PATHO Final 6,7,8

The mother of a child with Turner syndrome asks the nurse what the physician meant when the disease was explained as monosomy of the X chromosome. The nurse explains the syndrome as having which of the following characteristics?

"There is one X chromosome."

A couple who are pregnant with their first child have made an appointment with a clinical geneticist to discuss prenatal screening. The man states that they "just want to make sure that there is nothing wrong with our baby." How could the clinician best respond to this statement?

"Testing the umbilical blood and performing amniocentesis can give us some information but not a guarantee."

A client is brought to the emergency department reporting shortness of breath. Assessment reveals a full, bounding pulse; severe edema; and audible crackles in lower lung fields bilaterally. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate?

Administer diuretics as ordered.

A nurse caring for a client with progressive cancer notes that the client has experienced significant loss of skeletal muscle and fat. The nurse documents this as:

Cachexia

The health care provider is reviewing diagnostic results of a client with suspected ovarian cancer. Select the result that would be of most concern.

CA 125

A nurse is caring for a client with severe liver failure. Knowing that the client's condition has resulted in impaired synthesis of albumin, the nurse understands that the client's generalized edema is related to which of the following?

Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure

When an infant is born with gene mutations in his/her cells, the errors may be a result of all of the following except _____________ of base pairs.

Differentiation

The nurse is caring for a client with right upper quadrant pain secondary to acute choledocholithiasis. If the common bile duct becomes obstructed, which manifestation will the nurse expect?

Hyperbilirubinemia

A nurse is assessing two children with the same genetic disorder where one child is severely impacted and the other is not. Which genetic characteristic is this an example of?

Expressivity

A client asks the nurse, "What makes one cell different from another if they all have the same DNA?" Which is a possible answer the nurse could give?

Gene expression is a complex process driven by transcription factors.

The nurse assessing a client with Klinefelter syndrome would evaluate which signs as being expected findings? Select all that apply.

Gynecomastia, Testicular Atrophy

A nurse doing a presentation on cancer to a local community group identifies which factors to be high-risk and associated with cancer development? Select all that apply.

Heredity Hormonal factors Environmental agents Immunologic mechanisms

Which physiologic response increases an obese woman's risk for the development of breast cancer?

Increased sex hormone production

Sometimes an individual who developed from a single zygote is found to have two or more kinds of genetically different cell populations. These individuals are called:

Mosaic

A client presents to the emergency department with some vague symptoms. After history and physical exam, the physician is suspecting the client may have viral hepatitis. Which clinical manifestation leads the nurse to suspect the client is in the prodromal period of viral hepatitis?

Muscle aches and pain along with fatigue

The nurse is assessing a client for early manifestations of hyponatremia. The nurse would assess the client for:

Muscle weakness

A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed "cancer in situ of the cervix." The client asks, "What does this mean?" From the following statements, which is most appropriate in response to this question? The tumor has:

Not crossed the basement membrane, so it can be surgically removed with little chance of growing back

The nurse notifies the health care prescriber of a client's serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L (6.2 mmol/L). Which prescription will the nurse consider as having the first priority?

Placing the client on a cardiac monitor

While studying cancer, nursing students learn about the process by which cancer-causing agents cause normal cells to become cancerous. This process is a multi-step mechanism that can be divided into three stages, which include which of the following? Select all that apply.

Promotion, Progression, Initiation

Which type of lung cancer is associated with the best prognosis in most clients?

Squamous cell carcinoma

The nurse is caring for a client who tried to become pregnant but suffered a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) during her first trimester. What is the most likely etiology of the client's abortion?

The fetus had a chromosomal disorder.

A client presents to the physician's office with a chronic cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing that has gotten progressively worse, with recent episodes of hemoptysis. Diagnostic tests reveal a lung mass. Based on these symptoms, the nurse anticipates which of the following has occurred?

The lesion has eroded blood vessels in the lungs.

A 77-year-old male client with a diagnosis of stomach cancer has been found to have metastases in his liver. The client and his family are surprised at this turn of events, stating that they don't see how he could have developed cancer in his liver. Which fact would underlie the reply that the care team provides?

The portal circulatory system brings venous blood from the GI tract into the liver.

A nurse is working with a 40-year-old pregnant woman. The physician has recommended karyotyping for this client. How should the nurse best explain what this test examines?

This is a test that examines your baby's chromosomes for any abnormalities.

A 5-year-old girl's diagnosis of bone cancer required an aggressive treatment regimen. Which consideration forms the most significant threat to her future health?

Unwanted effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

The most reliable method for measuring body water or fluid volume increase is by assessing:

body weight change

The nurse teaches the client with hyperparathyroidism that he is at risk for:

developing kidney stones.

A health care provider has completed an assessment on a client diagnosed with cirrhosis. The client asks, "What, if any, serious complications are associated with cirrhosis?" Which response is the most accurate for the provider to relay to the client?

esophageal varices

A pregnant female has been told she is a carrier for fragile X syndrome. She asks, "What does that mean?" The health care provider explains that she is heterozygous for fragile X recessive trait, but this will only be a problem if:

her mate also is a carrier of the recessive fragile X trait.

The nurse is caring for a client who is 1 day postoperative for a thyroidectomy. The client complains of tingling of the hands and feet and around his mouth. The nurse suspects these symptoms are a manifestation of which electrolyte disturbance?

hypocalcemia