difference. B. not transformed family life; however, these technologies have caused parental influence to be overshadowed by the peer group. C. not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them. D. given teens a new way to rebel against their parents' moral preferences.

C. not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them.

With regard to single-parent families in the United States, A. more of these families are the result of divorce than of the mother never having been married. B. very few children are born outside marriage and live in a single-parent household from birth C. the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent. D. children living with remarried parents usually live with the biological father.

C. the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.

Cliques

exclusive groups -2-12 ppl generally same sex and age can be defined by common activities e.g. football players

According to the writers who claim a separate youth culture exists, what is its nature?

Those who belong to it have different attitudes and beliefs than adults do.

prefigurative culture

Youth of the society become teachers for elders

Studies in many countries have found a link between higher rates of bullying and A. greater income inequality. B. less ethnic and racial diversity. C. greater parental involvement in students' lives. D. authoritative educational system

a. greater income inequality

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents

Self-esteem is ________ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school

higher

Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents

increase

Isolates

individuals who have few or no links to others in the network

liaison

individuals who interact with 2 or mor adolescents who are members of cliques, but whom themselves are not part of a clinque

Which of the following groups of peers is found in American schools but not most European schools? A. populars B. druggies C. brains D. jocks

jocks

clique members

most of their interactions with the same people

authoritative parenting

parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way

Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are

responsive and demanding

In early adolescence, ________ friendships are common, but in late adolescence, __________ friendships begin to occur more

same-sex; opposite-sex

peer group

set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ______________ than adolescents in previous times.

spend more time in peer groups

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

T/F: the more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, the more they expect their own child to conform to it, and the worse their relationship with their teenager becomes

true

T/F: the quality of siblings relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships

true

T/F: Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.

truuuuu

configurative cultures

young people learn what they need to know from adults and other young people

postfigurative culture

youth learn from their elders