Path Ch. 2 Questions
Which statement would a nurse tell a client to BEST describe apoptosis?
"Apoptosis is the natural removal of injured or worn out cells."
When working with a client who has end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is receiving peritoneal dialysis, the concept of diffusion can be explained by which statement?
"If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower."
A client with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which explanation is appropriate to tell the client?
"The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload."
A mother who is with her son when a cast is removed from his arm asks the nurse "What is wrong with my son's arm? It looks so small!" What is the nurse's BEST response?
"The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm."
Which client is at HIGH risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy?
44-year-old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications
The healthcare provider suggested the client have a colposcopy to look for cervical changes with possible biopsy. Which instruction(s) is appropriate for the nurse to share with the client during the preparation for these diagnostic tests? Select all that apply.
A bright light will be shined into your vaginal opening. An acetic acid solution will be applied to your cervix, looking for white areas suggestive of dysplasia. A curette will be passed into your endocervix to obtain a sample of tissue, for a more accurate diagnosis.
Which client would be an example of an individual experiencing cellular atrophy?
A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
The parents and their adolescent arrive at the clinic. The parents express some concerns about the adolescent, including enlarged hands and feet; prominent jaw and brow bones; deepening voice more so than the adolescent's peers; and oily, sweating skin with excessive body odor. The nurse recognizes these signs are related to which pathophysical abnormality(ies)? Select all that apply.
Abnormal skeletal growth Hyperplasia of the cells of sinuses and vocal cords Glandular hyperplasia
Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would cause in which physiological result?
Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would cause which physiologic result?
Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
Which one of the following is part of the cellular cytoskeleton?
Actin
What is the name of the process during which cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient?
Active transport
A client tells the nurse about taking vitamin E and vitamin C daily to prevent the uncontrolled formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Which term describes the client's rationale for taking these supplements?
Antioxidants
Normal physiologic process involves the necessary removal of irreversibly damaged cells. Which term BEST describes this process?
Apoptosis
What concept will the nurse need to explain to a client with cancer about the purpose and action of chemotherapy?
Apoptosis
What happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demand?
Cell becomes smaller
The cell surface is surrounded by a cell coat (glycocalyx). Select the MOST important function of the cell coat.
Cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion.
A client with gastroesphageal reflux disease has metaplasia. Which explanation is the cause?
Cells are replaced in response to chronic irritation
A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) test. What type of problem will the clinician examining the cell samples look for?
Changes in cell shape, size, and organization.
A client reports fatigue and an inability to concentrate. The client has been unemployed for the second time in a year and is concerned about supporting the family. Select the type of stressor the client MOST likely is experiencing.
Chronic sustained
A client has just learned that his liver has regenerated following partial removal of the liver due to trauma. This regeneration is due to which physiologic principle?
Compensatory hyperplasia
Which of the following is characteristic of the plasma membrane?
Contains a bilayer of lipids with polar heads
A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body. Which change within the cell will likely result from this decrease in work?
Decreased size of organelles
What is the process that makes cells with the same genetic material develop into specific cell types?
Differentiation
Which situation causes atrophy? select all that apply.
Disuse Denervation Decreased blood flow
A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which phenomena MOST likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function?
Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
A client has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease called multiple sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the client that this disease may be caused by dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the client asks the nurse what this means. The nurse should reply:
Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death along the neuro-pathways.
When discussing the various functions of the cellular parts, the pathophysiology professor asks a group of students, "Where are the primary sites of protein synthesis located in a cell?" Which student response is correct?
Endoplasmic reticulum
T/F: The nurse knows that everyone who experiences stressful life events develops a disease.
False
Select the statement that BEST descrubes apoptosis
Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells
Select the statement that BEST describes apoptosis.
Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells.
A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:
Hypertrophy
The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10F. When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury?
Hypoxic
Which example best describes metaplasia?
In GERD, when esophageal cells change from a squamous epithelium cell type to a glandular cell type.
Which situation causes hypertrophy?
Increase in workload
Which describes hypertrophy?
Increased number of cells.
A client has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Which effect from the exposure is the nurse's primary concern?
Increased risk of cancer
Upon assessment, the nurse determines the client is experiencing poor nutritional health. This finding places the client at risk for which outcome?
Injury
The nucleus is called the center of the cell because it has the ability to do which of the following?
It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive
Which describes the function of the nucleus?
It contains the genetic code for the individual
The living part of the cell found both inside and outside of the nucleus is called protoplasm. In addition to proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water, what other substance is found in protoplasm?
Lipids
Select the organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances that are taken into the cell.
Lysosomes
A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend?
Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure
Which term describes the chemical processes involved in converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the foods we eat into energy at the cellular level?
Metabolism
Which cellular organelle transforms organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell?
Mitochondria
Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?
Muscle mass increase with exercise
What feedback system provides stability to the stress response?
Negative feedback mechanism
A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses?
Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down.
What are the three main parts of a typical cell? Select all that apply.
Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm
An older adult client asks the nurse what causes the functional decline that occurs with the process of aging. The BEST response would include which physiologic mechanism?
Oxidative stress
What happens as a cell's workload declines? Select all that apply.
Oxygen consumption decreases Protein synthesis decreases Cell size decreases
The transport mechanism requiring energy is:
Primary active transport
The Golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). What is one purpose of the Golgi complex?
Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism.
What statement is true concerning the use of ATP by skeletal muscles?
Skeletal muscles use ATP at a rapid rate during excercise
The nurse is caring for a client with adenoid hypertrophy. Which manifestation does the nurse expect the client to report?
Stuffy nose
Which statement best describes facilitated diffusion?
Substances require transport proteins to cross the membrane.
Ultimately, the inner mitochondrial membrane transports proteins for what purpose?
Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Which statement BEST describes the function of the nucleus of the cell?
The nucleus contains the site for RNA synthesis that ultimately is essential for protein synthesis.
Following an endoscopic examination, the nurse informs the client that the cells lining the esophagus have changed from normal squamous epithelium to a glandular cell type. The client asks, "what caused this?" Which answer is the BEST response to the question?
The stress from exposure to acidic contents from the stomach due to your history of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
What determines the number of mitochondria in a given cell type?
The type of activity the cell performs.
Which accurately explains the functions of lysosomes?
They are sacs filled with enzymes that break down and remove foreign substances and worn-out cell parts
The parents of a pre-adolescent have been asked if they would like to have their child immunized for HPV. Which instruction(s) will the nurse provide to the parents and pre-adolescent when discussing immunization with HPV 9-valent vaccine, recombinant? Select all that apply.
This vaccine will extend protection to nine HPV subtypes This immunization is recommended for boys and girls aged 11 to 12 years but can be given earlier Vaccine administration includes three doses over a minimum of 24 weeks
While explaining how even small exposures to toxins in cigarette smoke can cause a significant increase in cardiovascular disease, which pathophysiologic principle(s) will be included in this education? Select all that apply.
When smoke enters the lungs, the free radicals promote the development of oxidative stress Inflammation and release of cytokines contribute to the development of atherosclerosis Vascular dysfunction can increase an individual's risk of having a heart attack
A 40-year-old female client is confused about when to get a Pap test. The client thought it was annually. Which answer is MOST accurate for this scenario?
Women between 31 and 65 years should have the cotest for Pap and HPV test every 5 years.
A nurse is caring for a client with a leg wound. When planning care for the client, the nurse considers that the injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:
altered permeability
A client and partner arrive at the clinic with a chief complaint of new-onset mental changes. The partner states that the client is having difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making simple decisions that affect everyday life. The nurse will document which type of cerebral deficit?
cognitive impairment
The nucleus is commonly described as the "control center" of the cell because it:
contains the genetic material and directly regulates the other components of the cell.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen movement within the cell occur based on which concept?
diffusion
Which term describes the process by which an increase in functional demand results in an increased number of cells?
hyperplasia
Increase in functional demand resulting in increased cell size is:
hypertrophy
The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of:
hypertrophy
Atrophic changes in breast tissue are most associated with:
menopause
Due to a persistent stressor, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaptation. This process is known as:
metaplasia
The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as:
metaplasia
Although the majority of cellular DNA exists in the cell nucleus, the part of the cell DNA from one's mother is located where?
mitochondria
Which cellular component is a key regulator of apoptosis (programmed cell death)?
mitochondria
Cell death associated with inflammation is known as:
necrosis
This is defined as a fully differentiated body part with specialized functions:
organ
While reviewing the basic information related to hemodialysis, the nurse explains that water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by:
osmosis
The nurse is aware of the importance of potassium and sodium for normal physiologic functions of a client. The rapid movement of potassium and sodium in actions is known as:
primary active transport
Disruption of the cell wall of a bacterium by antibacterial drugs will interrupt:
protein and DNA synthesis
The organelle responsible for synthesis of proteins by bound ribosomes is called:
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A young, healthy adult helps lift a sofa to move it 25ft. The nurse knows that which source of energy will the client likely use in this process?
stored adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Damage to cells resulting from frostbite is classified as which type of injury?
thermal
The majority of the cell's protoplasm is:
water
