Pathophysiology Test 2
The most serious effect of hyperkalemia is on ________ function.
cardiac
A decrease in the absolute number of cells a. Hypertrophy b. Hypotrophy c. Hyperplasia d. Hypoplasia e. Metaplasia
d
Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of: a. dysplasia. b. hyperplasia. c. myoplasia. d. anaplasia.
d
How are tumor cell markers used? a. To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer b. To treat certain types of cancer c. To predict where cancers will develop d. To screen individuals at high risk for cancer
d
What are characteristics of benign tumors? a. They invade local tissues. b. They spread through lymph. c. They cause systemic symptoms. d. They have a low mitotic index.
d
What is the end product?pluripotent stem cell > myeloid stem cell > erythroblast > reticulocyte > ??? a. Eosinophil b. neutrophil c. megakaryocyte d. erythrocyte e. lymphocyte
d
_____________ spread would involve metastasis that occurs by way of the blood vessels.
hematogenic
An abnormality in healing by scar tissue repair is the formation of __________, which are benign tumor like masses caused by excess production of scar tissue.
keloids
The extracellular _______ is secreted locally and assembles into a network of spaces surrounding tissue cells during the process of tissue regeneration.
matrix
Vomiting, removal of gastric secretions through the use of nasogastric suction, and low potassium levels resulting from diuretic therapy are the most common causes of __________ alkalosis in hospitalized patients.
metabolic
The term ___________ is used to describe the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor.
metastasis
In general, benign tumors usually are named by adding the suffix "_________" to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated.
-oma
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that is caused by a deficiency or a decreased response to the hormone __________, also known as vasopressin.
ADH
Loss of differentiation
Anaplasia
Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
Autocrine stimulation
Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity
Caretaker gene
A large surface wound is likely to heal by the process of primary intention. T or F
False
Benign neoplasms are less differentiated tumors that grow in a crab-like manner to invade surrounding tissues, have cells that break loose and travel to distant sites to form metastases, and inevitably cause suffering and death unless their growth can be controlled through treatment. T or F
False
DNA synthesis takes place during the G0 phase of the cell cycle. T or F
False
Decreased vascular volume would yield manifestations such as full and bounding pulses, venous distension, and signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema, such as shortness of breath, crackles, dyspnea, and cough. T or F
False
Edema of the brain, larynx, or lungs is not an acute life-threatening condition. T or F
False
For the function of tumor suppressor genes to be lost, only one chromosome (allele) of the gene must be inactivated. T or F
False
Pituitary adenomas are malignant tumors. T or F
False
Potassium is the most abundant cation in the body. T or F
False
Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the only identified treatment modalities for cancer. T or F
False
The extracellular compartment contains approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults and is the larger of the two compartments. T or F
False
There is no current evidence that associates obesity with cancer formation. T or F
False
Cells that vary in size and shape
Pleomorphic
Unaltered normal allele
Proto-oncogene
A hallmark of cancer cells is their immortality. T or F
True
A person with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) usually craves cold drinks. T or F
True
Anaplasia is recognized by loss or organization and a marked increase in nuclear size. T or F
True
Antidiuretic hormone has no direct effect on electrolyte levels. T or F
True
Cancer is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth. T or F
True
Cell differentiation is the process whereby proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cell types. T or F
True
Most cancers must acquire mutation in six distinct areas: growth signals, antigrowth signals, evading apoptosis, replicating ability, angiogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. T or F
True
Polydipsia is a term that means excessive thrist. T or F
True
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types. T or F
True
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by increased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). T or F
True
The Papanicolaou test is a cytologic method used to detect cancer cells. T or F
True
The formation of granulation tissue involves the creation of new capillaries. T or F
True
The inflammatory phase of wound healing prepares the wound environment for the healing process. T or F
True
The term "neoplasm" can refer to a benign tumor. T or F
True
Thyroid carcinoma, although rare, is the most common endocrine malignancy. T or F
True
A patient with a closed head injury secondary to a motorcycle accident has a urine output of 6 to 8 L/day and electrolytes are within normal limits. The nurse draws a serum ADH level and conducts a water deprivation test. With no intake for 4 hours, there is no change in the patient's polyuria. The serum ADH level is low. These are an indication of: a. neurogenic diabetes insipidus. b. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). c. psychogenic polydipsia. d. osmotically induced diuresis.
a
An adult female had a thyroidectomy this morning. She develops muscle spasms, increased deep tendon reflexes, and laryngeal spasm. What is the most common cause of these findings? a. Calcium deficit due to reduced parathormone b. Overuse of radioactive iodine given pre-operatively c. A history of insufficient dietary intake of iodine d. An increase in serum phosphorous caused by reduced calcitonin
a
Target cells for parathyroid hormone (PTH) are located in the: a. tubules of nephrons. b. thyroid gland. c. glomeruli of nephrons. d. smooth and skeletal muscles.
a
What are oncogenes? a. Genes that have undergone mutation that direct the synthesis of protein to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation b. Genes that direct synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and provide necessary replacement of tissue c. Genes that encode proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to show or halt replacement of tissue d. Genes that have undergone mutation to direct malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis
a
What are the effects of high levels of aldosterone? a. Hypokalemia and alkalosis b. Hyperkalemia and alkalosis c. Hyperkalemia and acidosis d. Hypokalemia and acidosis
a
What are tumor cell markers? a. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies produced by cancer cells b. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked c. Cytokines produced against cancer cells d. Identification marks used in administering radiation therapy
a
Which are cancers arising from connective tissue tissues? a. Osteogenic sarcoma b. Basal cell carcinoma c. Multiple myeloma d. Adenocarcinoma
a
Which electrolyte does insulin transport in the cell? a. Potassium b. Calcium c. Sodium d. Magnesium
a
What tumor causes amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, and osteopenia? a. Posterior pituitary adenoma b. Thymoma c. Prolactinoma d. Growth hormone adenoma
c
Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin? a. Blood vessels b. Epithelium cells c. Connective tissue d. Glandular tissue
b
Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer. These findings support the notion that: a. cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy. b. an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer. c. tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. d. apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth.
b
Most human cancers appear to arise via: a. autosomal recessive gene inheritance. b. spontaneous gene mutations. c. X-linked recessive gene inheritance. d. autosomal dominant gene inheritance.
b
Smoking is associated with cancers of all of the following except: a. lung. b. skin. c. bladder. d. kidney. e. pancreas.
b
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes? a. It increases serum calcium. b. It decreases serum calcium. c. It decreases serum magnesium. d. It increases serum magnesium.
b
Which of the following represents the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively? a. Liposarcoma, lipoma b. Lipoma, liposarcoma c. Adisarcoma, adipoma d. Adipoma, adisarcoma
b
How does chronic inflammation cause cancer? a. By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage b. By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged, which initiates mutations c. By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations d. By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers
c
Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene? a. Proto-oncogenes b. Oncogenes c. Tumor suppressor genes d. Growth promoting genes
c
Many cancers create a mutation of ras. What is ras? a. A tumor suppressor gene b. A growth promoting gene c. An intracellular signaling protein that regulates cell growth d. A cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus about cell growth
c
Neoplasm of gland tissue or gland pattern a. glioma b. chondroma c. adenocarcinoma d. sarcoma e. fibroma
c
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer? a. Ovarian b. Uterian c. Cervical d. Vaginal
c
The major virus involved in cervical cancer is: a. herpes simplex virus type 6. b. herpes simplex virus type 2. c. human papillomavirus. d. human immunodeficiency virus.
c
The nurse is evaluating a patient with oat cell adenocarcinoma of the lung for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which of the following laboratory values would the nurse expect to find if the patient had SIADH? a. Hypernatremia and urine hypo-osmolality b. Serum K+ 5 and urine hyperosmolality c. Serum Na+ 120 and serum hypo-osmolality d. Hypokalemia and serum hyperosmolality
c
What are characteristics of cancer in situ? a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. d. Cellular and tissues changes indicate dysplasia.
c
What are the effects of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. Solute retention and water retention b. Solute retention and water loss c. Solute dilution and water retention d. Solute dilution and water loss
c
What effect does aldosterone have on fluid and electrolyte imbalances? a. It directly increases magnesium reabsorption. b. It directly increases calcium reabsorption. c. It directly increases sodium reabsorption. d. It directly increases water reabsorption.
c
What is autocrine stimulation? a. The ability of cancer cells to stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply b. The ability of cancer cells to stimulate secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors c. The ability of cancer cells to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth d. The ability of cancer cells to divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use
c
What is the most probable cause of low serum calcium following thyroidectomy? a. Hyperparathyroidism secondary to Graves' disease b. Myxedema secondary to surgery c. Hypoparathyroidism caused by surgical injury d. Hypothyroidism caused by lack of thyroid replacement
c
Serum ________ levels are directly or indirectly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D.
calcium
Labile cells exist here a. brain b. Liver c. Heart d. GI tract e. Blood
d and e
A neoplasm of mesenchymal origin a. Adenocarcinoma b. Chondroma c. Fibroma d. glioma e. sarcoma
e
The process of _________ a tumor involves the microscopic examination of cancer cells to determine their level of differentiation and the number of mitoses.
grading
The term ________ factor is generally applied to small hormone like proteins that increase cell size and cell division.
growth
Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a decrease in _______ levels, reflecting a decrease in ventilation and increase in PCO2.
pH
_______________ syndromes are defined as the production of signs and symptoms at sites that are not directly affected by the disease or cancer.
paraneoplastic
When regeneration cannot occur, healing by replacement with a connective tissue occurs, a process that terminates in __________ formation.
scar
_________ tissues contain cells that normally stop dividing when growth ceases.
stable