Pathology (NBE Review)

~ malignant neoplasms usually end in _______

-carcinoma

~ benign neoplasms usually end in ________

-oma

the (3) Defence mechanisms against infection?

1. Physiological 2. Mechanical 3. Chemical

Name *(5) predisposing factors* that lend toward diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

1. heredity 2. obesity 3. diabetes 4. elevated cholesterol levels 5. social factors (smoking, substance abuse, stress and diet)

the (2) types of pathological anatomy:

1. histo-pathology 2. gross pathology

The *(5)* divisions of pathology:

1. pathological anatomy 2. surgical pathology 3. clinical pathology 4. physiological pathology 5. medicolegal pathology

*Name (5) types of fractures.

1. simple 2. compound 3. comminuted 4. greenstick 5. pathological

Types of morphological defects:

1. spina bifida 2. cleft palate/lip 3. hypoplasia 4. aplasia 5. down syndrome 6. polydactylism 7. color blindness 8. vascular nevus 9. amelia 10. phocomelia

disease resulting from deficiency (hypofunction) in the secretion of adrenocortical hormones; steroid hormones cause adrenals to atrophy; *BRONZING OF THE SKIN*

Addison's Disease

*German (1821 - 1902) - proposed cellular doctrine of pathology - if you are sick, it is because your cells are sick; molecular (chemistry) and cellular changes: abnormal function of cells

Rudolph Virchow

brief/critical periods of *reduced blood flow* in cerebral artery

TIA (Transient Ischemia attack)

decreasing or *LESSENING* of a sign or symptom of the disease

abatement

localized accumulation of *PUS*

abcess

having a *HYPERSENSITIVITY* to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction

allergies

GENERALIZED *massive EDEMA* in *SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE*

anasarca

a localized *dilation of a BLOOD VESSEL*

aneurysm

disease of the arteries resulting in a *THICKENING AND LOSS OF ELASTICITY OF THE ARTERIAL WALLS*

arteriosclerosis

inflammation of a joint

arthritis

accumulation of *free serous fluid* in the *ABDOMINAL CAVITY*

ascites

a form of arteriosclerosis marked by the *DEPOSITION OF LIPIDS* in the *inner layer* of the arterial walls

atherosclerosis

a *wasting* , DECREASE in *size* of an *organ or tissue*

atrophy

*mild* in character; *NOT MALIGNANT*

benign

inflammation of the sac or pouch of synovial fluid located at friction points around the joints

bursitis

Several communicating boils of the skin and *subcutaneous tissues* (Deep seated boils) with the production and discharge of *BLOOD AND DEAD TISSUES*

carbuncle

prevalent STD characterized by burning on urination, frequent and painful urination and low back pain; may spread to uterine (Fallopian) tubes in females

chlamydia

*DISEASE OF the LIVER* ;PROGRESSIVE DESTRUCTION OF LIVER CELLS is associated with regeneration of cells and an *increase in fibrous tissue*; *HARDENING*; caused by *overworking of liver*

cirrhosis

study of disease by means of body secretions, excretions and other body fluids performed in the laboratory in the diagnosis of a disease

clinical pathology

Name the type of fracture described below: a *splintered or crushed fracture*

comminuted

an unfavorable secondary condition *ARISING DURING* the course of *DISEASE*

complications

Name the type of fracture described below: *fracture that penetrates the skin*

compound

*EXISTING AT time of BIRTH* or shortly thereafter

congenital

*A SAC* within or on the body surface *CONTAINING air or FLUID*

cyst

-penia = ________

decrease

Disease due to *LACK* of essential *DIETARY* or *metabolic substance*; Vitamin D -Rickets

deficiency

the *deterioration of tissues* with corresponding *functional impairment* as a result of disease or injury; *impairment of the cell*

degeneration

*loss of moisture* from body tissue that may occur *antemortem or postmortem*

dehydration

*the TERM DENOTING THE NAME OF THE DISEASE* or syndrome; to recognize the nature of a disease

diagnosis

the *CONDITION OF HEART BEING ENLARGED*, occurring normally, artificially, or as a result of disease; hypertension is the most common cause

dilation

Inflammation of the *POUCH OR SAC OPENING* out from walls of the intestines

diverticulosis

Small non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; *EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD INTO TISSUE* with no swelling ; *A Bruise*

ecchymosis

convulsions of toxic origin occurring during latter part of pregnancy or during labor; *TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY* resulting in convulsions - causes preeclampsia

eclampsia

the implantation of the fertilized ovum (zygote) in a site other than the normal one in the uterine cavity

ectopic pregnancy

ABNORMAL *accumulation of fluid* in tissues or body cavities

edema or dropsy

excessive *wasting away* of the body

emaciation

*FREE-FLOATING* object *in the bloodstream*

embolism

inflammation of brain and meninges *caused by a virus*

encephalitis

*INFLAMMATION OF ENDOCARDIUM* or *lining membrane of the heart* including that of the valves

endocarditis

*chronic neurological disease* marked by sudden alterations in *unconsciousness and frequently by convulsions*; brain impulses are temporarily disturbed; (other names) petit or grand ma

epilepsy

*bleeding* from the *NOSE*

epistaxis

The study of the *CAUSE* of disease

etiology

*INCREASE IN SEVERITY* of disease

exacerbation

the fluid that *oozes* through the tissues *into a cavity or to the surface* ; containing *pus, fluid and cell debris*

exudate

Term associated with *FEVER*

febrile

Having *RAPID AND SEVERE ONSET*, usually fatal; - explosive

fulminant

no organic reason for a problem; *PSYCHOSOMATIC*

functional

An abscess or *pyogenic infection* of a *SWEAT GLAND OR HAIR FOLLICLE*

furuncle

deals with the study of the widespread processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, or cellular death, repair, etc. *WITHOUT REFERENCE TO PARTICULAR ORGANS OR ORGAN SYSTEMS*

general pathology

Name the type of fracture described below: fracture that is *cracked on one side, bent on the other*

greenstick

study of changes in structure if the body that are readily seem with the unaided eye as a result of disease; no microscope

gross pathology

*VOMITING* of blood

hematemesis

tumor like *SWELLING* of blood; raised area

hematoma

discharge of *red blood* cells in the *URINE*

hematuria

*blood* in the *SPUTUM*

hemoptysis

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER; JAUNDICE is a sign

hepatitis

*GENETIC* characteristics *TRANSMITTED* from parent *TO OFFSPRING*; EX: color blindness

hereditary

use of a microscope to study the tissues; microscopic pathology

histo-pathology

abnormal collection of fluid in any *sacculated cavity* in the body, especially tunica vaginalis

hydrocele

*excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid* in the ventricles of the brain

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of fluid within the *PERICARDIAL SAC*

hydropericardium

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the *THORACIC CAVITY*

hydrothorax

*EXCESS OF BLOOD* in an *area of the body*

hyperemia

the *increased size of an organ* or part due to the excessive but regulated *increase* in the *NUMBER OF its CELLS*

hyperplasia

the *enlargement of an organ*/part due to the *INCREASE in SIZE OF CELLS* composing it

hypertrophy

the enlargement of an organ or part due to the *increase in size of cells* composing it

hypertrophy

results from the adverse activity of *PHYSICIANS*

iatrogenic

Diseases of *UNKNOWN CAUSE*

idiopathic

-cytosis = _________

increase

the formation of an area of *NECROSIS* in a tissue CAUSED BY *OBSTRUCTION IN THE ARTERY SUPPLYING* THE AREA

infarction

the process of *seepage or diffusion* INTO tissues of substances that are *not ordinarily present*

infiltration

A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized *HEAT, SWELLING, REDNESS, PAIN* and sometimes loss of function; a normal response to an abnormal situation *A Physiological Defence*

inflammation

State of being intoxicated, especially of being *POISONED* BY A drug or *TOXIC SUBSTANCE*

intoxications

*REDUCTION IN ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY* to an *area or body part*

ischemia

specific pathologic structural or functional changes (or both) brought about by disease

lesion

*INCREASE* in the number of *white blood cells*; *NORMAL response* to abnormal situation

leucocytosis

disease characterized by the appearance of *GREAT NUMBERS of IMMATURE* and *ABNORMAL FORMED* white blood cells

leukemia

*ABNORMAL reduction* (decrease) in the *number of white blood cells* in the blood

leukopenia

inflammation of the lymph vessels

lymphangitis

a *defect or deformity* ; errors that *occur during development*

malformation (anomaly)

*VIRULENT*, going from bad to worse; *INFILTRATES SURROUNDING TISSUES, SPREADS TO DISTANT PARTS* of the body, has tendency to recur after removal, and *IF LEFT UNTREATED ALWAYS CAUSES DEATH*

malignant

study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death; determine abnormal cause and manner of death

medicolegal (forensic) pathology

melanin-forming cell

melanocyte

*blood* in *STOOL* (feces)

melena

inflammation of the 1st 2 meninges: *pia mater and arachnoid mater*

meningitis

*REPLACEMENT* of *one type of tissue* into a form that is *NOT NORMALLY FOUND THERE*

metaplasia

*SPREADING OF DISEASE FROM PRIMARY FOCUS TO DISTANT PARTS* of body; - in malignant tumors, appearance of secondary growths in parts of the body at a distance from the primary growth

metastasis

Relative incidence of a *DISEASE* in a population or number of cases in a given time at a given population; *how many get sick*

morbidity rate

number of *DEATHS* in a given time or place in proportion to deaths of a population

mortality rate

when AN AREA OF the MYOCARDIUM IS *DEPRIVED OF BLOOD* due to *occlusion of the coronary artery* causing the tissue dies

myocardial infarction

Inflammation of the myocardium

myocarditis

Pathological *death of* a tissue *still part of a living organism* (surrounded by healthy cells)

necrosis

the abnormal, excessive, and *UNCONTROLLED MULTIPLICATION OF CELLS* within the *formation of a mass* or *new growth of tissue*

neoplasms (tumors)

inflammation of the functional unit of the *kidney*

nephritis

a congenital *discoloration of a a circumscribed area of skin* due to pigmentation; circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin *due to hyperplasia of the blood vessels*

nevus (mole)

Infections acquired in a *HOSPITAL*

nosocomial

a disease with abnormally high rate of occurrence in *MEMBERS OF THE WORKFORCE*

occupational

the study of *neoplasms*

oncology

a condition or disease in which there is a change in anatomy - *involving or affecting physiology or bodily organs*

organic

a disease marked by softening of the bones due to faulty *calcification in adulthood*

osteomalacia

inflammation of bone and *bone marrow*

osteomyelitis

loss of bone density

osteoporosis

*HOW A DISEASE DEVELOPS*; development of abnormal condition

pathogenesis

Name the type of fracture described below: *spontaneous fractures* that are the result of disease

pathological

study of structural change in the body caused by disease

pathological anatomy

The science that deals with the *study of disease*; the study of *abnormal conditions of the body*

pathology

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM

pericarditis

*sac* like structure *surrounding the heart*

pericardium

Inflammation of the *lining of the abdominal muscle*

peritonitis

Antemortem, *PIN-POINT, EXTRAVASCULAR BLOOD DISCOLORATION* visible as *purplish hemorrhages* of the skin

petechia

inflammation of a VEIN

phlebitis

study changes in the body functions due to disease; abnormal structure/function

physiological pathology

congenital anomaly, error in development with *MULTIPLE CYST* formation

polycystic kidneys

*number of cases of disease* present in a *specified population* at a given time

prevalence

*PREDICTION* of the outcome of disease

prognosis

a condition in which *SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING OCCURS* in the subcutaneous tissues, CAUSING the appearance of *PURPLE PATCHES ON THE SKIN*

purpura

a *SMALL ELEVATION* of skin *containing pus*

pustule

*pus* in the *urine*

pyuria

fatal viral disease of brain and spinal cord transmitted by a *rabid animal's saliva* - 2 types Frantic rabies & paralympic rabies

rabies

*REAPPEARANCE* of symptoms *AFTER* a period of *REMISSION* (abatement)

recurrent

the *replacement* of *damaged cells* with *identical cells*

regeneration

temporary *CESSATION OF SYMPTOMS* of disease

remission

*OBJECTIVE DISTURBANCES* produced by disease; observed by physician, nurse or person attending patient (ex.: pulse, fever, heart rate)

signs

Name the type of fracture described below: fracture that *does not penetrate the skin*

simple fracture

Deals with the specific features of disease *IN RELATION TO PARTICULAR ORGANS OR ORGAN SYSTEMS*

special pathology

enlargement of the *spleen due to an accumulation of RBC's*

splenomegaly

study of tissue specimens excised surgically in a major or minor operation

surgical pathology

*SUBJECTIVE DISTURBANCES* caused by disease that are felt or experienced by patient but NOT DIRECTLY MEASURABLE (ex.: pain, headache)

symptoms

set of *SIGNS*/symptoms *ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULAR DISEASE* (ex. Down's syndrome)

syndrome

*DEFICIENCY IN PLATELETS* in the blood; *CAUSES PURPURA*

thrombocytopenia

the formation or presence of an *ATTACHED BLOOD CLOT*; In the living

thrombosis

inflammation of the large lymphatic nodules embedded in the mucous membrane of the throat

tonsilitis

an *open sore or lesion of skin or mucous membrane* accompanied by *SLOUGHING* of inflamed necrotic tissue

ulcer

toxic condition caused by *RETENTION IN THE BLOOD OF WASTE* products *NORMALLY EXCRETED IN THE URINE*

uremia

the *VEIN BECOMES SWOLLEN*, PAINFUL/APPEARS KNOTTY under the skin

varicose veins

*BLISTER-LIKE ELEVATION * of skin containing serous fluid, contains no Pus

vesicle