Pathophysiology Chapter 20: Childhood Diseases and Disorders

Complications of the viral disease mumps include:

orchitis (inflammation of the testes, causes male sterility) and nerve conduction deafness

what virus causes influenza?

orthomyxovirus family

viral disease that has now affected thousands of children; has no vaccine, just antiviral medications

AIDS

infection of palatine tonsils (seen at back of throat) located on posterior wall of nasopharynx

Acute tonsillitis

what is another name for roundworms

Ascaris lumbricoides

most common chronic childhood disease; serious chronic respiratory disease in children; characterized by acute episodes of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breathe; #1 cause of school absences in children today

Asthma

diagnostic tests for leukemia

Blood test and look at white blood cell count (will be around 100,000; normal is 7,000-10,000); and checking lymph nodes

what causes pertussis?

Bordatella pertussis

can be found in the mouth (thrush) or on the button(diaper rash)

Candidiasis

symptoms of pertussis include:

Catarrhal stage and paroxysmal stage, and violent whooping cough

what causes Diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

upper respiratory infection; affects children ages 3 months to 3 years; caused by parainfluenza virus: 2 types

Croup

severe inflammation of respiratory system; was leading cause of death in children; rarely seen now due to vaccination

Diphtheria

illicit drug, alcohol, and tobacco use; epidemic problem among children, especially adolescents

Drug abuse

what causes mononucleosis (that primarily affects children and young adults)?

Epstein-Barr virus

malignant neoplasm occurring before age 20; usually in ling bones; most common in males; quickly metastatic and highly malignant

Ewing's sarcoma

vomiting or diarrhea can be serious;dehydration can be life treating gin children due to

Fluid imbalances

most often occur in children under age 1

Food allergies

infection caused by protozoa called Giardia lambda found in contaminated soil, food, or water; young children are the most affected

Giardiasis

bacterial, contagious, superficial pyoderma

Impetigo

acute infectious respiratory disease that occurs late fall through early spring

Influenza

symptoms of measles include

Koplik's spots (located on back of throat); red maculopapular rash; runny nose and fever

avascular necrosis of upper end of femur; causes changes in bone growth; if untreated may lead to permanent deformity

Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP)

malignancy of blood-forming cells join bone marrow; most common disorder of blood and blood-forming organs in children

Leukemia

combination vaccination against all three viral illnesses

MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

also knows as rubeola; one of the most serious childhood diseases; commonly spread by contaminated airborne droplets

Measles

infection of the parotid glands (in our cheeks)

Mumps

what causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

acute bacterial infection of middle ear; if left untreated, chronic infection/conduction deafness can occur due to scarring go the ear tissue

Otitis media

lice infestation

Pediculosis

lice infestation on the head

Pediculosis Capitus

lice infestation on the body

Pediculosis Corporus

whooping cough

Pertussis

parasitic nematodes that infects the intestines and rectum; at nighttime the may come out of rectum and cause itching

Pinworms

infection of lung parenchyma (specific type of lung tissue); can either be bacterial or viral

Pneumonia

among top five causes of accidental death under age 10; most due to common substance found at home

Poisoning

caused by highly contagious polio virus that destroys somatic motor neurons; the immunization against is has reduced the threat of the disease (given as a oral medication)

Poliomyelitis

acute encephalopathy in children under age 15 who have has viral infection; cause is unknown

Reye's syndrome

what is becoming the street drug of choice?

Ritalin (used for ADD)

main on is Ascaris and is found in the soil

Roundworms

a type of measles, also known as German measles; also known as the 3 day measles; may lead to birth defects in pregnant women; less contagious that rubeola

Rubella

prone

on stomach side

what causes impetigo?

Staphylococcus or Group A Streptococcus

pathogens that cause most childhood bacterial diseases

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Clostridium

refers to muscle weakness in the eyes; lazy or cross-eyed; can both be treated with a patch, cross-eye may require surgery

Strabismus

abrupt, unexplained death of infant under age 1; only symptom is death of unknown cause in an infant

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

supine

on the back; how children are supposed to be placed into bed

ringworm is the most common type in kids

Tinea

most commonly affects the respiratory system but can be systemic to bone, brain, lymph nodes; increasing cases in children

Tuberculosis

also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever; transmitted by bite of infected insect or direct contact with infected animal; often affects kids

Tularemia

also known as chickenpox or varicella zoster; highly contagious

Varicella

enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils/adenoids (lymph tissue); may require adenoidectomy

adenoid hyperplasia

When to many food allergies disappear?

after age 5

treatment for otitis media includes:

antibiotics, myringotomy with tympanovstomy

treatment for acute tonsillitis includes:

antibiotics, tonsillectomy (removal of tonsils); often do a T&A (removal tonsils and adenoids)

What do many of the diseases have?

an incubation period

What does Reye's syndrome have a relationship to?

aspirin (salicylic acid) for febrile illnesses in children

what testing is used for an accurate diagnosis of the extend of hearing loss?

audiometric

Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) is most common in

boys 4-8 years of age

How can some childhood infections be prevented?

by immunization

how is tularemia prevented?

careful handling of animals; risk is greater in the summer

inflammation of mucous membranes of the head and mouth with increases mucous flow (first stage of pertussis)

catarrhal

symptoms of mumps include:

chills, fever, ear pain, and swelling of parotid glands

symptoms of varicella include

classic dew drop on a rose petal macular rash that develops into vesicles (blister like lesions); rash on face, trunk, and extremities

cause of acute tonsillitis

commonly group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (then is called strep throat)

how is rubella spread?

contaminated airborne droplets

most common allergies

cow'a milk and eggs

symptoms of giardiasis include:

diarrhea, nausea, cramping, and flatulence

Have profound effects on child's ability to learn and develop

ear and eye diseases

symptoms of mononucleosis include: what organ is very important to protect?

fatigue, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph glands spleen

common symptoms of childhood diseases

fever, malaise, coughing, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and rash

release of gas/air from anus;l very painful

flatulence

causes of deafness include:

genes, trauma, infections, and exposure to ototoxic drugs

symptoms of croup include:

inspiratory stridor; high pitched sound when inhaling due to blocked airways

If an allergy develops after age 3 then

it usually continues into adult life

what is another name for croup

laryngotracheobronchitis

symptoms of rubella include:

lymph node enlargement, nasal discharge, joint pain, chills, and fever

high count in what type of cell if it is viral

lymphocytes

poke hole in eardrum

myringotomy

symptoms of Reye;s syndrome:

nausea and vomiting, liver enlargement, lethargy, and seizures, coma, and many cases death

high count in what type of blood cell is it is bacterial

neutrophils

lice eggs

nits

symptoms of Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) include

pain increases with walking or running

violent coughing spasms; second stage of pertussis

paroxysmal stage

How did most children diagnosed with HIV infection in the 1980s acquire it?

probably through blood transfussions

skin disorder with pus

pyoderma

symptoms of the flu include:

sudden high fever; dry hacking cough; chills, headache, joint to muscle aches

what is the current theory concerning SIDs

that it is related to clostridium found in raw honey

what difficulties resulted from poliomyelitis?

the motor neurons did not function properly which gave people difficulty walking and breathing (had to use iron lung machine)

why do children have a higher risk of otis media?

their ear canal is shorter and straighter which causes increases riskier infection

putting tubes in the ears; as child grows eventually they fall put

tympanostomy

prevention for influenza

vaccination--Haemophilus influenza (Hib vaccine)

4 categories of infectious diseases

viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic

At what T-cell count has a child met the criteria and considered to have AIDs?

when t-cell count drops below 200 cells per microliter