PATHO CH 11

A sixth-grade science teacher asks the students to explain the role of cilia in the lower respiratory tract. Which student response is best?

"These little hairs move germs trapped in mucus toward the throat so the body can cough them out."

A client with infectious mononucleosis asks the nurse why the lymph nodes are enlarged. Which statement is the nurse's appropriate response?

"Your lymph nodes trap and destroy viruses."

Which client is at the greatest risk for developing an intracellular pathogen infection?

A client with AIDS who has a decreased CD4+ TH1 count

The cells that mediate humoral immunity do so because they are capable of producing:

Antibodies

Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response are known as:

Antigens

Select the type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow.

B lymphocytes

A blood smear is being examined and a stain has been added that will identify granulocytes. Which cell types will be visible with the stain? Select all that apply.

Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil

A client receiving chemotherapy has leukopenia. Which type of medication would promote long-term improvement in the client's immune response?

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

Once T helper cells are activated, they secrete which substance that activates and influences nearly all of the other cells of the immune system?

Cytokines

A client's exposure to an antibiotic-resistant microorganism while in the hospital has initiated an immune response. Which process is responsible for the mediated and regulated actions that occur in this situation?

Cytokines released at cell-to-cell interfaces bind to specific receptors on the cells that they target

During a blood transfusion, a client begins to have chills, back pain, and develops a fever. The nurse determines the client is experiencing a transfusion reaction. The nurse educates the client about transfusion reactions. Which statement indicates the cause of the reaction?

Each person has two HLA haplotypes that identify human cells. Blood typing involves the identification of these haplotypes (ABO compatibility). The closer the matching of HLA types, the greater is the probability of identical antigens and the lower the chance of rejection. A reaction occurs if the immune system views the HLA types as foreign.

Which cells block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides within the mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tract?

Epithelial

Immunologically active sites on antigens are recognized as:

Epitopes

Select the statement that best describes the effectiveness of vaccination in the older adult population.

Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.

A client has recently received a pneumococcal vaccine and the client's B cells are consequently producing antibodies. Which cells may enhance this production of antibodies?

HELPER T CELLS

A nurse is administering penicillin to a client diagnosed with a streptococcal infection. The client later develops a systemic rash. Which could be considered a cause of this allergic reaction?

Hapten-carrier complexes

The nurse is assisting a new mother with breastfeeding. What does the nurse understand is a primary secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) that is found in the colostrum?

IgA

Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in secretions and has a primary function of providing local immunity on mucosal surfaces?

IgA

A 1-day-old infant was exposed to an infectious microorganism prior to discharge home from the hospital, but was able to affect a sufficient immune response in the hours and days following exposure. The nurse knows that which immunoglobulin assisted with this process?

IgG

The nurse is aware that the only class of immunoglobulins to cross the placenta is:

IgG

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is the most abundant of circulating antibodies?

IgG

A nurse is evaluating lab results of a client newly diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. Which immunoglobulin will elevate during the early stage of the infection?

IgM

Which immunoglobulin is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made by a newborn?

IgM

The nurse is reviewing the functions of immunoglobulins and determines which immunoglobulin is associated with its correct action?

IgM, the first antibody to be produced by a developing fetus.

A nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome with thymic hypoplasia. Which immune response would the nurse anticipate in this child?

Increased risk of infection

An obstetrics nurse is counseling an expectant mother. The mother is concerned about letting people hold her baby once the baby is born, fearing that the infant will get sick. What should the nurse explain to the mother?

Maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta and protect the newborn early in life.

A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and a now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response?

Memory T cells

While caring for a pediatric client admitted with a viral infection, the nurse knows that which type of cell will be the child's primary defense against the virus?

Natural killer (NK) cells

Which type of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk?

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Which statement correctly identifies the role of the C3b subcomponent of the complement system?

Opsonizes microbes to facilitate phagocytosis

A woman experiences a viral infection while pregnant. Which type of immunity does an infant have at birth against this infection?

Passive

The nurse is planning care for a client with a diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency. What is a priority intervention to incorporate into the plan?

Protecting the client from infection

A client is being evaluated for atopic dermatitis possibly caused by a latex-related allergic reaction. The nurse will review which lab results to determine if an allergy is present?

Serum IgE

Which statement explains how T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes differ?

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.

A newborn has been lethargic, is not nursing well, and is basically looking ill. Following lab tests, it has been found that the newborn has IgM present in his blood. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

The presence of IgM suggests the infant has a current infection.

A client seeks treatment in the clinic for exposure to poison ivy with a rash over the right arm and hand. The nurse is aware that what toxin is found in the oils on poison ivy that is responsible for eliciting an allergic reaction?

Urushiol

The entrance of a microbe into an individual's vascular space has initiated opsonization. How will the health care provider explain this process that is critical in stopping the infiltration of the microbe through opsonization? Opsonization:

coats a microbe to activate phagocytosis recognition.

While explaining immunity to a client, the nurse responds, "The body's internal organs are protected from pathogens because:

our mucosal tissue contains all the necessary cell components to fight a pathogen with an immune response."