PEnne Chapters 25-27 OB conditions

The fetal heart is fully formed by

10 weeks

The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed

6 mm

Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as

A lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm

A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver that is found in excess and the maternal circulation in the presence of a neural tube defect is

AFP

A disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism

Achondroplasia

The most common nonlethal skeleton dysplasia is

Achondroplasia

A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts in fetal amputation is

Amniotic band syndrome

The disorder associated with fetal amputations is

Amniotic band syndrome

Cleft lip and cleft palate may exist with

Amniotic band syndrome, trisomy 13, holoprosencephaly

The following are associated with amniotic band syndrome

Amputation of fetal parts, anencephaly, facial clefting

A cystic hygroma is the result of

An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

The absence of the eyes is termed

Anopthalmia

The group of fetal head and brain and normalities that often coexist with spina bifida is referred to as

Arnold Chiari II malformation

There is a normal opening within the _____ septum

Atrial

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed down to the fetus

Autosomal dominant

The following are signs of Arnold Chiari II syndrome

Banana sign, lemon sign, colpocephaly

The following are characteristics of spina bifida cystica, elevated MSAFP

Banana sign, lemon sign, enlarged mass intermedia

The growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is

Beckwith Weidman syndrome

Macroglossia is most commonly found with

Beckwith Weidmann syndrome

The measurement obtained between the lateral walls of the orbit is referred to as

Binocular diameter

In VACTERAL association, the C stands for

Cardiac

An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as

Caudal regression syndrome

The condition associated with absence of the sacrum and coccyx

Caudal regression syndrome

Close set eyes and nose with a single nostril is termed

Cebocephaly

An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as

Cleft lip

The following are characteristics of spina bifida occulta

Closed defect, sacral dimple, hemangioma

Talipes equinovarus is associated with

Club foot

The narrowing of the aortic arch is indicative of

Coarctation of the aorta

A large, mostly cystic mass is noted in the cervical spine region of the fetus. This most likely represents a

Cystic hygroma

The most common cause of cardiac malposition is

Diaphragmatic hernia

The visualization of the fetal stomach with in the fetal chest is most indicative of

Diaphragmatic hernia

What is also referred to as trisomy 21

Down syndrome

Blood is shunted into the inferior vena cava from the umbilical vein by what structure

Ductus venosus

The condition in which the heart is located outside of the chest wall is termed

Ectopic cordis

A cystic hygroma is found in all of the following conditions

Edwards syndrome, turner syndrome

The fetal lip typically closes by

Eight weeks

And oral teratoma is referred to as

Epignathus

The condition in which there is no nose and a probosics separating two close set orbits

Ethmocephaly

Coexisting pericardial efffusion and pleural effusion is consistent with a diagnosis of

Fetal hydrops

The most common form of diaphragmatic hernia is the

Foramen of Bochdalek

What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atrial septum

Foramen ovale

Achondroplasia is associated with the following

Frontal bossing, flat nasal bone, trident hand

Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for

Holoprosencephaly

An increase distance between the orbits is referred to as

Hypertelorism

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent left ventricle

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent right ventricle

Hypoplastic right heart syndrome

The reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as

Hypotelorism

Fetal lung maturity can be assessed using the

Lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio

The chamber of the heart closest to the fetal spine is the

Left atrium

In VACTERL association, the letter L stands for

Limb

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarge with Arnold Chiari II malformation

Massa intermedia

Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as

Mermaid syndrome

A small mandible is termed

Micrognathia

The following are characteristics sonographic findings of achondrogenesis

Micromelia absent mineralization of the pelvis, polyhydramnios

The following are sonographic features of pentalogy of Cantrell

Omphalocele, cleft sternum, diaphragmatic hernia

A bell shaped chest and multiple feet or fractures are indicative of

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Upon sonographic interrogation of the 28th week pregnancy, you know that when pressure is applied to the fetal skull, the skull can easily distorted. This is sonographic evidence of

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Sonographic bat wing sign is indicative of

Pleural effusion

The accumulation of fluid around the lungs is termed

Pleural effusion

The following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly

Probiscis with cyclopia, a fused thalamus, monoventricle

A separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue is referred to as

Pulmonary sequestration

Absence of the radius is referred to as

Radial ray defect

The most common fetal cardiac tumor is

Rhabdomyoma

You visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus. This mass could be all of the following

Sacrococcygeal teratoma, meningocele, meningomyelcele

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is referred to as

Scoliosis

Rhizomelia denotes

Shortening of the proximal segment of the limb

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and fusion of the extremities

Sirenomelia

The following are associated with spina bifida

Splaying of the laminae, Lemon sign, hydrocephalus

What is true concerning fetal outflow tracks

The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it

Which trisomy is also referred to as Patau syndrome

Trisomy 13

Micrognathia is found in

Trisomy 18

An echogenic intracardiac focus is often seen in cases of

Trisomy 21

Fetal rhabdomyoma a are associated with

Tuberous schlerosis

The embryonic heart begins as

Two tubes

The following are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with limb body wall complex

Ventral wall defect, marked scoliosis, shortened umbilical cord

The following is considered to be the most common cardiac defect

Ventricular septal defect

The following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly

enlarged right atrium, fetal hydrops, malpositioned tricuspid valve

The artifact seen posterior to solid structure such as a fetal bone is referred to as

Acoustic shadowing

The most common cause of hypertelorism is

Anterior cephalocele

Fusion of the orbits is termed

Cyclopia

nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with

Down syndrome

An echogenic intracardiac focus is most often seen in the

Left ventricle

The ventricular septum should be uninterrupted and of equal sickness to that of the _____

Left ventricular wall

An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed

Macroglossia

Tetralogy of Fallot consists of the following

Overriding aortic root, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis

The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is

Sagittal

A cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus is seen with

Thanatophoric dysplasia

The best description of transposition of the great vessels

The aorta arises from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle

The most common location of a cystic hygroma

The neck but may also be seen within the axilla

The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is

Triangular, echogenic mass with in the chest

Between the right ventricle in the right atrium, one should visualize the

Tricuspid valve

The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly

Trisomy 13