Peds Exam 1: Growth and Development
The mother of a 6-year-old is asking the nurse how to handle the child's lying and fabricated stories when confronted with questionable actions. Which response would be most appropriate by the nurse?
"Children this age sometimes can't distinguish between fantasy and reality." Children in the age group 6 to 7 years often engage in magical thinking. They may still believe in the tooth fairy, Santa Claus, monsters under the bed, and other imaginary characters. These keen imaginations may also conjure up fears—especially at night—about remote, fanciful, or imaginary events. If a child of this age has trouble distinguishing fantasy from reality, it may incline them to lie to escape punishment or to boost self-confidence. The other choices do not consider this child's stage of development or give the mother the most appropriate information for the situation.
The mother of a 4-year-old reports using time-outs as a means for disciplining the child. Which statement by the mother would require the nurse to provide additional teaching?
"I usually have him in time-out for about 10 minutes."
The parents of a 10-year-old tell the clinic nurse that they are concerned because they noticed that their child has gained about 10 pounds over the past 2 years. What is the best response by the nurse?
"Normal growth and development for this age results in an average weight gain of 7 pounds per year." Children of school-age grow an average of 2.5 inches (6 to 7 centimeters) per year and gain an average of 7 pounds per year; therefore, the 10 pounds over 2 years is normal and it is important for the parents to know this, regardless if they are not overweight. Simply comparing them to other children seen in the clinic doesn't mean it is a normal expectation. While activity is important, the nurse must first address the parent's concern.
The nurse goes in to check on a new mother to see how breast-feeding is going with her new son. The nurse observes the infant is on the mother's lap with the blanket unwrapped, and the mother is washing his face, and gently stroking the baby. The mother has had trouble breastfeeding the last few times. What is the appropriate response from the nurse?
"You are doing a wonderful job attempting to wake the baby." The nurse should be emotionally supportive to the new mom. The mom's techniques are commonly used in breastfed infants who are sleeping. The encouragement from the nurse will support the mom through this learning period. The other responses do not emotionally support the mom or contribute to a positive learning environment.
The mother of a newborn reports she does not think her baby likes his formula since he spits up after only taking a small amount. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
"Your baby's stomach is small and can only hold about 1/2 to 1 ounce at birth."
The infant weighs 7 lb 4 oz (3,248 g) at birth. If the infant is following a normal pattern of growth, what would be the expected weight for this child at the age of 12 months?
21 lb 12 oz (9.9 kg) By 4-6 months, should double birth-weight. By 12 months, triple.
The toddler grows about how many inches (centimeters) in height per year?
3 in (7.5 cm)
By what age should the child know his/her own gender?
3 years Toddlers observe differences in both male and female body parts. They question their parents about the differences. By 3 years of age, toddlers can say their name, their age and their gender. This age group begins to understand and mimic social gender differences. A 1-year-old or 2-year-old child would be too young to make this distenction because these children are just identifying their own body parts. By 4 years of age the child should be able to identify body parts. If not, there may be some delay with the child.
The nurse is providing parental anticipatory guidance to promote healthy emotional development in a 12-month-old boy. Which statement best accomplishes this?
A regular routine and rituals will provide stability and security. Toddlers benefit most from routines and rituals that help them anticipate events and teach and reinforce expected behaviors. Knowing that a child can move from calm to temper tantrum very quickly, understanding the benefit of limited choices, and realizing that hitting and biting are common behaviors in toddlerhood provide information but not a guiding concept.
What is the correct amount of wet diapers a mature infant should produce each day?
An infant should have 6 to 8 wet diapers/day. Urination occurs in the first 24 hours of life. A normal amount of urine is 200 to 300 ml/day as the infant matures. This amount is equal to 6 to 8 wet diapers/day.The infant should have an intake of between 140 to 160 ml/kg/day to be well hydrated and nourished. This amount of intake will produce the 6 to 8 diapers/day.
The nurse is assessing a 3-year-old child. Which assessment finding would the nurse identify as abnormal?
Bending over easily without falling is a normal expected gross motor skill in a 3-year-old. Building a tower of nine or ten cubes, pedaling a tricycle without assistance and unscrewing lids, bolts or nuts are also expected gross and fine motor skills for this age.
Which suggestion by the nurse meant to promote good dental health in the 15-month-old is inappropriate?
Brush your child's teeth with a pea-sized amount of fluoride-containing toothpaste. Using fluoride toothpaste prior to age 2 years promotes development of fluorosis. The first dental visit should be made at 1 year. This check-up is overdue. Continual snacking and bottle drinking keep the teeth in contact with cariogenic substances for extended periods.
What information would the nurse include when teaching the parents of an infant about colic?
Colic symptoms will probably fade at 3 months of age. Colic is defined as unconsolable crying that lasts 3 hours or longer per day and which it has no physical cause. Colic symptoms typically fade around 3 months of age. This is an age when infants are better able to console themselves. Colic can be very stressful for parents and lead to sleep deprivation. Many infants need to be carried at all times to reduce crying. Some do well with non-nutritive sucking and other need white noise or motion to help them soothe. Because colic has no physical cause telling the parents about follow up for "nervous stomach" is not necessary. The infant should be placed in a position of comfort to reduce the crying. Every infant has one's own position which helps, not just placing the infant on the back. Doubling up the formula will not help colic and may cause more problems, because it can cause abdominal pain and increased weight gain.
What is a true statement regarding the developmental milestones of the 30-month-old child?
Developmental milestones of a 30-month-old child include acquiring a full set of primary or baby teeth. A child at this age is developing a sense of humor, can put on clothes, wash hands and brush teeth. The 12-month-old child should double the birth weight. The anterior fontanel closes at 18 to 24 months. Head circumference equals chest circumference at 12 months.
The nurse has completed an examination of a 32-month-old girl with normal gross and fine motor skills. Which observation would suggest the child is experiencing a problem with language development?
Her vocabulary is between 10 and 15 words. A 3-year-old child typically has a vocabulary of approximately 900 words, asks many questions, uses complete sentences consisting of 3 to 4 words, and talks incessantly. Thus a vocabulary of 10 to 15 words suggests a language problem.
An infant is breastfed. When assessing the stools, which findings would be typical?
Less constipation than bottle-fed infants The first stool of the infant is meconium. It is the result of digestion of amniotic fluid and it is black-green color and sticky. Following that, in 1 to 2 days the infant's stools change to a yellowish-tan color. The stools of breastfed infants tend to be yellow-tan. They are looser in texture and appear "seedy." The stool of a bottle-fed baby has the consistency of peanut butter. The stools of breastfed babies generally have no odor since all milk is digested. Some babies will have a bowel movement with every feeding but it is small. Bottle-fed babies have less stools each day but they are larger and more likely to have an associated odor.
The nurse is assessing the oral cavity of a 6-month-old child. When palpating the location in which the first primary teeth erupt, which location is being assessed?
Lower central gumline
A 3-month-old infant has a Moro reflex. Which statement is most true of this reflex?
Most 3-month-old infants still have a Moro reflex. The Moro reflex is seen in the infant as a sudden extension of the head with the arms abducted and moving upward. In this position the hands for the letter "C". This reflex is present at birth and disappears around 4 months of age. This reflex is known as the startle reflex because the baby looks startled when this is seen. It is a normal reflex and there is no need for medical intervention.
The parent of a 3-month-old infant is concerned because the infant does not yet sit by oneself. Which statement best reflects average sitting ability?
Most infants do not sit steadily until 8 months; this infant is normal.
A nurse is caring for a hospitalized 10-year-old child. What would be an appropriate activity for this child to meet the developmental tasks of this age group?
Participating in a craft project During this stage, the child is interested in how things are made and run. The child learns to manipulate concrete objects. The child likes engaging in meaningful projects and seeing them through to completion. Playing jack-in-the-box and blocks are for much younger children. If anything, the child would be texting back and forth with friends, not writing a letter.
The nurse has brought a group of preschoolers to the playroom to play. Which activity would the nurse predict the children to become involved in?
Preschool children have imitative play, pretending to be the mommy, the daddy, a policeman, a cowboy, or other familiar characters. The school-aged child enjoys group activities, such as board games, and making things, such as drawings, paintings, and craft projects. The adolescent enjoys activities he or she can participate in with their peers.
The clinic nurse is assessing a 9-month-old client. The parents state, "Our baby is having a really hard time teething." Which nursing action is appropriate?
Recommend the parents provide the infant a cold teething ring to chew
Which gross motor developmental milestone is least likely for a 2 year old?
Rides a tricycle Gross motor developmental milestones for a 2 year old include jumping in place, standing on tip toes, kicking a ball and running. At 3 years old, the child should be able to pedal a tricycle, run easily and walk up and down the stairs with alternate feet. At 12 to 18 months of age, the child should be able to stand on one foot with help, walk independently, climb the stairs with assistance and pull
The nurse is examining a 3-year-old girl during a regular visit. Which finding would disclose a developmental delay in this child?
The child demonstrates separation anxiety. The child should be past the stage of separation anxiety by age 3 years. Imitating actions, copying a circle on paper, and responding to single requests are developmentally appropriate.
When assessing a toddler's language development, what is the standard against which you measure language in a 2-year-old toddler?
The toddler should speak in two-word sentences ("Me go"). A toddler can understand language and is able to follow commands far sooner than can actually use the words. By 2 years of age, a toddler typically speaks in two-word (noun and verb) sentences. Two-year-old toddlers have a vocabulary of about 40 to 50 words, and they start to use descriptive words (hungry, hot). The words "ma-ma" and da-da" occur much earlier than toddler stage. The toddler is about 36 months of age before using pronouns or plurals in sentences. Children are unable to count to 20 until they are 5 to 6 years old.
A nurse is assessing a 2-year-old's language development. What would the nurse expect to assess?
Use of a two-word noun-verb sentence A 2-year-old should be able to say a two-word sentence that consists of a noun and verb. A 15-month-old can say 4 to 6 words. A 30-month-old knows his full name and can name one color.
Parents and their 35-month-old child have returned to the clinic for a follow-up appointment. Which of the findings may signal a speech delay?
Uses two-word sentences or phrases A child nearly 3 years of age should speak in three- to four-word sentences. The other findings indicate normal expressive language for the age.
When collecting data on a preschool-aged child during a well-child visit, the nurse discovers the child has gained 12 lb (5.4 kg) and grown 2.5 inches (6.3 cm) in the last year. The nurse interprets these findings to indicate which situation?
Weight is above an expected range and height is within an expected range. The preschool period is one of slow growth. The child gains about 3 to 5 lb each year (1.4 to 2.3 kg) and grows about 2.5 inches (6.3 cm). The child's weight is above the expected gain and the height is what would be expected.
A parent tells the nurse that the 6-year-old child has been biting the fingernails since beginning first grade. After analysis, the cause is determined to be increased stress. What advice would the nurse give the parent regarding this behavoir?
allow some time every day for the child to talk about new experiences The developmental task of the school-age child is industry. They are busy learning, achieving and exploring. With school comes separation from the parents, new people, new activities. Beginning school can be a time of extreme stress for children. Biting the nails can be a symptom that something is concerning the child. Spending time with the child and allowing the child time to discuss these new experiences of school helps the child to put experiences in perspective and begin to deal with them. Allowing the child a reward for not biting the nails does not address the underlying issue of why the child is biting the nails in the first place. The underlying issue is emotionally based, so adding milk or providing a distraction will not correct the problem.
A nurse hands a toddler a toy hammer. Instead of hitting or pounding the hammer on an object, the toddler begins shaking it. What concept related to growth and development is this toddler displaying?
assimilation
Anticipatory guidance for an infant for the 4th month should include the fact that the infant will be able to achieve which developmental milestone?
be able to turn over onto the back
When planning how to respond to a 3-year-old child about telling stories ("tall tales"), the nurse would base the statement on the fact that:
imagination in a 3-year-old is at its peak. Preschoolers have vivid imaginations and love to play "make believe." They are inquisitive learners. It is not unusual for their imaginations to create "tall tales" and be in a world of make-believe. Preschoolers have a vocabulary of between 1,500 and 2,100 words, depending upon their age. They can count to 10 and know at least 4 colors. Their comminication is concrete. At this age they are not capable of abstract thought. During the preschool years, the child develops a sense of identity. They know who they are and to the family in which they belong. They develop the knowledge of right and wrong. The preschool years help develop the child's sense of belonging and their place in the world.
During a well-child check at the ambulatory clinic, the mother of a 10-year-old boy reports concerns about her son's frequent discussions about death and dying. Based upon knowledge of this age group, the nurse understands that:
preoccupation with death and dying is common in the school-aged child.
What statement by the mother of a 20-month-old indicates a need for further teaching about nutrition?
"I give my daughter juice at breakfast and when she is thirsty during the day." High juice intake can contribute to either obesity or appetite suppression. None is needed, but if juice is given limit the amount to 4 to 6 ounces daily. Water should be the choice for thirst. The other statements support good toddler nutrition. Whole milk is needed through age 2 years. Two cups daily is adequate. Nutritious snacks support quality intake when quantity is poor. New foods offered with old ones provide sameness along with the new.
A mother is concerned because her 14-month-old son, who had a big appetite when breast-feeding a few months ago, seems uninterested in eating solid food. She still breast-feeds him daily, but is thinking of weaning him soon. How should the nurse respond to this mother?
"It is normal for toddlers to lose their appetites; try starting him with just a tablespoonful of food on his plate." Because growth slows abruptly after the first year of life, a toddler's appetite is usually less than an infant's. Children who ate hungrily 2 months earlier now sit and play with their food. It is important to educate parents while the child is still an infant this decline in food intake will occur so they will not be concerned when it happens. Because the actual amount of food eaten daily varies from one child to another, teach parents to place a small amount of food on a plate and allow their child to eat it and ask for more rather than serve a large portion the child cannot finish. One tablespoonful of each food served is a good start. The nurse should recommend that the mother wean her son gradually to avoid confrontation, not all at once. Most toddlers insist on feeding themselves and generally will resist eating if a parent insists on feeding them.
A parent brings a 6-year-old to the clinic and informs the nurse that the child is tired all the time even though the child sleeps 7 to 8 hours each night. What is the best response by the nurse?
"Your child should be getting 11 to 12 hours of sleep per night with some quiet time after school." Sleep needs for children change according to their ages. A 6- to 8-year-old child needs 12 hours of sleep per night. The 8- to 10-year-old child needs 10 to 12 hours of sleep per night. The 10- to 12-year-old child needs between 9 and 10 hours of sleep per night. Many younger children need a nap or to be provided with a quiet time after school to recharge after a busy day in the classroom. Increasing the child's sleeping hours should be attempted before asking for medical intervention.
While observing a 13-month-old and her parents in the playroom of the hospital unit, the nurse notes that the toddler is using her index finger to point towards a toy. How should the nurse respond?
"Your daughter is demonstrating fine motor skills appropriate to her age by pointing with her index finger." At 12 to 15 months of age the toddler should be feeding herself finger foods and using her index finger to point to objects. Turning the pages of books would not be expected until the age of 18 months.
The parents of a 30-month-old toddler have brought the toddler into the emergency department because of a seizure. During the health history, the nurse suspects the toddler had a breath-holding spell. Which parental report suggests breath-holding?
A tantrum preceded the event. Temper tantrums are the natural result of frustrations that toddlers experience. They continue to occur until the toddler is old enough to verbalize feelings. The fact that there was a precipitating event of frustration and anger points to the likelihood that this is a cyanotic breath-holding spell. Breath-holding spells never occur during sleep, nor do they feature postictal confusion. Unconsciousness is not definitive because it is common to both seizures and breath-holding spells.
