Penny Ch. 27: The Fetal Heart and Chest (Review questions)

The most common cause of cardiac malposition is:

diaphragmatic hernia

The fetal heart is fully formed by:

10 weeks

Describe transposition of the great vessels:

The aorta arises from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle.

Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as:

a lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm

The narrowing of the aortic arch is indicative of:

coarctation of the aorta

The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of:

diaphragmatic hernia

Blood is shunted into the IVC from the umbilical vein by the:

ductus venosus

The condition in which the heart is located on the outside of the chest wall is termed:

ectopic cordis

T/F: The mitral valve is positioned closer to the cardiac apex than the tricuspid valve.

false

A co-existing pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of:

fetal hydrops

The most common diaphragmatic hernia is the:

foramen of Bochdalek

What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atrial septum?

foramen ovale

All of the following are sonographic features of pentalogy of Cantrell except: -omphalocele -gastroschisis -cleft sternum -diaphragmatic defect

gastroschisis

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent right ventricle is:

hypolastic right heart syndrome

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent left ventricle is:

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Fetal lung maturity can be assessed using the:

lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio

An echogenic intacardiac focus is most often seen within the:

left ventricle

Tetralogy of Fallot consists of all of the following except: -overriding aortic root -ventricular septal defect -pulmonary stenosis -left ventricular hypertrophy

left ventricular hypertrophy

The accumulation of fluid around the lungs is termed:

pleural effusion

The sonographic "bat wing" sign is indicative of:

pleural effusion

A separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue is referred to as:

pulmonary sequestration

The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the:

rhabdomyoma

The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is a:

triangular, echogenic mass within the fetal chest

An echogenic intracardiac focus is often seen is cases of:

trisomy 21

T/F: The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the left atrium.

true

T/F: The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it.

true

Fetal rhabdomyomas are associated with which of the following? -tracheoesophageal fistulas -tuberous sclerosis -eventration of the diaphragm -tuberculosis

tuberous sclerosis

The embryonic heart begins as:

two tubes

Which of the following is considered to be the most common cardiac defect? -hypoplastic right heart syndrome -transposition of the great vessels -hypoplastic left heart syndrome -ventricular septal defect

ventricular septal defect

All of the following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly except: -enlarged right atrium -fetal hydrops -narrowing of the aortic arch -malpositioned tricuspid valve

narrowing of the aortic arch