Path 370 - Check your understanding (Ch 44, 45, 47, 51, 52)

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which a. neuronal demyelination disrupts nerve transmission. b. acetylcholine release from motor neurons is disrupted. c. acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional. d. muscles become increasingly bulky but weakened.

c. acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.

A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as a. greenstick. b. stress. c. comminuted. d. open.

c. comminuted.

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which a. widespread neuronal damage is incurred. b. bleeding from venules fills the subdural space. c. focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles. d. injury is localized to the site of initial impact.

c. focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be a. free water restriction. b. head elevation. c. hypoventilation. d. bed rest.

c. hypoventilation.

Enteropathic arthritis is associated with a. irritable bowel syndrome. b. chronic constipation. c. inflammatory bowel disease. d. chronic diarrhea.

c. inflammatory bowel disease.

Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include a. right visual field blindness. b. expressive and receptive aphasia. c. left-sided muscle weakness and neglect. d. cortical blindness.

c. left-sided muscle weakness and neglect.

The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived. a. tolerance b. perception c. threshold d. expression

c. threshold

The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called a. gouty arthritis. b. complicated gout. c. tophaceous gout. d. asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

c. tophaceous gout.

The physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is a. respiratory hyperventilation. b. REM sleep. c. hypernatremia. d. cerebral vasodilation.

d. cerebral vasodilation.

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is a. leukocyte infiltration into bone tissue. b. blood vessel growth at the fracture site. c. migration of osteoblasts to the fracture site. d. development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.

d. development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.

A risk factor for osteoporosis is a. late menopause. b. endometriosis. c. ovarian cysts. d. early menopause.

d. early menopause.

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by a. pallor and vasoconstriction above the level of injury. b. hypotension and shock. c. extreme pain below the level of injury. d. hypertension and bradycardia.

d. hypertension and bradycardia.

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache. a. migraine b. chronic c. tension d. sinus

a. migraine

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed a. nociception. b. neurotransmission. c. sensitization. d. proprioception.

a. nociception.

Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of a. subarachnoid hemorrhage. b. meningitis. c. embolic stroke. d. subdural hemorrhage.

a. subarachnoid hemorrhage.

It is true that epidural bleeding is a. characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury. b. located between the arachnoid and the dura mater. c. usually because of venous leakage. d. associated with widespread vascular disruption.

a. characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury.

Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they a. increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia. b. produce excitation of basal ganglia structures. c. induce regeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia. d. prevent progression of the disease.

a. increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia.

Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain? a. Anticonvulsants b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin c. Nonnarcotic analgesics d. Narcotic analgesics

a. Anticonvulsants

_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord. a. Meningocele b. Spina bifida occulta c. Myelomeningocele d. Meningomyelocele

a. Meningocele

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis? a. The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years. b. MS is more common in men than women. c. There is a higher rate of MS in African-Americans. d. There is a higher incidence of MS in military veterans.

a. The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by a. autoimmune injury. b. congenital hypermobility. c. trauma. d. bacterial infection.

a. autoimmune injury.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to a. autoimmune mechanisms. b. septic joint inflammation and necrosis. c. wear and tear on weight-bearing joints. d. unknown etiologic factors.

a. autoimmune mechanisms.

Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning? a. Spontaneous eye opening, movement to command, oriented to self only b. Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response c. Eyes open to light touch on shoulder, pupils briskly reactive to light bilaterally d. No eye opening, responds to painful stimulus by withdrawing

b. Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response

________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure. a. Interstitial b. Cytotoxic c. Osmotic d. Vasogenic

b. Cytotoxic

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency? a. Osteoporosis b. Osteomalacia c. Osteopenia d. Osteomyelitis

b. Osteomalacia

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is a. renal impairment. b. Raynaud phenomenon. c. skin hyper/hypopigmentation. d. thick, tight, shiny skin.

b. Raynaud phenomenon.

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission? a. Facilitation of action potential initiation b. Slower rate of action potential conduction c. Faster rate of repolarization d. Increased rate of action potential conduction

b. Slower rate of action potential conduction

Pain is thought of as a. always the result of tissue damage that activates nociceptors. b. a subjective experience that is difficult to measure objectively. c. experienced in the same way by all individuals. d. associated with changes in vital signs reflecting its intensity.

b. a subjective experience that is difficult to measure objectively.

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include a. atherosclerosis. b. acute hypertension. c. sedentary lifestyle. d. dysrhythmias.

b. acute hypertension.

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be a. caused by bacterial infection. b. an autoimmune process. c. an infective process. d. because of an enzymatic defect.

b. an autoimmune process.

To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should a. refrain from washing the affected areas. b. avoid sun exposure. c. apply warm, wet compresses daily. d. avoid excessive use of moisturizers.

b. avoid sun exposure.

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for a. osteomyelitis. b. bone fractures. c. rhabdomyolysis. d. osteomalacia.

b. bone fractures.

A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with a. encephalitis. b. meningitis. c. skull fracture. d. cerebral ischemia.

b. meningitis.

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease a. biochemical tests for aluminum toxicity must be positive. b. other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out. c. increased protein is found in a lumbar puncture. d. a brain biopsy demonstrating organic changes is necessary.

b. other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out.

It is true that Bell palsy is a a. permanent facial paralysis after stroke. b. paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. c. herpetic outbreak in a facial dermatome. d. painful neuropathic pain affecting the trigeminal nerve.

b. paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve.

The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is a. cardiac murmur. b. polyarthritis. c. rash. d. painless nodules.

b. polyarthritis.

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with a. debilitating joint pain and stiffness. b. systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system. c. improvement in symptoms with aspirin therapy. d. changes in activities of daily living.

b. systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system.

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by a. immune mechanisms leading to widespread joint inflammation. b. excessive bone remodeling leading to soft bone. c. loss of articular cartilage in weight-bearing joints. d. inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints.

d. inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints.

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is a. cardiac arrest. b. intracranial embolization. c. intracranial thrombosis. d. intracranial hemorrhage.

d. intracranial hemorrhage.

Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt a. within 10 to 15 cm area. b. on the same side of the body. c. with slightly less intensity. d. within the same dermatome.

d. within the same dermatome.