Patho Exam 2 pt. 1

stroke volume

difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes

When the semilunar valves open it signals the onset of the ejection period. The aortic pressure reflects changes in the ejection of blood from which part of the heart?

left ventricle

with peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication exercise is

recommended as it can increase blood vessel growth and help to decrease symptoms.

stage one hypertension systolic pressure

130-139

stage 2 systolic hypertension

140 mm Hg or higher

management of hypertension is to achieve a sustainable level of blood pressure below

140/90

The last third of diastole is marked by atrial contraction resulting in ___% of the filling of the ventricles

20

The semilunar valves of the heart open at the onset of the ejection period. Approximately what percentage of the stroke volume is ejected during the first quarter of systole?

60%

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia arises from which form of reentry?

Atrioventricular (AV) nodal

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which hemodynamic consequences?

Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium

A pregnant female client is at risk for the development of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Select the most important data to assess.

Blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg and proteinuria during the 30th week of pregnancy

Which mechanism mediates long-term autoregulation of local blood flow in circulation?

Collateral Circulation

involves the passage of two or more electrode catheters into the right side of the heart electrode catheters are used to stimulate the heart and record intracardiac ECGs

Electrophysiologic testing

A client with malignant hypertension is at risk for a hypertensive crisis, including the cerebral vascular system often causing cerebral edema. The nurse would assess this client for which signs and symptoms?

Headache and confusion

bacteria that has invaded the heart valves

Infective endocarditis

In respiratory sinus dysrhythmia, what is the variation in cardiac cycles related to?

Intrathoracic pressure changes that occur with respiration

Which lipoprotein is the main carrier of cholesterol?

LDL

Which related circulatory complication can result from surgical treatment for metastatic breast cancer

Lymphedema in the affected arm

Nitroglycerin is the drug of choice in treating angina. What does nitroglycerin release into the vascular smooth muscle of the target tissues?

Nitric oxide

The nurse is assisting with a synchronized cardioversion for a client with atrial fibrillation (AF). Which waveform does the nurse understand the discharge of electrical energy should be synchronized with?

R wave

changes occurring in the color of her fingertips, especially when she experiences cold temperatures. She further states that the tips become pale, turn a bluish color, and then become reddened. The client is most likely experiencing

Raynaud phenomenon

ejection fraction

SV/ EDV measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction

T or F the pulmonary system is a low pressure system to allow for improved gas exchange

T

with a deep vein thrombosis. The nurse anticipates the administration of which medication in an attempt to dissolve the clot?

Streptokinase

T or F The syndrome most frequently is the result of total or subtotal destruction of the SA node. Most commonly, the term sick sinus syndrome is used to refer to the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome

T

T or F during a stress test shortness of breath, arrhythmias, ST segment change, or decrease in BP could indicate CAD and warrant immediate termination of the test.

T

On the monitor, the P wave changes shape and an impulse frequently occurs before the next expected sinoatrial (SA) node impulse. The nurse interprets this rhythm by stating:

The client is experiencing premature atrial contractions (PACs)

Which serum biomarker is highly specific for myocardial tissue and key biomarker test for myocardial infarction

Troponin

A client who has progressed to late-stage heart failure is experiencing sympathetic stimulation. The nurse would correlate which manifestations with sympathetic response?

Vasoconstriction Dysrhythmias Increased oxygen demand

What does an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor do for hypertension

Will prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin I

A client with new onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is being admitted to the hospital for possible cardioversion. The initial vital signs include a heart rate of 160 and blood pressure of 90/60. The admission nurse anticipates the presence of a pulse deficit. To verify this finding which action would the nurse take?

With another nurse, assess the apical and radial pulses simultaneously for one minute

severe immunologically mediated reaction in which histamines have been released into the blood. Which type of reaction is most likely occurring with this client?

anaphylactic shock

The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta.

aortic stenosis

Activated cells that release free radicals oxidize LDL, which is harmful to the lining of your blood vessels resulting in

atherosclerosis

An elevated P wave indicates a problem with

atrial depolarization

pressure-sensitive receptors that respond to changes in the stretch of the vessel wall.

baroreceptors

Which antiarrhythmic medication works by blunting the effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?

beta-blockers

Which medication can raise LDL

beta-blockers

what is an immediate effect of smoking on health

blood pressure will be higher when smoking

Valvular defects are typically detected through

cardiac auscultation

The pathophysiology of heart failure involves an interaction between decreased pumping ability and the ________ to maintain cardiac output

compensatory mechanisms

The fourth heart sound occurs

during the last third of diastole as the atria contract

catecholamines released in to the blood stream upon SNS stimulation resulting in increased heart rate and blood pressure

epinephrine and norepinephrine

At the end of systole the ventricles relax resulting in

fall of intravenous pressure causing aortic and pulmonary valves to close

stimulation of β1 receptors causes

increase in heart rate and force of myocardial contraction

If a client experiences sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart, the nurse will observe which changes in manifestations?

increased heart rate and contractility

the aging process and development of stiff, large arteries can result in which physiologic occurrence?

increased systolic, decreased diastolic, widening pulse pressure

ventricular systole is divided into two periods

isovolumetric contraction period and ejection period

What are the heart's atrioventricular valves

mitral and tricuspid

What mechanisms are involved in the short term regulation of blood pressure

neural and hormonal

________ shock is caused by decreased sympathetic control of blood vessel tone due to a defect in the vasomotor center in the brain stem or the sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels

neurogenic

circulatory shock that results from mechanical obstruction of the flow of blood through the central circulation (great veins, heart, or lungs

obstructive shock

What signals the onset of the ejection period

opening of the semilunar valves

the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

pericardial effusion

A patient experiencing sinus arrest would show what on an ECG

prolonged periods of asystole

The client has been diagnosed with Raynaud disease. Which treatment measure will the nurse teach the client

protect the entire body from cold

What are the semilunar valves?

pulmonary and aortic

Left-sided heart failure impairs the movement of blood from the low-pressure pulmonary circulation into the high-pressure arterial side of the systemic circulation resulting in

pulmonary edema

Most of filling occurs in the first third of diastole which is called

rapid filling period

history of an initiating streptococcal infection and subsequent involvement of the connective tissue elements of the heart, blood vessels, joints, and subcutaneous tissues.

rheumatic heart disease

JVD is a sign of:

right side heart failure

elevation in blood pressure because of another disease condition

secondary hypertension

failure of the SA node to discharge and results in an irregular pulse

sinus arrest

Elevated ANP and BNP in a patient with heart failure indicate

the condition is getting worse

The cause of essential hypertension is

unknown

Stimulation of the α-receptors causes

vasoconstriction

stimulation of β2 receptors causes

vasodilation of the skeletal muscle beds and relaxation of the bronchioles

Diastole is marked by

ventricular relaxation and filling

An elevated T wave indicates a problem with

ventricular repolarization

Positively charged K+ moves outward across the cell membrane during

repolarization

Vasopressin is released from the posterior pituitary in response to ________ resulting in vasoconstriction.

decreased blood volume and pressure

_______shock is characterized by loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement of the vascular compartment, and displacement of the vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation

distributive

The nurse knows that the primary long-term regulation of blood pressure is exerted by which body system?

kidneys