Peeps Midterm

Os Mutantes

"The Mutants" was a band created by two brothers and a female vocalist and often performed with Gilberto Gil. They used experimental instrumentation in studio recordings.

12 bar blues

12 bars of blues structured as A. I I(IV) I I A. IV IV I I B. V IV I I

Highlife

1970's Afropop music that has a carribean influence based on tonic dominant harmonies such as V-I. The movement is equatable to the disco movement in America, and relied less on interlocking rhythms.

Bob Marley

A 1960's music icon from Jamaica who codified the genre of Reggae. He was born into a rural farming community, emigrated to America, and then returned to Jamaica after being heavily influenced by the black panthers and the violent civil rights movement in the US.

Erhu

A Chinese bowed string instrument made from snake skin.

Xiao

A Chinese end blown flute often played in heterophony. It is a lower pitched flute with a mellow sound and is difficult to play.

Qin

A Chinese fretless seven stringed zither that is associated with Bhuddism, it's ritualistic and also associated with the upper class.

Cui Jian

A Chinese popstar who is extremely outspoken against the Chinese government and also complacent communities.

Dizi

A Chinese transverse flute. It is simple to play and has a clear high sound.

Voodoo

A Haitian religion stemming from Candomble that merged with catholicism rather than just disguise itself with the European religion. Voodoo practitioners worship Catholic saints as spirits - such as the gatekeeper spirit, who is merged with St. Peter. Call and response is the predominant musical technique.

Shakuhachi

A Japanese bamboo flute that is made by cutting a notch into the bamboo and often used in Bhuddist music.

Hichiricki

A Japanese double reed instrument made of bamboo. It is a very loud instrument that is difficult to control.

Shamisen

A Japanese lute played by plucking with a large pick, often associated with folk music.

Sho

A Japanese mouth organ made of bamboo pipes that plays "tone clusters" that are sustained.

Habernera

A Latin basso continuo dance that was influenced by the Tango.

Water Drum

A Native American drum that contains water in the base of the instrument to create a unique sound quality.

Gilberto Gil

A Portuguese American artist who cultivated the style of Tropicalia music influences by British rock in the 1960's. He was removed from Brazilian dictatorship due to the nature of the music and it's popularity, but late became the cultural minister from Salvador for Brazil in the early 70's.

Bandoneon

A button accordian that is used as an improvisational instrument with a distinct and passionate sound that is widely used in Tango.

Moccasin Game

A children's game. There are two teams. One team places a stone in a mocassin and the other team has to guess which mocassin it is in. The game is played as an experiential Navajo Creation myth. When the earth began the creatures were deciding how the world would work.

Ladysmith Black mambazo

A group of singers from Africa that contains missionary and european musical influence.

Koto

A large Japanese zither instrument. The instrument is played very deliberately and sparsely when lined up, it supposed to symbolize the spine of a dragon.

Aymara

A large egalitarian tribe found in the Andes mountains, their music is predominantly associated with the Siku. They are a shy people, and their music reflects that cultural trait.

Ewe

A large tribe located around Ghana, on the West Coast of Africa. The social structure of the tribe is made up of a series of clans with no general overarching hierarchy within the tribe but hierarchy within the clans. Drum ensembles emulate the hierarchy by utilizing call and response, as well as interlocking rhythms.

King Sunny Ade

A notable Juju player in Africa.

Siku

A pan flute that is usually played in pairs and pitches are dividing among the two instruments.

Powwow

A perpetuation of culture in order to preserve culture. It is a multi-day festival filled with culture, activities, and competitions. Singing competitions are mostly Plains style singing (developed through the mono-culture).

Pipa

A pipa is a four stringed instrument and a Chinese lute.

Victor Jara

A predominant Chilean musician who played folk music in the post-revolution era of Chile. He was killed by the corrupt leader Pinochet for being too outspoken about the government and too much of a cultural icon.

Jo-Ha-kyu

A prominent form of Kangen music in which Japanese musicians use an eight beat pattern or eleven minute piece that follows a single note. It is divided into three instruments, Koto, Kakko, and O-daiku.

Rastafari

A religion based off Christianity, where The Exodus is interpreted as the Black Exodus (the Jews are African being exiled from Africa during the years of slavery). It preached black power and to overcome oppression first through the mental state, then through society. To overcome mental oppression followers smoke marijuana. Dreadlocks also became a symbol of Rasafari. They worship the Messiah, Emperor of Ethiopia Hailie Selassie (who was a very powerful black leader).

Candomble

A religion developed by slaves, primarily rooted in Nigerian religion. It uses a Catholic mask to appease the European colonists of Brazil by renaming pagan character with Catholic character names. The ceremonies are very African, but have very Catholic looks to them.

In-Pentatonic

A scale made up of a half step, skip two whole steps, one whole step, half step, and skip two whole steps. It was used in traditional instrumental music. (Japan)

Pentatonic Scale

A scale made up of three whole steps, a half step, two whole steps, and another half step.

"the rise"

A short jump in vocal range that takes the voice higher.

The Didjeridoo

A simultaneously simple and complex instrument. It is made from a eucalyptus log that is naturally hollowed out by termites and covered with a mouthpiece made from beeswax. To play the instrument you blow into as if it were a horn or brass instrument.

Diatonic Harp

A smaller harp that is payed on a major scale and is popular in San Jaracho music.

Mariachi

A specific culture and etiquette accompanies Mariachi music, such as costumes and stylistic performances. Instrumentation includes: guitars, pairs of either violins and trumpets (or both), and accordions. It is harmonized in thirds to create a sentimental kind of music and is always in triple meter.

Son Jaracho

A string ensemble that incorporate percussive dancing, western harmonies, utilization of call and response, and is the basis of La Bamba.

Mbira

A thumb piano popular in African music that has a rattle or fuzzy quality due to rings and metal attached to the top of the instrument. The rattle sounds very percussive when the instrument is played. It is played by plucking the metal teeth with the players thumbs. Multiple mbira are played together to create hockets.

Mande

A tribe in Africa that's social structure and values are reflected in their music. The tribe has a working class and a professional class, and enslaved their own people for a significant period of time. They have a special designated musician called the "Jali" or plural, "Jalolu". The Jali is the tribe historian as well, and will often play music containing social commentary.

he-ye-no-we

A vocable sung at the end of verses in Native American songs, it is likened to the same sentiments as "Amen".

Palm wine

Afropop music named after a popular African beverage that was often consumed while playing this style of music. The music is played with hocket rhythms on acoustic guitars accompanied with very fast singing.

Capoeira

An African Brazilian dance martial art that is accompanied by music. The Berimbaus accompanies the dancing. The martial art was developed to look like dance in order to conceal it's true fighting nature.

Marimba

An African percussion instrument that utilizes interlocking hockets for musical play during afropop. It is constructed out of wood that is laid side by side in rows.

Guitarron

An acoustic bass instrument used in Mariachi music.

BaAka

An egalitarian nomadic tribe in Central Africa where everyone is thought of as equals - it is reflected in their yodeling music where each voice is incorporated by using hockets and cannot be discerned from the other voices.

Fakebook

An illegal book of copyrighted popular jazz standards written with leadsheet notation.

Astor Piazzolla

Argentian Tango performer and composer who grew up in New York City during the 30's and 40's. He wrote symphonies and orchestral pieces that elevated the Tango to become a classical genre of music.

Samba

Brazilian traditional pop music of the 20th century. It includes light drumming, interlocking rhythms, and flute. It is dancy and folksy.

Call and Response

Caller is an improvisatory musician who accelerates and coordinates work on plantations and prison chain gangs, and is echoed by music participants. Hammer and Rain is an example Call and Response music. Possible origins: Africa

Scott Joplin

Composer of Ragtime, first successful African-American composer. Late 19th C.

Afro Beat

Created by Fela Kuti and was developed in Nigeria and America. The music contains jazz influences, funk influences, and emphasizes percussive instruments with politically charged lyrics.

Bugaku

Dance music and orchestral music. (Japan)

Ragtime

Developed by writing Marches for piano for parlor performances in the 1880's-90's (tin pan alley era). The genre evolved to include Syncopation.

Son Huesteca

Developed in the Veracruz region of South America that utilizes violin, guitar, and falsetto singing.

Eastern

Eastern Native Americans utilize a call and response style of singing.

John and Alan Lomax

Ethnomusicologists who specialized in African-American Field Recording in the 1930's-50's. They often conducted field research in prisons. They were a father and son team.

Tango

Improvisatory and passionate music accompanied by passionate dancing and influenced by Spanish and Jazz music. It is an Argentinian genre of music of "restrained passion".

Field Hollers

Improvisatory music called out during plantation work, Blues music was heavily influenced by field hollers.

Kena

Inblown flute that is indegenous to Peru and Bolivia. The instrument has a breathy sound, it requires a lot of air but produces a slim and tiny sound.

Reggae

Influenced by the American sound of the 1960s, like James Brown's funk. Instead of emphasizing beats 1 and 3, it emphasizes 2 and 4. The music often contains messages and themes related to the Rastafari religion and became popularized by Bob Marley.

Program Music

Instrumental music intended to tell a story through musical gestures and contextualization. Mostly related to natural events such as the famous compositions, "Geese Landing on Sunday Beach" or "Flickering Candles".

March Strain

Intro A A B B C(trio) Dogfight A Dogfight A The structure for marches including the Bombasto March.

Minyo

Japanese folk music/folk songs sung in households. There is a renaissance interest in folk music traditions in the past few decades.

Bunraku

Japanese puppet theater that is highly choreographed. It takes ten years to learn each body part of the puppet.

Gagaku

Japanese royal court music.

Jazz Standards

Jazz standards were centered in New Orleans and because of lessened Jim Crow Laws, which also allowed for racial integration through music. These songs are well known throughout the Jazz industry as commonly played songs.

Corridos

Mexican folk songs that depict stories of antiheroes, bandit, bootleggers, prostitutes and glorifies their personas.

Interlocking rhythm

Multiple simple rhythms that fit in with each other to make a complex rhythm to create polyrhythms. (Africa)

Hocket

Multiple simple rhythms with melodies that form a large melody when sung together. (Africa)

Mikagura

Music for Shinto services that had a steady beat of percussion with male chorus vocals and chant. (Japan)

Leadsheet Notation

Music writing: Chord symbols are written above the staff, melody is written on the staff, and lyrics are beneath.

Narcocorridos

Narcocorridos are updated corridos that now glorify the Narcos drug cartel and are heavily associated with the glorification of the drug cartel and stories of smuggling. Drug lords would commission these pieces as a sort of propaganda.

Nueva Cancion

Nationalistic Peruvian folk music that utilizes guitars. It utilizes simple cross rhythms, namely the two against three pulse.

Carlos Nakai

Native American flute music that is highly success in North America.

California - Yuman

Opposite of the Plains singing technique, this style is relaxed and low with 3-4 notes included.

Ghost Dance

Originated in the 1880s. Indian wars versus the U.S. created the Ghost Dance. This is a ceremony with a lot of religious implications. Native American people believed that a messiah will come and bring conditions back as it was, make the U.S. go away, and the dead will live again. There was a gathering at Wounded Knee for the Ghost Dance - which contributed to the massacre of 200 people by the US Army.

Matsuri-bayashi

Outdoor music that is played during Shinto shrine festivals. (Japan)

Plains

Plains Native Americans sing with loud, high, and intense contours of melody often with descending lines and phrases.

Tropicalia

Pop music combining traditional Brazilian rhythm, late samba and psychedelic rock.

Waila

Prevalent in the Southwest is the Waila tradition of Dance music. Instrumentation includes: saxophone, accordion, guitar, and a rhythm section.

Kangen

Purely instrumental court music. (Japan)

Field Recordings

Recordings from villages, oral histories of culture.

Shinto

Religious theater with no overarching dogma or cohesiveness that ephasizes the importance of Ancestral worship. There were often shrine festivals. (Japan)

Ostinato

Repeating bass line or repeating rhythmic patterns. (Africa)

Incomplete Repetition

Repeats in Native American music are only slightly changed, and not quite the same every repetition. There is very little (no) improvisation. All songs are learned.

Vocables

Rhythmic syllables that have no semantic meaning. Often used in traditional African music in order to continually and effectively utilize the interwoven and high pitched melodies within songs and poetry.

Dixieland Jazz

Small ensemble including trumpets, saxophone/clarinet, piano, bass, drum and sometimes banjo. "Fidgety Feet" is an example of structure: A A B C(trio) C(piano/banjo) C(tuba/trumpet) C(saxophone) C(All)

Athabascan

Southwest Native American singing style that is very nasal and their rhythm is a made up of quarter notes or two eighth notes.

Gospel

Spoken word preaching associated with the Black church based off of call and response, later became a genre of church music. Gospel music integrated the music created in the fields.

Biwa

The Japanese lute similar to the Chinese Pipa, it is not a standardized instrument and changes based on region.

Native American Church

The NAM practices the Peyote ceremony. THere is an ongoing conflict between the Federal government and drug reinforcements due to the illegal nature of Peyote. However, as of right now, the Freedom of Religion Act trumps it.

Juju

The beginning of Afropop and utilization of amplification in African music, that used interlocking rhythms, influence from electric palm wine, and added more drumming and electricity.

Fela Kuti

The creator of Afrobeat and a very politically charged musician from Nigeria who challenged the government and was heavily influenced by the black panther movement.

Mickey Hart

The drummer for the Grateful Dead who wanted to make the public aware of different world music, and participated in field recordings of South American music for the Smithsonian.

Enemyhway Ceremony

The enemyhway ceremony was an acting out of war and was a 3 day ceremony. The tribe or camp would divide into two different camps, Home Camp and Stick Reciever Camp. Games and songs of reconciliation would occur on the third and final day of the ceremony.

Yeibichai

The god that visits on the final day of the dance procession. There are specific songs sung during the final part of the procession. There is an element of humor involved with the dance, as there is always a clown present as the last dancer in the procession who carries water. Laughter is healing?

Kora

The main instrument played by the Mande tribe, and is bridge harp that plays ostinatos.

Peyote Ceremony

The peyote ceremony was originally developed in Mexico and travelled North to America. During the peyote ceremony participants ingest peyote during a spiritual ceremony that occurs overnight. Prayers and vigil is held for the night.

Jali

The tribe historian and musician in the Mande tribe who is specifically chosen for the responsibility of making the tribe's music.

Yo-Pentatonic

There are no half steps, only whole steps that are used for Japanese folk songs.

Wen

These are short compositions from 2.5 minutes to 4.5 minutes that depict nature and are often calm pieces.

49 songs

These are very simple songs that everybody can learn. They are informal, and can consist of vocables and English. Ex. "Sweetheart (One Eyed Ford)" Although it uses very traditional instrumentation and vocables, the English lyrics are paired with very western melodies.

Great Basin

This Native American singing style is relaxed like the California - Yuman but includes exact rhythms.

The Dreaming

This is Aboriginal creation myth, when nothing existed or had a physical form. Only spirits existed. When the world began the spirits took form as the earth, rocks, and clouds. For the aboriginals, everything around you has a spirit connected to it.

Nightway Ceremony

This is a public ceremony for healing in both spiritual and physical manners. For the Navajo, when they are sick it is not just one person's ailment it is a communal concern and issue.

Navajo Classical Music

This music was cultivated out of a large region of the 4 corners. The Navajo have sacred music and a collection of songs believed to move the spirits perform super natural happenings. Ethnomusicologists are understanding and respectful of the Navajo's wishes to keep the music privately.

Throat Singing

Throat singing is half singing, and half the alteration of the voice. Throat singers activate the fundamental tones and the overtones of their voice through the manipulation of their tongue and lips. Originated in Tuval.

taiko

Traditional Japanese music with precise rhythm and drumming.

Noh

Traditional Japanese theater that is conducted in an open space without a curtain but with masks. Everything occurs onstage so that the audience sees everything, even the musicians are onstage in the back of the stage. Moves made by actors are slow and with deliberate gesturing . Aesthetically you are unable to see the actor because it would interfere with your interpretation of the character.

Kabuki

Traditional Japanese theater that is rapid paced, and was developed in the 19th C. A runway goes through the audience and it always includes trap doors and theatrical tricks. Makeup denotes the villians and heros.

Butoh

Traditional Japanese theater that is very stark and has extremely slow development. Actors strike excruciating poses until the uncomfortable atmosphere almost feels penetrable and it is often performed naked. This theater developed after WWII.

Northwest Coast

Washington, Oregon, and California region of Native Americans - singing and music includes polyphony and incorporates the Native American flute.

Heterophony

When two or more instruments are playing the same basic melody, but are embellishing differently than the other instrument.

Wu Man

Wu Man is a famous pipa player who does traditional pieces for preservation purposes. She also worked with musicians from other cultures to find a place for Pipa in other traditions.