PE CH 6

Arteries always transport:

(blood away from the heart)Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to other tissues of the body. Because arteries are the first vessels that the heart pumps blood through, they experience the highest blood pressures, so they have thick, muscular walls to withstand the high pressures and maintain a very round shape.

How do the characteristics of a mature red blood cell compare to an immature one?

A mature red blood cell does not have a nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes, unlike an immature one. Red blood cells are considered fully mature, only after they have lost their nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes.

The raw energy you get from food is not in a form that is usable by your body. Before your body can benefit from these energy sources they must be converted into _____.

ATP-Before your body can benefit from these energy sources, their energy must be converted into the form your body likes - namely adenosine triphosphate, which is better known as ATP. ATP is the form of energy your body uses to perform bodily functions.

Penelope is getting ready for her daily run. She laces up her jogging shoes and heads out the door. What type of energy creation does she need in the first few minutes of exercise?

Anaerobic metabolism-We use the term anaerobic metabolism to describe energy creation in the absence of oxygen. This is a fairly easy fact to remember if you recall that the prefix 'an' means 'without' and the word 'aerobic' refers to 'oxygen,' so anaerobic metabolism allows your body to generate usable ATP without oxygen.

What is perceived exertion?

Basically perceived exertion is the subjective feeling of how hard a workout was, or how tired it made him or her overall.

Which of the following is smallest in size?

Bronchioles are small tubes that break away from the bronchi.

How is cardiac output calculated?

By multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume.-When we look at this equation in cardiovascular physiology, we use the terms heart rate (HR) to describe the number of heartbeats per minute and stroke volume (SV) to describe the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles with each heartbeat. Therefore, our equation looks like this: CO = HR x SV.

Which of the following is an energy-containing molecule stored in your muscles that can be broken down easily to help make ATP?

Creatine phosphate-Your muscles have a small reserve of ATP in storage and you don't need any oxygen to retrieve this energy. Of course, the key word here is 'small' because this reserve of ATP is used up after only a few seconds of activity. Yet you do not crash because you have another energy-containing molecule stored in your muscles that can be broken down easily to make ATP called creatine phosphate (CP).

On a hot day in the African savannah, it would be advantageous for an elephant to lose more heat from its blood, so it should:

Dilation of blood vessels occurs when a blood vessel increases in diameter to allow a larger volume of blood to flow through. When the blood vessel dilates, the vessel expands, and the amount of blood flowing through increases.

What evolutionary step completely separated the ventricle into two distinct chambers?

Evolution of the four-chambered heart-Reptiles generally have three-chambered hearts, but different species of reptiles have walls of varying sizes that partially separate the ventricle. The lone exceptions are the crocodile species, which have a complete septum, creating a four-chambered heart that is very similar to the four-chambered heart found in birds and mammals, including humans.

Jellyfish have:

Gastrovascular cavity is a structure found in some animals that serves as the main site of both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body.

What happens if an individual's heart rate increases, but his stroke volume remains the same?

His cardiac output increases.-We know that if you increase the amount of blood being pumped by your heart every minute, what you're really doing is increasing your cardiac output.

How does your body respond when you need more blood, e.g. during a period of intense exercise?

If your body needs more blood, then your heart will increase the cardiac output. This can be done in a few ways - either your heart rate will increase, your stroke volume will increase, or both.

Hemolymph is found:

In the sinuses of an open circulatory system-pen circulatory systems are systems where internal organs and body tissues are surrounded by circulatory fluid. This fluid is called hemolymph, and it's pretty much like blood, except that it doesn't contain oxygen transporting cells.

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Increase in end-diastolic volume results in an increased stroke volume.-Two scientists named Frank and Starling noticed that the increase in end-diastolic volume, or preload, results in an increased stroke volume and more blood being pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat. This became a popular law in cardiac physiology and is known as the Frank-Starling law of the heart.

Which of the following will NOT increase stroke volume?

Increased afterload.-We can see that when afterload is high, the heart would have a harder time pumping blood and would lead to an increase in the blood remaining in the ventricles, or an increased end-systolic volume. In other words, increased afterload results in increased end-systolic volume and less blood leaving the heart, or decreased stroke volume.

If sympathetic stimulation to the heart is increased, what is the likely result?

Increased heart rate and cardiac output.-If you exercise or experience some type of emotional stress, the nerves of the sympathetic division stimulate the SA node to fire more frequently, increasing your heart rate.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of hemoglobin?

It can bind to carbon dioxide and oxygen at the same time- Hemoglobin can bind to carbon dioxide when it is in the T-conformation, but a single subunit cannot bind to carbon dioxide and oxygen at the same time.

closed circulatory system

It contains blood that contains oxygen transporting cells. Blood flows through any given vessel in only one direction. Blood flow can be changed systemically or locally in response to changes in the environment. Oxygen can enter and leave the closed circulatory system. A closed system can serve all the cells in an organism. The purpose of these blood vessels is really not much different from the purpose of water pipes in a city, which is to transport a necessary commodity (in this case blood) long distances and distribute it to many locations.

What effect does high concentrations of carbon dioxide have on hemoglobin? .

It induces the hemoglobin to adopt the T-structure.-Active tissues have a high concentration of carbon dioxide, because it is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. Hemoglobin can also bind to carbon dioxide when it is in the T-conformation, but a single subunit cannot bind to carbon dioxide and oxygen at the same time, so the oxygen gets released by the hemoglobin subunit as it changes to the T-structure and binds to carbon dioxide.

Which of the following is TRUE about aerobic metabolism? .

It is used to make ATP in the presence of oxygen.-Aerobic metabolism is simply energy creation in the presence of oxygen. This system is not as fast as anaerobic metabolism, but it is more efficient. We also see that aerobic metabolism can use glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to make ATP.

What are some of the benefits of the conducting zone?

It removes dirt, warms, adds water vapor to the air we breathe.-Like a tree, the conducting zone branches into smaller and smaller tubes leading to the respiratory zone. While the conducting zone moves air into and out of the lungs, it serves other functions as well. The conducting zone cleans inspired air much like an air filter cleans air going into a furnace. Filtering is done by hair-like cellular appendages called cilia that extend from the epithelial cells lining the conducting zone. Furthermore, inspired air is warmed as the air passes through the conducting zone. Its temperature equilibrates with body temperature regardless of the temperature outside. Finally, the conducting zone adds water vapor to the inspired air.

One of the drawbacks of anaerobic metabolism is that it produces a substance that can interfere with muscle contractions and produce muscle pain. What is this substance called?

Lactic acid is an end product of anaerobic metabolism, and if you don't get oxygen soon, it will also end your exercise session. This is because high levels of lactic acid can interfere with muscle contractions and produce muscle pain. This lactic acid build up limits your energy system, requiring you to either stop or greatly reduce your intensity.

In an open circulatory system:

Open circulatory systems are systems where internal organs and body tissues are surrounded by circulatory fluid.

Which of these blood vessels brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

Oxygen-poor blood enters into a dense network of capillaries that blankets the entire respiratory surface of the lung. It is here where the blood releases carbon dioxide into the lungs and absorbs oxygen. The now oxygen-rich blood enters the pulmonary veins, which are the veins that bring oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

What kind of information will tracking perceived exertion give you?

Perceived exertion gives vague and subjective information about how an athlete is feeling. However, this information is still actionable. For example, if you had a hard workout planned for an athlete, but you can see by the perceived exertion that the athlete is already feeling relatively tired - backing off of the intensity level might be advisable.

Which cell process is the exact opposite gas exchange as cell respiration?

Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a waste product. Cellular respiration is the exact opposite, as oxygen is take in and carbon dioxide released as the waste product.

What is hemoglobin composed of?

Protein and iron-Hemoglobin belongs to a class of proteins known as respiratory pigments, which are metal-containing proteins that are used to bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the circulatory system.

The lymph nodes contain lots of immune cells.

Scattered throughout the lymphatic system are numerous enlargements of the lymphatics called lymph nodes . These are small bean-shaped organs that filter lymph and are packed with immune cells that monitor the lymph for any sign of infectious agents like bacteria and viruses.

In which two locations does gas exchange take place?

The alveoli and the capillaries- Gas exchange first occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen is picked up, and it is then delivered in the capillaries throughout the body.

If oxygen-rich blood flows through a capillary that passes through tissue that is already saturated with oxygen, what will happen?

The blood will retain its oxygen and continue on its way.- As blood enters capillaries in tissues that are actively using oxygen, the low concentration in the tissues draws dissolved oxygen out of the blood and into the tissues, leaving very little oxygen dissolved in the blood. Without a high concentration in the blood, oxygen bound to hemoglobin is free to go back into solution in the blood.

What happens to red blood cells in the bone marrow?

The bone marrow contains rapidly dividing cells and generates new red blood cells. The bone marrow is a tissue inside the bones, which contains lots of rapidly-dividing cells, which generates around 6-7 trillion red blood cells every month.

When air travels from the trachea into the lungs, which are the passageways that fork off into each lung?

The bronchi are air passageways that fork off like two tree branches, one into the right lung and one into the left lung.

Which other body system operates in conjunction with the respiratory system to ensure that oxygen is delivered to all body tissues?

The cardiovascular system ensures that oxygen is transported, by way of blood, throughout the body.

The circulation of blood from the right side of the human heart to the lungs and back to the heart completes which circuit?

The circulation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart completes the pulmonary circuit.

What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

The conducting zone moves air into and out of the lungs, while the respiratory zone moves oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood.-The conducting zone includes everything from the nose to the smallest bronchioles, moves air into and out of the lungs. The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli and moves oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood. Note that the function of both zones is to move oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The following are considered a part of the circulatory system?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood are the parts that make up the circulatory system, which is defined as a closed system of blood vessels for the transport of gasses and nutrients.

What is the job of the human body's pulmonary circuit?

The job of the pulmonary circuit is to carry blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Which of the following is an important influence on end-systolic volume?

The pressure within the arteries leaving the heart.-If there's a lot of pressure in the arteries leaving the heart, the heart will have a harder time pumping blood. This arterial pressure that represents the amount of resistance the ventricle has to overcome to eject blood is called the afterload.

Which of these structures is not a part of the respiratory system? Trachea Bronchi Lungs Esophagus Pharynx

The respiratory system can be divided into upper and lower sections. The upper respiratory system includes the 'mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and the pharynx'. The lower respiratory system begins with the 'larynx or voice box, and includes the trachea or wind pipe, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli within the lungs.

If a sample of blood is deoxygenated, where is it likely to be found in the circulatory system of the human body?

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it through the pulmonary circuit. It is at the beginning of this circuit that we find blood depleted of oxygen.

The two main branches of the trachea that lead to the lobes of the lung are known as _____.

The trachea splits into two smaller tubes called bronchi. Each bronchus enters one side of the lungs and then splits repeatedly into ever smaller tubes called bronchioles.

Which of these structures provide both support and flexibility to the trachea?

The tracheal cartilages-The trachea is surrounded by C-shaped, tracheal cartilages, that provide support and flexibility and allow for expansion and contraction of the trachea while we breathe.

Which of the following explains why humans are unable to absorb enough oxygen through their skin?

There is not enough surface area- There is not enough surface area on the human body to be able to absorb enough oxygen through the skin. If we just absorbed oxygen through our skin, it might reach the first two, maybe three layers of cells, before it was all used up, and it would never make it all the way to our brain, or muscles, or most other places in our body.

features of alveoli

They are surrounded by capillaries; They have thin walls; Their inner surface is coated with a thin film of water; Alveoli are grape like clusters found at the end of the bronchioles.

What is the purpose of the systemic circuit of the human body?

To supply blood rich in oxygen and nutrients to the body. The systemic circuit carries blood to the cells of the body to distribute oxygen and nutrients and pick up cell wastes.

In the lungs, after oxygen leaves the air, where does it travel next?

To the film of water that- coats the alveoli-The volume of water is so small, it becomes saturated with oxygen almost instantly and the oxygen is then free to diffuse across the cell membrane.

What is the function of red blood cells in the human body?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues. The only job of Red Blood Cells is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Which of these triggers your brain to take a breath?

Too much carbon dioxide-A buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream stimulates breathing.

Which of the following is part of the lower respiratory system?

Trachea-The lower respiratory system begins with the larynx or voice box, and includes the trachea or wind pipe, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli within the lungs.

Trent's heart beats 80 times per minute, and each time his heart pumps it pushes out 85 milliliters of blood on average. What is his current cardiac output?

Using our equation, CO = HR x SV, we know that his cardiac output is 6.8 liters/min.

What signals a blood vessel to undergo angiogenesis?

Vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF for short and other growth factors are signaling molecules that spread out from the cells that aren't receiving enough oxygen until they reach an existing blood vessel. When they do reach an existing blood vessel, these signaling molecules cause existing endothelial cells to migrate out of their current vessel, multiply and form a new blood vessel.

What would NOT result from an increased end-diastolic volume?

Weaker contraction of the ventricles.-When the ventricle is stretched more, it contracts harder, just like a rubber band - if you stretch it really far, it's going to contract harder.

Three-chambered hearts allow amphibians to:

have a double circulation scheme-One circuit, called the pulmonary circuit, leads to the respiratory organs to oxygenate the blood. The second circuit, called the systemic circuit, carries oxygenated blood to the various body tissues. As a result of the double circulation, amphibians have a three-chambered heart consisting of two atria and one ventricle.

An individual's number of heart beats per minute is known as his _____, while the volume of blood that is pumped by his ventricles with each heartbeat is his _____.

heart rate; stroke volume-When we look at this equation in cardiovascular physiology, we use the terms heart rate (HR) to describe the number of heartbeats per minute and stroke volume (SV) to describe the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles with each heartbeat. Therefore, our equation looks like this: CO = HR x SV.

Sickle Cell Anemia is called an 'anemia' because _____

it is a disorder that results in a lower than normal red blood cell count.-Anaemia is referred to any condition where the number of red blood cells in the blood is lower than normal.

The main function of a heart valve is to:

prevent backflow-Valves increase the efficiency of the heart by preventing backflow when blood isn't being pumped through them. The atria of the human heart are much smaller than the ventricles. This is because the ventricles serve as the primary pumping chambers and the atria function mainly to ensure that the ventricles are completely filled before the blood is pumped out, kind of like a 'topping off' mechanism.

Hemoglobin acts primarily as _____.

short-term storage for oxygen- Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that can bind to either oxygen or carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin belongs to a class of proteins known as respiratory pigments, which are metal-containing proteins that are used to bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the circulatory system.

Once generated, immature red blood cells, _____

start making hemoglobin-Immature Red Blood Cells start making hemoglobin until they are full of it.

The right ventricle pumps blood into:

the pulmonary arteries-Oxygen-poor blood enters the heart in the right atrium before flowing into the right ventricle . From there it is pumped into the pulmonary arteries which lead to the lungs.

The two circuits that work together in a double circulation system are:

the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit -One circuit, called the pulmonary circuit, leads to the respiratory organs to oxygenate the blood. The second circuit, called the systemic circuit, carries oxygenated blood to the various body tissues.

How is perceived exertion rated?

there are many systems, but the most common is 1-10-Dr. Borg originally had a scale of 0-20. Many coaches and athletes have found that a 1-10 scale is more intuitive, and therefore works better in the long run.

capillaries

they are the smallest blood vessels; oxygen and carbon dioxide are easily transferred in and out of them; they are found in all living tissues in the body; they have very thin walls comprised of endothelial cells. Because capillary walls are so thin, nutrients and waste products can cross them almost instantly. Even so, the flow rate in capillaries is slowed down to allow time for red blood cells to release their oxygen into the blood.

What kind of information will tracking perceived exertion give you? precise, but non-actionable information

vague and actionable information-Perceived exertion gives vague and subjective information about how an athlete is feeling. However, this information is still actionable. For example, if you had a hard workout planned for an athlete, but you can see by the perceived exertion that the athlete is already feeling relatively tired - backing off of the intensity level might be advisable.