Patho Exam 2

Hypertension is closely linked to a. obstructive sleep apnea. b. urinary tract infection. c. de Quervain syndrome. d. spinal stenosis.

a. obstructive sleep apnea.

Which clinical condition will result in changes in the integrity of the arterial walls and small blood vessels? a. Contusion b. Thrombosis c. Atherosclerosis d. Tourniquet effect

c. Atherosclerosis

Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom? a. Decreased heart rate b. Decreased respiratory rate c. Edema d. Excitability

c. Edema

Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with a. hyporesponsiveness of airways. b. unknown precipitating factors. c. IgE-mediated airway inflammation. d. irreversible airway obstruction.

c. IgE-mediated airway inflammation.

The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Aching and cramping in the affected area b. Relief with elevation to the area c. Relief with ambulation if pain is in the legs d. Burning and prickling in the affected area e. Relief with massage to the area

a. Aching and cramping in the affected area b. Relief with elevation to the area c. Relief with ambulation if pain is in the legs

An acute asthma attack is associated with which signs and symptoms? (Select all that apply.) a. Bronchoconstriction b. Bronchial mucosal edema c. Hypersecretion of mucus d. Alveolar collapse e. Hypoxemia

a. Bronchoconstriction b. Bronchial mucosal edema c. Hypersecretion of mucus e. Hypoxemia

Which of the following is the most common symptom of a myocardial infarction (MI)? a. Chest pain b. Dyspnea c. Edema d. Palpitations

a. Chest pain

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for which of the following problems? (Select all that apply.) a. Ischemic stroke b. Hemorrhagic stroke c. Retinal injury d. Renal impairment e. Liver disease

a. Ischemic stroke c. Retinal injury d. Renal impairment

The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. b. Haemophilus tuberculosis. c. Tuberculosis tuberculoci. d. Mycococcidio tuberculosis.

a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation? a. Thrombocytopenia b. Vascular trauma c. stasis of blood flow d. Circulatory shock

a. Thrombocytopenia

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome? a. Peripheral edema b. Absent peripheral pulses c. Redness and swelling d. Atrophy of distal tissues

b. Absent peripheral pulses

A client with heart failure suddenly becomes tachycardic, is gasping for breah, and begins coughing frothy, pink-tinged sputum. A nurse listens to breath sounds, expecting to hear bilateral: a. Rhonchi b. Crackles c. Wheezes d. Diminished breath sounds

b. Crackles

A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pericarditis. The nurse assesses the client for which manifestation that differentiates pericarditis from other cardiopulmonary problems? a. Anterior chest pain b. Friction rub c. Weakness and irritability d. Chest pain that worsens on inspiration

b. Friction rub

Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances? a. Diffuse interstitial lung disease b. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis c. Sarcoidosis d. Acute respiratory distress syndrome

b. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax? a. Course crackles throughout the left chest b. Tracheal deviation to the left c. Absent breath sounds on the left d. Respiratory acidosis

c. Absent breath sounds on the left

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by a. cardiogenic pulmonary edema. b. upper airway obstruction. c. accumulation of alveolar exudates. d. interstitial edema.

c. accumulation of alveolar exudates.

Cystic fibrosis is associated with a. asthma. b. chronic bronchitis. c. bronchiectasis. d. emphysema.

c. bronchiectasis.

Asthma is categorized as a(n) a. restrictive pulmonary disorder. b. infective pulmonary disorder. c. obstructive pulmonary disorder. d. type of acute tracheobronchial obstruction.

c. obstructive pulmonary disorder.

Cor pulmonale refers to a. biventricular failure. b. left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to lung disease. c. right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension. d. right ventricular failure secondary to right ventricular infarction.

c. right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an older patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of a. arterial obstruction. b. isolated left-sided heart failure. c. right-sided heart failure. d. peripheral arterial disease.

c. right-sided heart failure.

Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection? a. Productive cough b. Low-grade fever c. Night sweats d. Cyanosis

d. Cyanosis

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event? a. Loss of alveolar elastin and premature closure of airways b. Pulmonary edema and decreased alveolar compliance c. Mast cell degranulation that causes decreased surfactant d. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

d. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

A client tells the nurse, "My legs begin to hurt after walking for several blocks. The pain goes away when I stop walking, but it comes back again when I resume walking." Which condition would the nurse consider as the most likely cause of the client's pain? a. Spinal stenosis b. Buerger disease c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. Intermittent claudication

d. Intermittent claudication

Which lifestyle modification has the greatest potential impact on lowering blood pressure? a. Lowering sodium (salt) intake b. Moderating alcohol intake c. Frequent exercise d. Weight loss

d. Weight loss

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases a. stroke volume. b. blood volume. c. preload. d. afterload.

d. afterload.

Which findings in a client who has had major abdominal surgery indicate a possible venous thrombosis of the leg? Select all that apply. a. Edema b. Skin breakdown c. Pruritis d. Tender area of the skin e. Warmth along leg

a. Edema d. Tender area of the skin e. Warmth along leg

Right-sided heart failure is usually a consequence of which conditions? (Select all that apply.) a. Elevated right ventricular afterload b. Right ventricular infarction c. Tricuspid valve defects d. Congenital anomalies e. Pulmonary embolus

a. Elevated right ventricular afterload b. Right ventricular infarction e. Pulmonary embolus

The most common causes of heart failure include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Myocardial ischemia b. Hypertension c. Dilated cardiomyopathy d. High-fat diet e. Urinary retention

a. Myocardial ischemia b. Hypertension

A client with a history of angina tells the nurse that chest pain usually occurs after going up two flights of stairs or after walking four blocks. The nurse interprets that the client is experiencing which of the following types of angina? a. Stable b. Unstable c. Variant d. Intractable

a. Stable

Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for which conditions? (Select all that apply.) a. Stroke b. Cognitive impairment c. Death d. Myocardial infarction e. Urinary retention

a. Stroke b. Cognitive impairment c. Death

High blood pressure increases the risk of which conditions? (Select all that apply.) a. Stroke b. Renal disease c. Diabetes d. Ischemic heart disease e. Liver disease

a. Stroke b. Renal disease d. Ischemic heart disease

When assessing an individual during an acute asthma episode, you should expect to find which manifestations? (Select all that apply.) a. Use of accessory breathing muscles b. Expiratory wheezing c. Foul-smelling sputum d. Coughing e. Feeling of chest tightness

a. Use of accessory breathing muscles b. Expiratory wheezing d. Coughing e. Feeling of chest tightness

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have a. a productive cough. b. normal lung sounds. c. a barrel chest. d. substantial weight loss.

a. a productive cough.

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by a. positioning the arm above the heart level. b. using a cuff that is too small. c. positioning the arm at heart level. d. measuring blood pressure after exercise.

a. positioning the arm above the heart level.

The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via a. sputum culture. b. Mantoux skin test. c. chest x-ray. d. blood culture.

a. sputum culture.

Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called a. tension pneumothorax. b. open pneumothorax. c. pleural effusion. d. empyema.

a. tension pneumothorax.

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of a. thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. b. loss of alveolar elastin. c. pulmonary edema. d. hyperplasia and deformation of bronchial cartilage.

a. thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Dysrhythmias are significant for which reasons? (Select all that apply.) a. An indicator of life span b. Indicate an underlying disorder c. Can impair venous return d. Increase the severity of heart murmurs e. Can impair cardiac output

b. Indicate an underlying disorder e. Can impair cardiac output

Viral pneumonia is characterized by a. a productive cough. b. a dry cough. c. exudative consolidation. d. significant ventilation-perfusion imbalance.

b. a dry cough.

A restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by a. increased total lung capacity. b. decreased residual volume. c. inspiratory wheezing. d. expiratory wheezing.

b. decreased residual volume.

Lack of antitrypsin in emphysema causes a. chronic mucous secretion and airway fibrosis. b. destruction of alveolar tissue. c. pulmonary edema and increased alveolar compliance. d. bronchoconstriction and airway edema.

b. destruction of alveolar tissue.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include a. female gender. b. hyperlipidemia. c. high-protein diet. d. low-fiber diet.

b. hyperlipidemia.

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of a. ventricular hypoxia. b. increased pulmonary vascular resistance. c. left ventricular strain. d. hypervolemia.

b. increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction to the lower extremities include a. edema. b. intermittent claudication. c. decreased pressure proximal to the obstruction. d. distal hyperemia.

b. intermittent claudication.

Peripheral edema is a result of a. arterial insufficiency. b. venous thrombosis. c. hypertension. d. atherosclerosis.

b. venous thrombosis.

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? a. Hypovolemia b. Decreased cardiac output c. Vasoconstriction d. Decreased vascular resistance

c. Vasoconstriction

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as hypertension. a. primary b. orthostatic c. secondary d. malignant

c. secondary

Tissues are able to autoregulate their rate of blood flow by controlling a. perfusion pressure. b. arterial blood pressure. c. vascular resistance. d. venous return to the heart.

c. vascular resistance.

COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes a. pulmonary edema. b. muscle atrophy. c. prolonged inspiration. d. air trapping.

d. air trapping.

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of a. arthrosclerosis. b. angina. c. myocardial infarction. d. hypertensive crisis.

d. hypertensive crisis.

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure. a. increases capillary oncotic b. increases arterial blood c. decreases tissue d. increases capillary hydrostatic

d. increases capillary hydrostatic

A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing a. orthopnea. b. paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. c. sleep apnea. d. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

d. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called a. an abscess. b. pleurisy. c. flail chest. d. pleural effusion.

d. pleural effusion.

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is a. stroke. b. hypertensive crisis. c. extremity necrosis. d. pulmonary embolus.

d. pulmonary embolus.

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to a. aortic stenosis. b. aortic regurgitation. c. tricuspid stenosis. d. pulmonary embolus.

d. pulmonary embolus.