PATHO FINAL Self Assessment Quizzes

Which of the following is a disorder of the extrapyramidal tracts of the CNS? a. Parkinson's disease b. cerebrovascular accident c. Myasthenia Gravis d. subdural hematoma

a. Parkinson's disease

The nurse is assessing a client with fluid volume excess. The nurse anticipates the client would manifest: a. Weight gain b. Increased BUN c. Decreased blood pressure d. Decreased urine output

a. Weight gain

Symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy are thought to be related to increased serum levels of neurotoxins such as: a. ammonia. b. potassium. c. urea. d. creatinine.

a. ammonia

Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by: a. autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by enzymes. b. hydrochloric acid reflux into the pancreatic duct. c. autoimmune destruction of the pancreas. d. insulin toxicity.

a. autosuggestion of pancreatic tissue by enzyme

A patient with Marfan Syndrome is at increased risk for: a. dissecting aortic aneurysm. b. myocardial infarction. c. hypotension. d. pulmonary embolism.

a. dissecting aortic aneurysm

A patient has been diagnosed with a tumor of the adrenal medulla called a pheochromocytoma that is resulting in excessive secretion of catecholamines. As a result of the increased catecholamine levels the nurse should anticipate that the patient might experience: a. excessive activation of the "fight or flight" response b. increased parasympathetic activation c. decreased basal metabolic rate d. increased serum sodium with retention of water

a. excessive activation of fight or flight response

Hypoventilation results in: a. hypercapnia b. respiratory alkalosis. c. increased minute ventilation. d. decreased PaCO2.

a. hypercapnia

A decreased in pulmonary compliance would result in: a. increased effort in breathing b. decreased effort in breathing c. no change in breathing effort

a. increased effort in breathing

During the assessment of a client with heart failure, the nurse uses finger pressure to determine if edema is present in the lower extremities. When would the nurse document pitting edema? a. Indentation remains after the finger has been removed. b. The area is firm and discolored. c. The skin is thickened and hard. d. Indentation is not present.

a. indentation remains after the finger has been removed.

The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in Graves disease is: a. low. b. high. c. normal. d. variable.

a. low

A cardiac valve disorder characterized by a backwards movement, or "ballooning" backwards, of the valve leaflets is: a. mitral valve prolapse. b. pulmonary stenosis. c. tricuspid regurgitation. d. aortic stenosis.

a. mitral valve prolapse.

An unstable plaque in the coronary arteries creates a high risk for which of the following complications? a. Myocardial infarction b. Dilated cardiomyopathy c. Hypertension d. Abnormal vasodilation

a. myocardial infarction

Prerenal causes of acute renal failure include: a. severe hypotension. b. glomerulonephritis. c. urethral obstruction. d. acute tubular necrosis.

a. severe hypotension

Cells placed in a hypertonic solution would be expected to: a. shrink b. swell c. normal size

a. shrink

Air entering the pleural space during inspiration that is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called: a. tension pneumothorax. b. open pneumothorax. c. pleural effusion. d. empyema.

a. tension pneumothorax

Causes of myxedema coma include: a. untreated hypothyroidism. b. subclinical hyperthyroidism. c. thyroid storm. d. low levels of parathyroid hormone.

a. untreated hypothyroidism

Which of the following findings on the urinalysis would indicate a need to assess a patient for the presence of Diabetes Mellitus? a. urine specific gravity of 1.010 b. acidic pH of urine c. high levels of ketones in the urine d. negative urine test for glucose

c. high levels of ketones in the urine.

A frequent consequence of renal failure is: a. a decrease in nitrogenous wastes in the blood. b. metabolic alkalosis. c. hyperkalemia. d. hypophosphatemia.

c. hyperkalemia

Acute glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis may advance to: a. prerenal failure. b. postrenal failure. c. intrarenal failure.

c. intrarenal failure

A high ventilation/perfusion ratio (ventilation without perfusion) can be caused by: a. increased dead space. b. alveolar collapse. c. obstruction to pulmonary blood flow. d. bronchoconstriction.

c. obstruction to pulmonary blood flow.

B lymphocytes provide humoral immunity through the process of: a. direct cell lysis. b. stimulation of an inflammatory response. c. production of antibodies. d. secretion of toxic molecules.

c. production of antibodies

An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of the following organs? a. liver b. brain c. skeletal muscles d. skin

c. skeletal muscles

Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves the formation of antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that get deposited on vessel walls or in extravascular tissue? a. type I b. type II c. type III d. type IV

c. type III

An individual with paralysis of the lower extremities has: a. paraplegia. b. hemiparesis. c. paratonia. d. quadriplegia.

a. paraplegia

A condition of acidosis is reflected by an increase in pH. True False

False

A client tells the nurse that the client has been taking Alka-Seltzer (bicarbonate—antacid) four times a day for the past 2 weeks for an upset stomach. Upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes hyperactive reflexes, tetany, and mental confusion. Arterial blood gases reveal pH 7.55; serum HCO3− 37. The nurse suspects the client may be experiencing: a. Metabolic alkalosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

a. Metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of benign tumors? (Select one correct answer.) a. Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule. b. Cells in the tumor are undifferentiated. c. Benign tumors have a tendency to invade surrounding tissue. d. Cells in the tumor occasionally metastasize to lymph nodes.

a. Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule.

A disease characterized by loss of elasticity and abnormal enlargement of the alveoi is: a. Emphysema b. Bronchitis c. Acute lung injury d. Pulmonary fibrosis

a. Emphysema

In terms of risk factors, cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) are most similar to: a. myocardial infarctions. b. brain cancers. c. Alzheimer disease. d. Parkinson disease.

a. MI

Which one of the following microorganisms causes the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)? a. Klebsiella b. Escherichia coli c. herpes simplex virus d. Candida albicans

b. E. coli

Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing: a. cellular RNA. b. major histocompatability complexes (MHC) or human leukocyte antigen (HLA). c. different types of lipoproteins in a cell's membrane. d. "nonself" enzymes secreted by foreign cells.

b. a major histocompatibility complexes or human leukocyte antigen.

Hepatic failure results in decreased: a. levels of steroid hormones in the plasma. b. albumin synthesis and decreased oncotic pressure. c. levels of liver enzymes in the blood. d. nitric oxide production.

b. albumin synthesis and decreased oncotic pressure.

A common cause of portal hypertension is: a. renal failure. b. cirrhosis of the liver. c. congestive heart failure. d. esophageal varices.

b. cirrhosis of the liver

A patient has a serum sodium of 125 milliEquivalents per liter. This value is: a. increased b. decreased c. normal

b. decreased

A decrease in mitochondrial function as a result of tissue ischemia would directly result in: a. cellular dehydration b. decreased ATP production. c. calcium accumulation outside the cell. d. increased protein synthesis.

b. decreased ATP production.

Alzheimer disease is a common cause of: a. cerebral infarct. b. dementia. c. brain cancer. d. alcoholism.

b. dementia

In response to an increase in cardiac work load due to high blood pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process of: a. atrophy b. hypertrophy c. hyperplasia d. dsyplasia

b. hypertrophy

A patient with a serum potassium level of 2.5 milliEquivalents per liter would be considered to have: a. hyperkalemia. b. hypokalemia. c. hypercalcemia. d. hypocalcemia.

b. hypokalemia

A patient with a chronic pulmonary disorder has special nutritional needs due to: a. a decrease in the work of breathing. b. an increase in the work of breathing. c. no change in the work of breathing.

b. increase in the work of breathing.

Which of the following is a chronic complication of Diabetes Mellitus? a. diabetic ketoacidosis b. neuropathy c. thyroid storm d. cretinism

b. neuropathy

Which of the following findings on the urinalysis would be the best indicator of glomerular disease? a. Increased urine creatinine b. Proteinuria c. Low urine sodium d. Presence of white blood cells

b. proteinuria

Which of the follwing cardiac dysrhythmias is associated with an increased risk of stroke? a. premature atrial contraction b. ventricular tachycardia c. atrial fibrillation d. supraventricular tachycardia

c. atrial fibrillation

Elevated levels of which of the following markers is indicative of an acute myocardial infarction? a. Albumin b. Sodium c. Isoenzyme of creatine phosphate (CK-MB) and Troponin I d. LDL

c. Isoenzyme of creatine phosphate and tropnin I

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for stroke? a. aortic aneurysm b. ventricular fibrillation c. atrial fibrillation d. truncus arteriosus

c. a. fib.

The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is: a. narcotic addiction. b. gall stones. c. alcohol abuse. d. diabetes mellitus

c. alcohol abuse

An increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion will result in which of the following changes? a. Increased serum sodium concentrations b. Decreased serum sodium concentrations c. Increased serum potassium concentrations d. Decreased serum potassium concentrations

d. Decreased serum potassium concentrations

Which of the following diseases is NOT a known cause of chronic renal failure? a. Hypertension b. Systemic lupus erythematosus c. Diabetes d. Pernicious anemia

d. Pernicious anemia

Which valve disorder increases the workload of the right ventricle? a. Aortic stenosis b. Aortic regurgitation c. Mitral regurgitation d. Pulmonic stenosis

d. Pulmonic stenosis

Lung injury that results in diffuse pulmonary inflammation and infiltrates and that is followed by development of a hyaline membrane at the alveolar/capillary interface is a condition known as: a. sarcoidosis. b. emphysema. c. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). d. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

d. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Malabsorption syndrome is characterized by: a. nausea and vomiting. b. inability to break down complex sugars into the component simple sugars. c. excessive absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. d. altered ability to absorb nutrients across the GI epithelial cells into the bloodstream.

d. altered ability to absorb nutrients across the GI epithelial cells into the blood stream

Which of the following electrolytes is often a primary component of kidney stones? a. potassium. b. sodium. c. chloride. d. calcium.

d. calcium

Clinical manifestations of increases in the left atrial and pulmonary venous pressures associated with left heart failure include: a. fainting due to decreased blood flow to the brain. b. weak pulses and decreased skin temperature. c. decreased urine output due to decreased renal blood flow. d. dyspnea and cough due to pulmonary vascular congestion.

d. dyspnea and cough due to pulmonary vascular congestion.

A bowel obstruction in which there is a telescoping of the bowel into itself is called: a. volvulus. b. hernia. c. adhesions. d. intussusception.

d. intussusception