patho cardiovascular disorders quiz

During ventricular systole, closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves coincides with:

Isovolumetric contraction

Which of the following statements about vascular compliance is accurate?

Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood

Which of the risk factors form part of Virchow's triad? Select all that apply.

Venous stasis Vascular damage Hypercoagulability

Which of the risk factors form part of Virchow's triad? Select all that apply.

Venous stasis , Vascular damage , Hypercoagulability

A registered nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about Homan's sign. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?

"Place the client in the supine position with a straight knee and dorsiflex the client's foot."

Which factors should a nurse assess for in a client who has peripheral artery disease (PAD)? Select all that apply.

-coolness in lower extremities -paresthesis in the lower extremities -absence of pulsation in the lower extremities

A client reports severe chest pain and a rapid heart rate. A nurse observes a blood pressure difference in the left and right arms. Which difference in blood pressure indicates an aortic dissection?

20 mm Hg

A client has had a myocardial infarction (MI) that damaged the right atrium, which has interfered with the SA node. The compensatory mechanism, the AV node, becomes the pacemaker of the heart and beats how many times/minute?

45 to 50 beats per minute

Which is the optimal level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol?

70 mg/dL

From the following clients, who are at high risk for developing heart failure as a result of diastolic dysfunction? Select all that apply.

A 48-year-old client with uncontrolled hypertension, A 70-year-old with enlarged left ventricle due to myocardial hypertrophy

A student nurse is learning to care for a variety of clients in a hospital setting. Which clients are most at risk for developing venous insufficiency? Select all that apply.

An obese client A pregnant client at 30 weeks gestation

Clients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant:

ECG changes

A nurse is teaching a client who has cardiovascular disease about the dietary sources of cholesterol and their effects on the body. Which statement made by the client indicates the need for further teaching?

I should avoid using peanut and canola oil. ???????

Which wave in the electrocardiogram represents ventricular repolarization?

T wave

Hypoxia is said to have a negative inotropic effect on the heart, which means:

There will be interference in the generation of ATP, which is needed for muscle contraction.

A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction (EF) of 40%. The nurse knows this EF is below normal and explains to the client:

This means your heart is not pumping as much blood out of the heart with each beat

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery. The nurse's best response is:

You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked

A client asks, "Why do I have clogged arteries but my neighbor has higher 'bad cholesterol' levels and yet he is just fine?"The health care provider bases the reply on which of the following physiological principles about lipoprotein?

You more than likely have small, dense type of 'bad cholesterol

The most common causes of left-sided heart failure include:

acute myocardial infarction

A client with a diagnosis of secondary hypertension has begun to experience signs and symptoms that are consistent with decreased cardiac output. Which of the following determinants of cardiac output is hypertension most likely to affect directly?

afterload

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?

back flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium

A client has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the client's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

Which elevated serum marker for systemic inflammation is now considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease?

c-reactive protein

A nurse is reviewing the ankle-brachial index of four clients who are suspected of having peripheral artery disease (PAD). Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Client 4 0.6 1.0 1.3 0.95 Which client has developed moderate PAD?

client 1

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

decreased stroke volume

Chronic stable angina, associated with inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, is caused by:

fixed coronary obstruction

The most recent blood work of a client with a diagnosis of heart failure indicates increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). What is the most likely effect of these peptides on the client's physiology?

inhibition of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

Atherosclerotic plaque is most likely to be unstable and vulnerable to rupture when the plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a:

large lipid corel

One of the principal mechanisms by which the heart compensates for increased workload is:

myocardial hypertrophy

A client has been experiencing increasing fatigue in recent months, a trend that has prompted an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test suggest that the client's end-diastolic volume is insufficient. Which of the following parameters of cardiac performance will directly decrease as a result of this?

preload

Assessment of an elderly female client reveals the presence of bilateral pitting edema of the client's feet and ankles and pedal pulses that are difficult to palpate. Auscultation of the client's lungs reveals clear air entry to bases, and the client's oxygen saturation level is 93%, and vital signs are within reference ranges. What is this client's most likely health problem?

right-sided heart failure

A client with heart failure asks, Why am I taking a 'water pill' when it's my heart that is having a problem? While educating the client about the Frank-Starling mechanism, which of the following explanations is most appropriate to share?

since your heart is not pumping efficiently, the kidneys are getting less blood flow; therefore, the kidneys are holding on to sodium and water

If the parasympathetic neurotransmitter releases acetylcholine, the nurse should anticipate observing what changes in the ECG pattern?

slowing of heart rate to below 60 beats/minute

The plaques in a client's coronary arteries are plentiful, and most have small- to moderate-sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. This form of atherosclerosis is most closely associated with which of the following diagnoses?

stable angina

When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:

the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute

The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart vessels is:

thrombosis

A nurse hears a bruit while assessing the carotid artery of a client. What could be the reason behind the bruit?

turbulent blood flow through the artery

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by:

venous blood return

The parasympathetic nervous system causes a slowing of the heart rate by increasing:

vessel constriction