Pathology chapter 1

hyperemia

(produces heat and redness) associated with inflammation

4 causes of pathology

-Iatrogenic -Nosocomial infections -Community-acquired infections -Idiopathic

petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis

3 types of hemorrhaging are

rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function (functio laesa)

5 clinical signs of acute inflammation

granulation tissue

A fibrous scar replaces the area of destroyed tissue with____. this refers to a combination of young developing capillaries and actively proliferating fibroblasts, which produce connective tissue fibers (collagen) that replace the dead tissue.

ecchymosis

A large (>1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous hematoma, or bruise, is called an ____

Transmission-Based Precautions

Additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet, or airborne transmission

infarct

An ____is a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage; myocardial and pulmonary; often results in gangrene

permeable

As hyperemia develops, the venules and capillaries become abnormally ____, allowing passage of protein-rich plasma across vessel walls into the interstitium; lets fluids/cell pass from one tissue to another

Vaccine

Contact with dead or deactivated microorganisms to form antibodies

signs and symptoms

Diseases may be hereditary or may result from a broad spectrum of traumatic, infectious, vascular, or metabolic processes manifesting as a set of characteristics known as ____.

Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability Migration of circulating white blood cells to the interstitium elements Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissue elements Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and eventual scar formation

EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Antigens

Foreign substance that evokes an immune response

Active immunity

Forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid

Personal protective equipment

PPE—gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents

Immune

Protected against antigens; antibodies binding with antigens to make them harmless

Standard Precautions

Protection used when delivering healthcare services to any person

syndrome

a condition characterized by a group of signs, symptoms, and disease processes may be characterized as a

asymptomatic

a patient showing no evidence of diseases is considered

keloid

a tumor-like scar

hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, or hemarthrosis

accumulation of blood in a body cavity

dominant gene

always produces an effect

supperative

an inflammation associated with pus formation

community acquired

anything happening in the community; ebola; public setting

inflammation edema ischemia and infarction hemorrhage alterations of cell growth and tumors

basic reactions of the body that characterize the underlying pathologic conditions

adenoma

benign epithelial neoplasms that grow in gland-like patterns

hematoma

blood may be trapped within body tissues, resulting in an accumulation termed a ____

anaplastic/undifferentiated

cell growth (without form, bizarre).

destructive

decreased attenuation because of a disease (multiple myeloma, emphysema, emaciation)

seeding

diffuse spread of cancers by invading a natural body cavity. Example-Tumor of GI tract penetrate wall of gut, permitting metastases to enter the peritoneal cavity and implant at distant sites

idiopathic

do not know why that person in sick; underlying cause is not known

cachexia

emaciation and weakness

anasarca

generalized edema which occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body.

sarcoma

highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue

diagnosis

identification of disease process

additive

increased attenutation because of a disease (cirrhosis of liver, edema, marble bone)

nosocomial

infections acquired in the medical facility

hyperplasia

is an increase in the NUMBER of cells in a tissue organ (don't confuse with hypertrophy).

hypoplasia

is when cells fail to develop and the organ is small in size.

pyogenic bacteria

leads to a thick, yellow fluid called pus (contains dead white cells, inflammatory exudate, and bacteria); strep and staph produce these toxins

granuloma

localized area of chronic inflammation often with central necrosis; characterized by the accumulation of macrophages (some of which fuse to form multinucleated giant cells); seen in tuberculosis, syphilis, and sarcoidosis

abscess

localized usually encapsulated, collection of fluid

dysplasia

loss in the uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation.

carcinoma

maligant neoplasm of epthelial cell origin

recessive gene

manifests when a person is homozygous for the trait

enzyme deficiency

most common hereditary abnormality (ex. enzymatic deficiency that prevents synthesis of the pigment melanin, albinism)

morbidity

rate that an illness or abnormality occurs.

mortality

reflects the number of deaths by disease per population.

purpura

slightly larger hemorrhages are termed ____.

epidemiology

study of determinants of disease in given populations.

iatrogenic

symptoms caused by physicians and their treatment are considered____

edema

the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.

regeneration, scar tissue formation, or both

the body can heal itself in three ways

dilation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, leading to a dramatic increase in blood flow in and around the injury site (hyperemia).

the earliest bodily response to local injury is

symptoms

the experiences the patient feels and describes are the ____; may reflect alterations of cell growth, or may even be caused by physicians and their treatment; SUBJECTIVE manifestations that are not measurable or observable

inflammation

the initial response of body tissue to local injury

46; autosomes, x and y

there are ____ chromosomes in the body; 44 of them are called____ and the other 2 are called _____

etiology

to best treat a disease process, it is important to discover its underlying cause, known as the ____; the study of the cause of the disease process

gender

x and y chromosomes determine

metastasize

Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (____), causing death.

petechiae

Minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called____

malignant

Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures

blunt or penetrating trauma, infectious organisms, and irritating chemical substances

The various types of injury include those caused by ____.

hematogenous spread

The____ of cancer is a complex process involving several steps; malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli.

Toxoid

Treated toxin with antigenic power to produce immunity by creating antibodies

Exudate

___- is the protein rich fluid associated with swelling in an inflammatory process.

hemorrhage

____ implies rupture of a blood vessel; almost always caused by some form of injury; internal or external

Transudate

____ is the low protein fluid associated with the inflammatory process.

Lymphatic spread

____ is the major metastatic route of carcinomas, especially those of the lung and breast

Pathology

____ is the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems.

Hereditary diseases

____ pass from one generation to the next through the genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell. They reflect an abnormality in the DNA, which provides the blueprint for protein synthesis in the cell

Atrophy

____ refers to a reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function

Ischemia

____ refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ's cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients; atherosclerosis, thrombotic or embolic occlusion

Signs

____ represent the measurable or OBJECTIVE manifestations of the disease process; what you can see

Neoplasia

____, from the Latin word for "new growth," refers to an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

____, which most commonly affects young homosexual men and intravenous drug abusers, is characterized by a profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity that results in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections and a particularly aggressive form of Kaposi's sarcoma.

Mutations

____are alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes if they affect the gonadal cells. they may result from radiation, chemicals, or viruses.

Staging

____refers to the extensiveness of a tumor at its primary site and the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs, such as the liver, lungs, and skeleton. The staging of a tumor aids in determining the most appropriate therapy.

localized edema

____results from an inflammatory reaction with the escape of protein-rich intravascular fluid into the extravascular tissue; also results from a local obstruction to lymphatic drainage; elephantiasis

disease

a ____ is the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions.

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins responding to the antigens to make them harmless

benign

Growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure and function

Anaphylactic reaction

Hypersensitive reaction resulting in a histamine release

Hypertrophy

Increase in the SIZE of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function

elephantiasis

Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema; caused by a filariasis parasitic worm

grading

The ____of a malignant tumor assesses aggressiveness, or degree of malignancy. The grade of a tumor usually indicates its biologic behavior and may allow prediction of its responsiveness to certain therapeutic agents.

generalized edema

occurs most frequently in patients with CHF, cirrhosis, and certain forms of renal disease; most prominent in dependent portions of the body due to gravity; ambulatory-legs and feet; non ambulatory-lower back, sacral, and lungs

prognosis

once the specific diagnosis and etiology are confirmed, the physician offers a ____, which describes the expected patient outcome

bacteremia

potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels