Pathophysiology Chapter 14 - Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

What is the difference between anosmia and ageusia?

Anosmia is loss of the sense of small but ageusia is loss of the sense of taste

What is the clinical significance of the pain pathways crossing to the other side in the spinal cord?

Pain sensations from one side of the body go to the contralateral she of the brain. A brain injury in the sensory area of one side.

What are the names of the tracts in which axons of pain neurons ascend to the brain?

Paleospinothalamic and neospinothalamic

Neonates enter __________ sleep immediately upon falling asleep.

- REM

The sleep stage in which dreaming occurs in __________.

- REM

Heat stroke is characterized by very high body temperature, __________ of sweat, and __________ heart rate.

- absense - rapid

Normally, REM sleep occurs __________ non-REM sleep in a cycle.

- after

A patient who lies on a cold examination table without sufficient padding will lose body heat to the table by __________.

- conduction

Pinkeye is an acute bacterial __________.

- conjunctions

A person who sees double has __________; a person whose eyelid droops has __________.

- diplopia - ptosis

Non-shivering or chemical thermogenesis occurs when __________ acts on __________ fat.

- epinephrine - brown

Children develop __________ fevers than do adults for minor infections; older adults often have __________ fevers during infection.

- higher - lower

The __________ is responsible for thermoregulation and modifies heat production, heat __________ or heat loss mechanisms, base on input from thermoreceptors.

- hypothalamus - conservation

Fever __________ many immune defenses against bacteria and viruses.

- increases

Papilledema is edema of the __________ nerve where it enters the eyeball and is associated with __________ intracranial pressure.

- optic - increased

Pain that is felt in an area remote from its point of origin is called __________ pain.

- referred

An external hordeolum, commonly called a __________, is infection of the __________ glands of the eyelids.

- stye - sebaceous

Pain __________ is conversion of chemical or other stimuli into electrical impulses in axons of nociceptors.

- transduction

Which type of pain fiber, A-delta or C, conveys impulses that are interpreted as sharp pain that is highly localized?

A-delta

Which sleep disorder matches the example - Dyssomnia / Parasomnia Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome - Dyssomnia

Child walks around the house while he is still asleep

Cataract

Cloudy or opaque portion of the lens of the eye

What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?

Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot be transmitted through the middle ear, but sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is defective function of the organ of Corti or its central connections

Which sleep disorder matches the example - Somnambulism - Parasomnia

Obese man snores and gasps at night and often falls asleep at his computer at work.

Entropion

Eyelid margin turned inward against the eyeball

What is the location of the cell bodies of pain neurons that serve as the "gate" for the gate control theory of pain?

In the laminae of the substantia gelatinosa in the posterior (dorsal) horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Keratitis

Inflammation of the cornea

Blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelid

Chalazion

Lipogranuloma of oil-secreting gland of the eyelid

Which sleep disorder matches the example - Dyssomnia / Parasomnia REM sleep behavior disorder - Parasomnia

Man gets out of bed and acts out his dream while he is dreaming

What is the difference between presbycusis and presbyopia?

Presbycusis is loss of hearing for high-frequency sounds in older adults, but presbyopia is loss of accommodation of the lens of the eye, impairing near vision in older adults

Vertigo

Sensation of spinning around

What is the difference between strabismus and nystagmus?

Strabismus is deviation of one eye from the other when a person is looking at an object, but nystagmus is involuntary rhythmic movement of one or both eyes

Which sleep disorder matches the example - Dyssomnia / Parasomnia Insomnia - Dyssomnia

Woman awakens every night after 2 hours' sleep and has difficulty falling asleep again