Pathophysiology

11. A 55-year-old hypervolemic patient has headache, muscle cramp, vomiting, and looks confused. Which condition has the patient developed?

hyponatremia

Dumping syndrome

increase fat and protein, small frequent meals, lie down after meal to decrease peristalsis. Wait 1 hr after meals to drink

Digitalis

increases ventricular irritability ----could convert a rhythm to v-fib following cardioversion

A nurse is preparing a patient for a central venous catheter insertion. Which condition during the procedure should the nurse be most alert for?

latrogenic pneumothorax

A nurse is assessing a patient who has been working in the paint factory for an extensive period. The patient has been constantly exposed to mineral crystals in the form of asbestos. The patient has been a chain smoker as well. What prevalent disease, according to the nurse, is the patient prone to?

mesothelioma

A comatose patient's blood pH is 7.1, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 16 mm Hg, and bicarbonate concentration is 5 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance has the patient developed?

metabolic acidosis

Aterial gas value

needs to have a blood pH in order to determine compensated/uncompensated

patient Condition patient 1. Peritonitis 2. Celiac disease 3. Gastroenteritis 4. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Which patient needs to be ordered a biopsy test

patient 2

Which lung condition is common in patients with a genetic disorder such as Marfan syndrome as well as frequent smokers?

primary spontaneous pneumothorax

clonic seizure

repetitive jerking movements

Central Cord

resulting from hyperextension injuries and presenting as more upper extremity deficits vs. lower extremities

ECG telemetry

see picture

While treating a patient who is diagnosed with melanoma, the primary health care provider also finds tumors in the liver. Which stage of melanoma is the patient in, based on the primary health care provider's finding?

stage IV (4)

Helicobacter pylori

stomach peptic ulcers

Digitalis toxicity

toxic drug effects from administration of digoxin

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

used to determine bone density e.g. osteoporosis

dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

ventricles stretch and become flabby, and myocardium deteriorates -should expect dyspnea on exertion, weight gain(due to fluid retention

8. Which of the following terms means dry skin?

xeroderma

The registered nurse is teaching about Brown-Séquard syndrome to a group of student nurses. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?

"Brown-Séquard syndrome causes incontinence."

A victim of a motor vehicle accident comes to a medical facility with a rib fracture that has punctured the pleural membrane. The open wound allows the pleural cavity to pull air into the opening of the wound, thus building a pleural space. What treatment can a nurse expect from the primary health-care provider?

A chest tube with suction to be applied on the affected side

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

multiple sclerosis?

"It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with the loss of upper and lower motor neurons."

The nursing students are learning about precautions to be taken while caring for a patient with suspected appendicitis. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?

"The patient should avoid taking pain medications."

Cauda equina syndrome symptoms

-low back pain -urinary problems (incontinence or retention) -saddle anesthesia -decreased anal sphincter tone -fecal incontinence -bilateral lower extremity weakness -inability to walk on heals or toes (decreased dorsiflexion or plantar flexion)

atrial fibrillation

-occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall -look out for slurred speech (inadequate blood circulation to the brain) -->irregular pulse is expected by not a priority finding

G6PD deficiency

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs.

Tay-Sachs disease

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.

22. Which patient is expected to have status epilepticus?

A patient who is experiencing seizure or appears to be staring into space for a few moments

53. After a theoretical session about edrophonium (Tensilon) testing, the nursing instructor asks a student nurse to perform the test in a group of patients with different neurological disorders. Which patient should the student nurse choose to perform the test?

A patient with myasthenia gravis

What is a characteristic feature of ulcerative colitis?

A. Presence of pseudopolyps B. Continuous areas of inflammation in the large intestine C. Correct Answer Both A and B D. None of the above

Alkalosis/ Acidosis and K+

ALKalosis=al K= low sis. Acidosis (K+ high)

Leukocytosis

Abnormally high WBC count

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count

Which diagnostic test is most preferred to detect liver cancer?

Alpha-fetoprotein test

The complete blood count report of a patient who complains of headache and weakness shows the following.

Anemia

A nurse is assessing a patient who has episodic abdominal pain, constipation, and flatulence. Upon physical assessment and review of the laboratory findings, the nurse concludes that the patient has jaundice and elevated serum amylase. Which condition should the nurse suspect in the patient?

Chronic pancreatitis

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

A nurse is caring for a client who had an onset of chest pain 24 hr ago. The nurse should identify that an increase in which of the following values is diagnostic of a myocardial infarction (MI). 1. Myoglobin 2. C-reactive protein 3. Creatine Kinase- MB 4. Homocysteine

Creatine kinase-MB is the isoenzyme specific to the myocardium. Elevated creatine kinase-MB indicates myocardial muscle injury

52. Which neurotransmitter is depleted in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

A patient comes to the hospital with symptoms of an allergic reaction from an antibiotic. Which blood cells would show an increase in the complete blood count report?

Eosinophils

Wilson disease

Hepatolenticular degeneration. Inborn error of copper metabolism. Hepatic cirrhosis and degenerative changes of basal ganglia. Diffuse atrophy with signal abnormalities involving deep gray matter nuclei and deep white matter.

spinal nerve impingement

Impingement of nerve = radiculopathy or radiculitis also called a pinched nerve or compressed nerve, refers to any pressure of pinching of a nerve root. Often caused by improper alignment of vertebrae.

While assessing a patient who has a hearing difficulty, a nurse finds the accumulation of yellow-brown colored earwax in the patient's ear canal. What should be the accurate nursing intervention for the patient?

Irrigate or a use a currette to remove earwax

Which statement correctly describes the mechanism of inflammatory diarrhea?

It occurs if the mucosal lining of the intestine is injured.

Which signs and symptoms are associated with liver cancer? Select all that apply.

Jaundice, weight loss, abdominal pain

arterial ulcer and venous stasis ulcer

Knowing if the client is experiencing claudificaiton helps differentiate venous from aterial ulcers. Clients who have aterial ulcers experience claudication, but those who have venous ulcers do not.

Tonic seizure

Muscle stiffness, rigidity

49. Which lobe of cerebrum is associated with analyzing and interpreting visual information?

Occipital

Which type of epileptic seizure is characterized by staring episodes lasting for 5 to 30 seconds?

Petit mal seizure

The nurse suspects hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with severe liver dysfunction. Which symptom may support the nurse's conclusion?

Stupor

A patient has nausea and vomiting for 3 days due to a viral infection. Arterial blood gas values of the patient are documented. Blood pH7.61Partial pressure of carbon dioxide49 mm HgPartial pressure of oxygen99 mm HgBicarbonate concentration18 mEq/LOxygen saturation99%

The blood is basic. The lungs are not responsible for the alkalosis. The condition is uncompensated alkalosis. Correct Answer: All of the above

Oncotic pressure

The osmotic pressure in the blood vessels due only to plasma proteins (primarily albumin) --> causes water to rush back into capillaries at end.

A nurse finds increased glucose levels in a patient who has chronic pancreatitis. What should the nurse interpret from the finding?

The patient has decreased pancreatic enzymes.

39. A patient complains of severe headache, vomiting, and double vision, and has evidence of swelling of the optic nerve on ophthalmoscopic examination. What does the nurse interpret from these findings?

The patient has diabetic retinopathy

36. Which condition can be evaluated using a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) test?

Thyroid cancer

Which statement by the student nurse indicates the need for further teaching about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis?

To lessen the after-effect of lumbar puncture, the patient is asked to stand still."

Following an accident, the patient arrives to the emergency room bleeding profusely. He had an estimated 15% to 30% blood loss from the body. What happens to the urine output of the body in this condition?

Urine output decreases below 30 mL/hour.

Which disorder of the large intestine may require laparoscopic surgery to unwind the intestine?

Volvulus

A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who has heart failure. The nurse should instruct the client to report which of the following findings immediately to the provider. 1. Weight gain of 0.9kg (2 lbs) in 24 hrs 2. Increase of 10mm Hg in systolic BP 3. Dyspnea with extertion 4. Dizziness when rising quickly

When using the urgent vs. nonurgent approach to client care, the nurse should determine that the priority finding of weight gain of 0.5 to 0.9 kg (1.1 to 2 lb) in 1 day. This weight gain is an indication of fluid retention resulting from worsening heart failure. All the other things are reportable and should be, but they are not PRIORITY.

Thrombocytopenia

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

Fistula

abnormal connection between trachea and esophagus

diabetic nephropathy

accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus

Which organ is most susceptible to damage and death due to prolonged ischemia?

brain and then kidneys

increased adrenocorticotrophic levels. Which outcome should a nurse expect in the patient?

darkening of the skin

neutrophila

elevated neutrophils

Which condition leads to increased reticulocyte count in blood?

excess blood loss from the body

Tonic-clonic seizure

generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has jerking movements of paired muscle groups

Clostridium perfringens

causes gas gangrene

Inflammatory mediators

component that enables blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during the vascular phase of inflammation

A patient tells the nurse, "I am unable to tolerate light and have a gritty sensation in the eye." The primary health care provider prescribes a fluorescent dye test for the patient. Which condition does the nurse anticipate in the patient?

corneal abrasion

Septicemia

growth of bacteria in the blood