Patho Exam 2 Quizzes

Macrovascular complications of DM include which of the following?

ischemic cerebrovascular accidents

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

carbonic

Lymphocytes that have CD8 proteins on their cell surface are categorized as

cytotoxic

Which HIV-positive patient should be given a diagnosis of AIDS?

one who has pneumocystis jiroveci

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is

pancreatic B-cell destruction

Patient is admitted to hospital with renal failure (ABG: pH 7.3, PaCO2 35, HCO3 18). What is the most appropriate nursing intervention?

place the patient on a cardiac monitor (hyperkalemia → cardiac dysrhythmia)

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

recipient antibodies

Exercise for patient with T2DM may result in

decreased insulin resistance

The immune system disorder associated with HIV is

deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes

Which of the following is true regarding complications of diabetes in children?

dehydration is a major concern when hyperglycemia is severe

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they

develop recurrent infections

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by

elevated bicarb ion concentration

Ketoacidosis is uncommon in type 2 diabetes because

endogenous insulin prevents lipolysis and production of ketone bodies

S+S of hypoglycemia include all the following except

fever

What condition is associated with initial HIV infection

flu-like symptoms with rash

Why do elevated glucose levels in individuals with DM greatly influence fluid balance and hydration?

fluids are lost as the kidneys clear excessive glucose during hyperglycemia

The breakdown of stored glycogen in liver and muscles is called

glycogenolysis

In the elderly population, complications of diabetes and aging increase the risk for the development of

heart disease

The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by

hypoventilation

Which statement is true regarding carbonic acid (H2CO3)?

if body fluids are too acidic, carbonic acid is excreted through respiratory system in the form of carbon dioxide and water

How do kidneys work to neutralize metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?

if metabolic alkalosis exists, the kidneys slow their acid excretion

Myasthenia gravis is a type 2 hypersensitivity disorder that involves

impaired muscle function

What change will occur with an individual's respiration when carbonic acid begins to accumulate in their blood?

increase, and the depth increase

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in

increased pH and increased HCO3-

Protease inhibitors work by

inhibiting protein splicing, viral assembly, and maturation

Which is important for cell attachemt?

- CXCR4 - CCR5 - CD4 receptor - gp120

Antibodies respond to antigens by which of the following

- Functioning as antitoxins by neutralizing bacterial toxin - Opsonizing antigens to make them more recognizable to phagocytes - Initiating complement activation to help antibodies an phagocytic cells to attack pathogens - Forming large complexes that precipitate out of the solution

For the individual diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the immediate problems brought about by hyperglycemia can lead to which of the following?

- Polydipsia and polyuria - Further diminished insulin secretion - Insulin resistance

Which modes of transmission occur with HIV infection?

- parenteral - sexual - perinatal to fetus

HIV can be transmitted by which of the following?

- sharing a hypodermic needle - breast milk - a mother, to a fetus, during delivery

Which statement best describes the etiologic development and transmission of AIDS?

AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through body fluids

Specific immunity refers to functions of

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

HIV infection of T-helper cells is facilitated by attachment of the viral envelope protein gp120 to

CD4 proteins on helper cells

An effective HIV vaccine is difficult to produce, primarily because

HIV mutates frequently

Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

HIV/AIDS

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called _______ proteins.

HLA or MHC

Principle immunoglobulin mediator of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions is

IgE

Which process will provide active immunity?

Polio vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis

Active immunity involves

active infections

Passive immunity is provided by all the following except

active infections

Immunity to specific organism can be determined by

antibody titer

Women who develop gestational diabetes

are likely to experience it with subsequent pregnancies

Major buffer in ECF is

bicarbonate

Which serum value is a reflection of the effectiveness of the kidney's ability to properly maintain serum metabolic pH?

bicarbonate

A primary effector cell of the type 1 hypersensitivity response is

mast cells

Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to

metabolic acidosis

2 primary acid-base disorders that are present independently are

mixed acid-base imabalance

The _________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

respiratory

Arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L demonstrates

respiratory alkalosis

In diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of

respiratory alkalosis

Which of the following is a microvascular complication of DM?

retinopathy and nephropathy

Functions of B cells include

synthesizing antibodies

Functions of T cells include all the following except

synthesizing antibodies

Which disorder is associated with type 3 hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

The health history of a 6-month-old breast-fed child reveals serious, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. What is the most likely cause of these infections?

the child has an immune deficiency

A patient receiving zidovudine and a protease inhibitor to manage HIV infection is found to have an undetectable viral load. This means that the

therapy is effective

The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus most closely resembles which of the following?

type 2 diabetes

RhoGAM is given to an Rh- mother in order to prevent

type 2 hypersensitivity

The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involved antibody production is

type 4

Current views about target group and frequency of screening for diabetes are based on concern for the high prevalence in which of the adult population?

undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

DM is most accurately defined as a disorder that affects which of the physiological processes?

utilization of all energy nutrients

Example of active immunity

yearly flu vaccine