PBH Unit 4 Final Exam

animal health and the health of the ecosystem

What two things does One Health believe that human health is dependent upon?

outpatient facilities

What type of facilities provide clinical services by one or more clinicians?

Inpatient facility

What type of facility do patients stay in for at least 24 hours?

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Which Federal Agency is responsible for ongoing surveillance? (CDC)

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Which Food Security program gives federal grants to states for supplemental foods and is for low-income pregnant women, infants & children up to age 5?

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Which Food Security program was formerly known as "food stamps" and makes relatively expensive items accessible?

Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)

Which Global Food agency is responsible for developing food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice, and forms the basis for the rules of global trade?

Food and Agricultural Organization

Which Global Food agency is responsible for ensuring an adequate supply of food worldwide? (FAO)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Which Global Food agency is responsible for making recommendations regarding the safety of the world food supply?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Which Government Agency aims to reduce injuries and hazardous exposures in the workplace? (OSHA)

Department of Agriculture

Which Government Agency protects the nation's food supply? (DA)

Department of Homeland Security

Which Government Agency specializes in preparation and response to disasters and terrorism? (DHS)

US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Which US Federal Agency is responsible for regulatory responsibilities for meat, poultry, and eggs? (USDA)

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Which US Federal Agency is responsible for the overall food safety and regulations? (FDA)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Which US Federal agency is responsible for the regulation of pesticide usage and water quality standards? (EPA)

policy development

Which core function of public health is about developing evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options to guide implementation?

State Health Department

Which department is responsible for - collecting vital statistics - running a public health laboratory - licensing health professionals - administering nutrition programs - regulating health facilities - drinking water regulation - administration of the state Medicaid program - Office of the medical examiner

Local Health Department

Which department is responsible for - immunizations for those not covered by the private system - communicable disease surveillance & initial investigation of outbreaks - communicable disease control - inspection and licensing of restaurants - environmental health surveillance - coordinating public health screening programs - tobacco control programs - public health preparedness & response to others

EPA, OSHA, DHS, DA, DHUD, DE, CBPR

Which government agencies are involved with health issues?

Clinician-patient relationship

Which type of coordination's intended function: - continuity used as a mechanism for ensuring coordination - development of one-to-one relationships built on knowledge and trust over extended periods of time

institutional coordination

Which type of coordination's intended function: - coordination of individual's information between institutions needed to inform individual clinical and administrative decision making?

coordination between healthcare and public health

Which type of coordination's intended function: - coordination of services between clinical care and public health requires communication to ensure follow-up and to protect the health of others?

short-term care

Are hospitals short-term or long-term?

Connections among human, animal, and ecosystem health

What is the simple explanation of One Health?

does factor operate to reinforce or increase another factor/outcome (+) or operate to dampen or decrease another factor/outcome (-)

What are Positive vs Negative Impacts?

nursing homes and assisted-living facilities

What are examples of Long-term care facilities?

custodial care with limited healthcare services

What are long-term care facilities?

hospitals, skilled nursing & rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes, and institutional hospices

What are some examples of inpatient facilities?

clinical facilities, diagnostic testing or therapeutic facilities

What are some examples of outpatient facilities?

HIV/AIDS Chikungunya Dengue Ebola Hantavirus Influenza A MERS SARS West Nile Virus Zika

What are the Top 10 Emerging RNA Viruses?

general and specialty, non-profit, for-profit, or investor-owned

What are the different types of hospitals?

- enable equitable access - build a diverse & skilled workforce - improve & innovate through evaluation, research, and quality improvement - build & maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health

What are the four essential public health services that fall within Assurance?

- communicate effectively to inform and educate - strengthen, support, and mobilize communities & partnerships - create, champaign, & implement policies, plans, and laws - utilize legal and regulatory actions

What are the four essential public health services that fall within Policy Development?

structure measures, process measures, and outcome measures

What are the measures of healthcare quality?

1. Detecting a possible outbreak 2. Defining and finding cases 3. Generating hypotheses about likely sources 4. Testing the hypothesis 5. Finding the point of contamination and the source of the outbreak 6. Controlling the outbreak 7. Deciding the outbreak is over

What are the seven steps in a Foodborn Outbreak Investigation?

assessment, policy development, and assurance

What are the three core functions of public health?

SNAP and WIC

What are the two SDA Food Security Programs?

- assess and monitor population health - investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards and root causes

What are the two essential public health services within Assessment?

Clinician-patient relationship, institutional coordination, financial coordination, and coordination between healthcare and public health

What are the types of coordination?

the greater the impact

What does a thicker arrow mean in Strength of Response?

- implies the drug may be advertised and marketed for a particular indication, the one for which it was studies and approves - it may be prescribed by clinicians for any patient

What does the FDA approval phase in clinical trials consist of?

for each factor we need to indicate the strength or magnitude of the impact with the width of the arrow used

What is Strength of Response?

One factor reinforces another, which dampens yet another factor - product of the signs is negative (-)

What is a Negative Feedback Loop?

One factor reinforces another to magnify its impact - product of the signs is positive (+)

What is a Positive Feedback Loop?

One Health

What is a collaborative, multi-sectoral, and transdisciplinary approach to working at the local, regional, national, and global levels - with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment?

the prescribing clinician has the authority to use the treatment for indications or at dosages not specifically approved by the FDA

What is off-label prescribing?

- microbiological influences on health and disease - ecosystem health/physical environment - human-animal interaction

What is the One Health Framework?

collaborative efforts of multiple health science professions to obtain optimal health

What is the One Health Initiative?

Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

What is the name for research where community members are involved in all phases of the research process, contributing their expertise while sharing ownership and responsibility?

financial coordination

Which type of coordination's intended function: - implies that a patient has comprehensive coverage for services provided by the full range of institutions - aims to maximize the efficiency of the care received and minimize the administrative effort required to manage the payment system?

process measures

Which type of healthcare quality measure looks into the procedure and formal processes that go into delivering care?

outcome measures

Which type of healthcare quality measure looks into the result of care?

veterinary medicine community

Who developed the One Health initiative?

Environmental Protection Agency

which Government Agency examines environmental health issues and makes recommendations? (EPA)

Department of Housing and Urban Development

which Government Agency influences the built environment and its impact on health? (DHUD)

Department of Energy

which Government Agency sets radiation safety standards for nuclear power plants and other sources of energy? (DE)

assessment

which core function of public health is about obtaining data that defines the health of the population and specific groups within it?

assurance

which core function of public health is about oversight responsibility for ensuring key components of an effective health system?

outpatient facilities

which type of facility provides diagnostic testing or treatment?

structure measures

which type of healthcare quality measure looks into the physical and organizational infrastructure in which care is delivered?