Perception Final

_____ is the inability to smell due to injury or infection.​ a. ​Aphasia b. ​Anosmia c. ​Prosopagnosia d. ​Alliesthesia

Anosmia

What are the two binaural auditory localization cues? Why do they occur? How is sound frequency related to these cues?

Interaural level difference (ILD) is based on the difference in the sound pressure level (or just "level") of the sound reaching the two ears. A difference in level between the two ears occurs because the head is a barrier that creates an acoustic shadow, reducing the intensity of sounds that reach the far ear. The other binaural cue, interaural time difference (ITD), is the time difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and when it reaches the right ear.

Discuss what information is used by listeners to accomplish speech segmentation.

Just as we effortlessly see objects when we look at a visual scene, we usually have little trouble perceiving individual words when conversing with another person. But when we look at the speech signal, we see that the acoustic signal is continuous, with either no physical breaks in the signal or breaks that don't necessarily correspond to the breaks we perceive between words. The perception of individual words in a conversation is called speech segmentation. The fact that we can perceive individual words in conversational speech, even though there are few breaks in the speech signal, means that our perception of words is not based only on the energy stimulating the receptors. One thing that helps us tell when one word ends and another begins is knowledge of the meanings of words. The overall meaning of sentences and context are also used in segmentation, as is knowledge of the probabilities of typical sound transitions.

Discuss motion-based depth perception cues.

Motion parallax occurs when, as we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly. Thus, when you look out the side window of a moving car or train, nearby objects appear to speed by in a blur, whereas objects that are farther away may appear to be moving only slightly. As an observer moves sideways, some things become covered, and others become uncovered. Deletion and accretion occur all the time as we move through the environment and create information that the object or surface being covered and uncovered is farther away. Covering of a further away object is called deletion, while its uncovering is called accretion.

Name, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) of six pictorial depth cues.

Occlusion occurs when one object hides or partially hides another from view. The partially hidden object is seen as being farther away. The height in the frame of the photo corresponds to the height in our field of view, and objects that are higher in the field of view are usually farther away. We use the cue of familiar size when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects. When you look down parallel railroad tracks that appear to converge in the distance, you are experiencing perspective convergence. Atmospheric perspective occurs because the farther away an object is, the more air and particles (dust, water droplets, airborne pollution) we have to look through, so that distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and often have a slight blue tint. When several similar objects are equally spaced throughout a scene, they produce a perception of texture when viewed in depth, with farther elements seen as being spaced more closely. Shadows: Decreases in light intensity caused by the blockage of light - can provide information regarding the locations of these objects.

Does retinal physiology support the trichromatic theory, opponent-processing theory, or both? Support your answer.

Our experience of color is shaped by physiological mechanisms both in the receptors and in opponent neurons at the level of the retina. Trichromatic theory is supported by color matching at the level of receptors while hue cancellation, which supports opponent-process theory occurs in opponent cells. Hence, retinal physiology supports both theories.

Describe the case of the woman with akinetopsia. What does this case tell us about the importance of motion perception?

Perhaps the most dramatic way to illustrate the importance of motion perception to daily life (and survival) comes from case studies of individuals who, through disease or trauma, suffer from damage to parts of the brain responsible for perceiving and understanding movement. When this happens, a person is said to suffer from a condition called akinetopsia or "motion blindness," where motion is either very difficult or impossible to perceive. The most famous and well-studied case of akinetopsia is that of a 43-year-old woman known as L.M. (Zihl et al., 1983, 1991). Without the ability to perceive motion following a stroke, L.M. was unable to successfully complete activities as simple as pouring a cup of tea. As she put it, "the fluid appeared to be frozen, like a glacier," and without the ability to perceive the tea rising in the cup, she had trouble knowing when to stop pouring. Her condition caused other, more serious problems as well. It was difficult for her to follow dialogue because she couldn't see the motions of a speaker's face and mouth, and people suddenly appeared or disappeared because she couldn't see them approaching or leaving. Crossing the street presented serious problems because at first a car might seem far away, but then suddenly, without warning, it would appear very near. Thus, her disability was not just a social inconvenience but enough of a threat to the woman's well-being that she rarely ventured outside into the world of moving - and sometimes dangerous - objects.

Discuss the "dual-stream model of speech perception." Briefly describe research that supports this model.

Researchers have proposed a dual-stream model of speech perception similar to the dual-stream model of hearing. The ventral pathway starts in the anterior (front) part of the auditory cortex and the dorsal pathway starts in the posterior (rear) part of the auditory cortex. The ventral pathway is responsible for recognizing speech, and it has been proposed that the dorsal pathway may be involved in linking the acoustic signal to the movements used to produce speech (Hickock & Poeppel, 2007; Rauschecker, 2011). Evidence for speech processing in the temporal lobe has been provided by Nima Mesgarani and coworkers (2014), who recorded from electrodes placed directly on the temporal lobe of patients who were undergoing brain surgery for epilepsy. While Mesgarani and coworkers observed electrode responses corresponding to single phonemes, they also found responses corresponding to phonetic features, which are cues associated with how a phoneme is produced by the articulators. Mesgarani and coworkers observed responses from some electrodes that were linked to specific phonetic features. For example, one electrode picked up responses to sounds that involved place of articulation in the back of the mouth, such as /g/, and another responded to sounds associated with places near the front, such as /b/.

In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture, a person's fist is located behind his head; in the other, the person's fist is located in front of their face at the same height. When slowly alternating between these pictures (less the five times a second), what apparent motion would result?​ a. The fist would appear to go around the side of the head.​ b. ​No apparent motion would occur because the alternation is too slow. c. ​The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the head. d. ​The fist would appear to smash the head.

The fist would appear to go around the side of the head.​

​Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.

The gate control model begins with the idea that pain signals enter the spinal cord from the body and are then transmitted from the spinal cord to the brain. In addition, the model proposes that there are additional pathways that influence the signals sent from the spinal cord to the brain. The central idea behind the theory is that signals from these additional pathways can act to open or close a gate, located in the spinal cord, which determines the strength of the signal leaving the spinal cord. ​ We can understand how this circuit functions by considering how input to the gate control system occurs along three pathways: Nociceptors. Fibers from nociceptors activate a circuit consisting entirely of excitatory synapses, and therefore send excitatory signals to the transmission cells. Excitatory signals from the (+) neurons in the dorsal horn "open the gate" and increase the firing of the transmission cells. Increased activity in the transmission cells results in more pain. Mechanoreceptors. Fibers from mechanoreceptors carry information about nonpainful tactile stimulation. An example of this type of stimulus would be signals sent from rubbing the skin. When activity in the mechanoreceptors reaches the (-) neurons in the dorsal horn, inhibitory signals sent to the transmission cells "close the gate" and decrease the firing of the transmission cells. This decrease in firing decreases the intensity of pain Central control. These fibers, which contain information related to cognitive functions such as expectation, attention, and distraction, carry signals down from the cortex. As with the mechanoreceptors, activity coming down from the brain also closes the gate, decreases transmission cell activity, and decreases pain. Since the introduction of the gate control model in 1965, researchers have determined that the neural circuits that control pain are much more complex than what was proposed in the original model (Perl & Kruger, 1996; Sufka & Price, 2002). Nonetheless, the idea proposed by the model - that the perception of pain is determined by a balance between input from nociceptors in the skin and nonnociceptive activity from the skin and the brain - stimulated research that provided a great deal of additional evidence for the idea that the perception of pain is influenced by more than just stimulation of the skin (Fields & Basbaum, 1999; Sufka & Price, 2002; Turk & Flor, 1999; Weissberg, 1999).

Discuss how cortical magnification and plasticity are related to the cortical mapping of area S1.​

The homunculus shows that adjacent areas of the skin project to adjacent areas in the brain, and that some areas on the skin are represented by a disproportionately large area of the brain. The area devoted to the thumb, for example, is as large as the area devoted to the entire forearm. This result is analogous to the magnification factor in vision, in which receptors in the fovea, which are responsible for perceiving visual details, are allotted a disproportionate area on the visual cortex. Similarly, parts of the body such as the fingers, which are used to detect details through the sense of touch, are allotted a disproportionate area on the somatosensory cortex (Duncan & Boynton, 2007). A similar body map also occurs in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2). ​ One of the basic principles of cortical organization is that the cortical representation of a particular function can become larger if that function is used often. Most of the early experiments that demonstrated experience-dependent plasticity were carried out in the somatosensory system. In one of these early experiments, William Jenkins and Michael Merzenich (1987) measured the cortical areas devoted to each of a monkey's fingers and then trained monkeys to complete a task that involved the extensive use of a particular location on one fingertip. When they compared the cortical maps of the fingertip measured just before the training to the map measured after 3 months of training, they found that the area representing the stimulated fingertip was greatly expanded after the training. Thus, the cortical area representing part of the fingertip, which is large to begin with, became even larger when the area received a large amount of stimulation. ​ In most animal experiments, like the one we just described, the effect of plasticity is determined by measuring how special training affects the brain. An experiment that measured this effect in humans determined how training affected the brains of musicians. Consider, for example, players of stringed instruments. A right-handed violin player bows with the right hand and uses the fingers of his or her left hand to finger the strings. One result of this tactile experience is that these musicians have a greater than normal cortical representation for the fingers of their left hand (Elbert et al., 1995). Just as in the monkeys, plasticity created more cortical area for parts of the body that were used more. What this plasticity means is that while we can specify the general area of the cortex that represents a particular part of the body, the exact size of the area representing each part of the body is not totally fixed (Pascual-Leone et al., 2005).

Discuss the methods and results of Uchikawa et al.'s (1989) research on chromatic adaptation and color constancy.

The idea that chromatic adaptation is responsible for color constancy has been tested in an experiment by Keiji Uchikawa and coworkers (1989). Observers viewed isolated patches of colored paper under three different conditions: (a) baseline - paper and observer illuminated by white light; (b) observer not adapted - paper illuminated by red light, observer by white (the observer is not chromatically adapted); and (c) observer adapted to red - both paper and observer illuminated by red light (the observer is chromatically adapted). In the baseline condition, a green paper is perceived as green. In the observer not adapted condition, the observer perceives the paper's color as being shifted toward the red. Color constancy does not occur in this condition because the observer is not adapted to the red light that is illuminating the paper. But in the observer adapted to red condition, perception is shifted only slightly to the red, so it appears more yellowish. Thus, the chromatic adaptation has created partial color constancy - the perception of the object is shifted after adaptation, but not as much as when there was no adaptation. This means that the eye can adjust its sensitivity to different wavelengths to keep color perception approximately constant as illumination changes.

Discuss three types of illusory motion and provide an example of each.

The most famous, and best studied, type of illusory motion is called apparent motion. When two stimuli in slightly different locations are alternated with the correct timing, an observer perceives one stimulus moving back and forth smoothly between the two locations. This perception is called apparent motion because there is no actual (or real) motion between the stimuli. This is the basis for the motion we perceive in movies, on television, and in moving signs that are used for advertising and entertainment. Induced motion occurs when motion of one object (usually a large one) causes a nearby stationary object (usually smaller) to appear to move. For example, the moon usually appears stationary in the sky. However, if clouds are moving past the moon on a windy night, the moon may appear to be racing through the clouds. In this case, movement of the larger object (clouds covering a large area) makes the smaller, but actually stationary, moon appear to be moving. Motion aftereffects occur when viewing a moving stimulus causes a stationary stimulus to appear to move (Glasser et al., 2011). One example of a motion aftereffect is the waterfall illusion (Addams, 1834). If you look at a waterfall for 30 to 60 seconds (be sure it fills up only part of your field of view) and then look off to the side at part of the scene that is stationary, you will see everything you are looking at - rocks, trees, grass - appears to move upward for a few seconds. If you're short on waterfalls, next time you are at the cinema, you may be able to induce this illusion by carefully watching the rolling credits at the end of the movie (you should sit toward the rear of the theater).

Describe the method, results, and implications of the Hofmann et al. research on the role of spectral cues for localization.

The primary monaural cue for localization is called a spectral cue, because the information for localization is contained in differences in the distribution (or spectrum) of frequencies that reach each ear from different locations. These differences are caused by the fact that before the sound stimulus enters the auditory canal, it is reflected from the head and within the various folds of the pinnae. The effect of this interaction with the head and pinnae has been measured by placing small microphones inside a listener's ears. The idea that localization can be affected by using a mold to change the inside contours of the pinnae was also demonstrated by Paul Hofman and coworkers (1998). They determined how localization changes when the mold is worn for several weeks, and then what happens when the mold is removed. After measuring initial performance, Hofman fitted his listeners with molds that altered the shape of the pinnae and therefore changed the spectral cue. Localization performance is poor for the elevation coordinate immediately after the mold is inserted, but locations can still be judged at locations along the azimuth coordinate. Hofman continued his experiment by retesting localization as his listeners continued to wear the molds. Localization performance improved, until by 19 days, localization had become reasonably accurate. Apparently, the person had learned, over a period of weeks, to associate new spectral cues to different directions in space. It would be logical to expect that once adapted to the new set of spectral cues created by the molds, localization performance would suffer when the molds were removed. However, localization remained excellent immediately after removal of the ear molds. Apparently, training with the molds created a new set of correlations between spectral cues and location, but the old correlation was still there as well. One way this could occur is if different sets of neurons were involved in responding to each set of spectral cues, just as separate brain areas are involved in processing different languages in people who speak more than one language.

What is flavor? Describe how taste experience is affected if olfaction does not take place when tasting a substance.

What most people refer to as "taste" when describing their experience of food ("That tastes good, Mom") is usually a combination of taste, from stimulation of the receptors in the tongue, and olfaction, from stimulation of the receptors in the olfactory mucosa. This combination, which is called flavor, is defined as the overall impression that we experience from the combination of nasal and oral stimulation (Lawless, 2001; Shepherd, 2012). ​ Chemicals in food or drink cause taste when they activate taste receptors on the tongue. But in addition, food and drink release volatile chemicals that reach the olfactory mucosa by following the retronasal route, from the mouth through the nasal pharynx, the passage that connects the oral and nasal cavities (Figure 15.22). Although pinching the nostrils shut does not close the nasal pharynx, it prevents vapors from reaching the olfactory receptors by eliminating the circulation of air through this channel (Murphy & Cain, 1980). ​ The fact that olfaction is a crucial component of flavor may be surprising because the flavors of food seem to be centered in the mouth. It is only when we keep molecules from reaching the olfactory mucosa that the importance of olfaction is revealed. One reason this localization of flavor occurs is because food and drink stimulate tactile receptors in the mouth, which creates oral capture, in which the sensations we experience from both olfactory and taste receptors are referred to the mouth (Small, 2008). Thus, when you "taste" food, you are usually experiencing flavor, and the fact that it is all happening in your mouth is an illusion created by oral capture (Todrank & Bartoshuk, 1991). The importance of olfaction in the sensing of flavor has been demonstrated experimentally by using both chemical solutions and typical foods. In general, solutions are more difficult to identify when the nostrils are pinched shut (Mozell et al., 1969) and are often judged to be tasteless. ​ Although taste and olfactory stimuli occur in close proximity in the mouth and nose, our perceptual experience of their combination is created when they interact in the cortex. In addition, vision and touch contribute to flavor by sending signals to the amygdala (vision), structures in the taste pathway (touch), and the orbitofrontal cortex (vision and touch). All of these interactions among taste, olfaction, vision, and touch underscore the multimodal nature of our experience of flavor. Flavor includes not only what we typically call "taste," but also perceptions such as the texture and temperature of food (Verhagen et al., 2004), the color of food (Spence, 2015; Spence et al., 2010), and the sounds of "noisy" foods such as potato chips and carrots that crunch when we eat them (Zampini & Spence, 2010).

Which of the following is behavioral support for the "opponent-process theory"?​ a. ​color matching b. color afterimages​ c. ​visual pigment absorption rates d. ​the univariance effect

color afterimages​

Which body part is the most sensitive to detail?​ a. ​forehead b. ​palms c. ​fingertips d. ​upper arm

fingertips

​Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave. a. ​frequency b. ​amplitude c. ​clarity d. ​decibels

frequency

When your professor stands behind a podium, you perceive your professor as being further away than the podium because the podium blocks the vision of the professor's body. This is an example of which depth cue?​ a. ​relative height b. ​occlusion c. ​accommodation d. ​convergence

occlusion

​The tiny bumps on the tongue that contain the taste buds are the _____. a. ​lattices b. ​tadomae c. ​insulae d. ​papillae

papillae

The _____ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.​ a. ​phoneme b. ​tadoma c. ​formant d. ​morpheme

phoneme

The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of _____.​ a. ​additive synthesis b. ​auditory masking c. ​resonance d. ​pinnae focusing

resonance

Adding more white to a color changes the color's _____.​ a. ​saturation b. ​brightness c. ​hue d. ​wavelength

saturation

The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of _____.​ a. ​spatial cues and occipital cues b. ​temporal cues and parietal cues c. temporal cues and spatial cues​ d. ​parietal cues and occipital cues

temporal cues and spatial cues​

The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, "nasalness" or "reedy-ness" is _____.​ a. ​frequency b. ​pitch c. ​amplitude d. ​timbre

timbre

In order to distinguish between wavelengths independent of light intensity, one must have at least _____visual pigment(s).​ a. ​three b. one​ c. ​four d. ​two

two

Brain scanning research has shown that the _____ is responsible for identifying sounds, and the _____ is responsible for locating sounds.​ a. ​"where" (dorsal) stream; what" (ventral) stream b. ​"what" (ventral) stream; "where" (dorsal) stream c. ​corpus callosum; "where" (dorsal) stream d. ​Pacinian area; what" (ventral) stream

​"what" (ventral) stream; "where" (dorsal) stream

The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz.​ a. ​10 and 200 b. ​10 and 2000 c. ​20 and 50,000 d. ​20 and 20,000

​20 and 20,000

There are _____ different types of olfactory receptors in humans.​ a. ​450 to 500 b. ​250 to 300 c. ​350 to 400 d. ​150 to 200

​350 to 400

In addition to describing movement detection in terms of the environment, researchers have proposed different ways to detect movement from a physiological perspective. The Reichardt detector is one solution. Which of the following is the greatest weakness of the Reichardt detector?​ a. ​It only explains motion detection for images that cross the receptors. b. ​It only explains how eye movements can be accounted for in motion detection. c. ​It only is able to detect lateral movement of stimuli. d. ​It operates using excitatory and inhibitory signals

​It only explains motion detection for images that cross the receptors.

The _____ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.​ a. ​Meissner corpuscles b. ​Pacinian corpuscle c. ​Ruffini cylinders d. ​Merkel receptors

​Merkel receptors

Which mechanoreceptor is located deeper in the skin and responds continuously to stimulation and is associated with perceiving stretching of the skin?​ a. ​Meissner corpuscles b. ​Ruffini cylinders c. ​Merkel receptors d. Pacinian corpuscles

​Ruffini cylinders

_____ is defined as depth perception created by input from both eyes.​ a. ​Viewpoint dependent depth b. ​Stereoscopic depth perception c. ​Convergent depth perception d. ​Binocular integration

​Stereoscopic depth perception

What is the dominant cue for locating low-frequency sounds along the azimuth?​ a. ​The ITD and ILD are equally effective. b. ​The ITD is dominant. c. ​Only the HRTF is used. d. ​The ILD is dominant.

​The ITD is dominant.

The trichromatic theory of color vision is also known as the _____ theory.​ a. ​Hering b. ​Seurat-Signac c. ​Young-Helmholtz d. ​Young-Adhart

​Young-Helmholtz

Merrill watches his finger with both eyes as he brings it closer to his nose. As the finger gets closer, his eyes move inward and he feels his eye muscles working. Which depth cue(s) is/are associated with the changes made in the shape of the lens as he brings objects into focus?​ a. ​convergence and accretion b. ​accretion c. ​stereopsis d. ​accommodation and convergence

​accommodation and convergence

The _____ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.​ a. ​correspondence problem b. ​structure-from-motion phenomenon c. ​kinetic depth effect d. ​aperture problem

​aperture problem

Movies are to _____ as the waterfall illusion is to _____.​ a. ​real movement; apparent movement b. ​movement aftereffects; stroboscopic movement c. ​apparent movement; movement aftereffects d. ​apparent movement; induced movement

​apparent movement; movement aftereffects

Vinod is standing on a rooftop in a city. The buildings closer to him look sharper, and the buildings in the distance look hazier. This is an example of which depth cue?​ a. ​occlusion b. ​shadowing c. ​relative size d. ​atmospheric perspective

​atmospheric perspective

In regard to specificity vs. population coding, most researchers conclude that _____.​ a. ​basic taste qualities are determined by population coding, and specificity coding is important for discriminating subtle differences b. ​population coding has the most research support c. ​basic taste qualities are determined by specificity coding, and population coding is important for discriminating subtle differences d. ​specificity coding has the most research support

​basic taste qualities are determined by specificity coding, and population coding is important for discriminating subtle differences

The question "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?" is useful because it highlights that "sound" can be _____.​ a. only a physical stimulus​ b. ​only a philosophical construct c. ​both a perceptual response and a physical stimulus d. ​only a perceptual response

​both a perceptual response and a physical stimulus

Opponent neurons found in _____ provide physiological support for the opponent-process theory.​ a. ​the LGN only b. ​the superior colliculus only c. ​both the retina and LGN d. ​the retina only

​both the retina and LGN

The _____ is composed of the locations where the ILD and ITD are the same.​ a. ​inverse acoustic range b. ​Jeffries tube c. ​common region d. ​cone of confusion

​cone of confusion

The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of _____.​ a. ​sensory substitution b. ​Braille projection c. ​cortical magnification d. ​the analgesic inversion principle

​cortical magnification

Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the STS in humans _____.​ a. ​decreased the person's ability to perceive biological motion b. ​did not affect the person's ability to perceive biological motion c. ​increased the person's ability to perceive biological motion d. ​resulted in gender difference in perceiving biological motion

​decreased the person's ability to perceive biological motion

​The phenomenon of "phantom limb" is difficult to explain using the _____ of pain. a. ​neuropathic model b. ​direct pathway model c. ​nocioceptor model d. ​gate control model

​direct pathway model

Blake and Hirsch (1975) use selective rearing of kittens to show that _____.​ a. ​binocular neurons are not necessary for stereopsis b. ​kittens are born with fully developed binocular cells c. ​severing the optic chiasm increases the number of binocular cells d. ​disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis

​disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis

​Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because _____. a. ​humans have more olfactory receptors than dogs b. ​dogs tend to be microsmatic c. ​dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans d. ​each individual olfactory receptor is more sensitive in dogs than in humans

​dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans

Epstein (1965) presented observers photographs of a quarter, dime, and half-dollar that were all equal in physical size. His results showed that _____.​ a. ​familiar size is most effective when other information about depth is absent b. ​the quarter was judged to be closer than the dime, when viewed monocularly c. ​familiar size is most effective when the observer has both eyes open d. ​accommodation is a stronger cue than any pictorial depth cue

​familiar size is most effective when other information about depth is absent

A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the _____, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.​ a. ​fundamental frequency b. ​harmonic frequency c. spatial frequency​ d. ​audible frequency

​fundamental frequency

When you try to identify a three-dimensional object by touch alone and are allowed to have control over your hand and finger movements, you are using _____.​ a. ​passive touch b. ​magnification touch c. ​haptic perception d. ​azimuth perception

​haptic perception

Interaural time difference detectors _____.​ a. ​have been found in the monkey auditory cortex that responds best to specific delays b. ​have been discovered in the monkey occipital cortex c. have not been found in the monkey auditory cortex​ d. ​have been found in the monkey auditory cortex, but do not differentially respond to different delays

​have been found in the monkey auditory cortex that responds best to specific delays

Sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off a wall or a floor is called _____.​ a. ​harmonics b. ​virtual sound c. ​indirect sound d. ​direct sound

​indirect sound

Motion parallax _____.​ a. ​is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games b. ​occurs when near objects are perceived as moving slower than distant objects c. ​has not proven to be an effective cue for robot vision d. ​is an important depth cue for amphibians, but not mammals

​is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games

The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper will reflect _____.​ a. ​long and short wavelengths b. ​all wavelengths equally c. ​long wavelengths only d. ​short wavelengths

​long and short wavelengths

The ubiquitous "Whazzup!" is a sloppy pronunciation of "What's up?" The spectrograms of each of these two spoken phrases would indicate _____.​ a. ​only a difference in the frequency axis between the two phrases b. ​no difference in the spectrograms between the two phrases c. ​that there is a pause in the middle of "What's up?" d. ​major differences between the two, especially in the middle of the spectrograms

​major differences between the two, especially in the middle of the spectrograms

Gardner and Gardner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae _____.​ a. ​does not affect spectral cues for localization b. ​results in more accurate localization along the elevation coordinate c. ​results in more accurate localization on all coordinates d. ​makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate

​makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate

Spectrograms of sentences show _____.​ a. ​that clear pauses occur between each spoken word b. ​that formant transitions account for the breaks between words c. ​no clear pauses or breaks between words d. ​segmentation of words is easily accomplished by listeners in any context

​no clear pauses or breaks between words

The cue of interaural level difference is _____.​ a. ​only effective for middle-frequency sound stimuli b. ​not effective for high-frequency sound stimuli c. ​not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli d. ​equally effective for high- and low-frequency sound stimuli

​not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli

The senses of _____ are referred to as the gatekeepers.​ a. ​vision and proprioception b. ​kinethesis and proprioception c. ​vision and olfaction d. ​olfaction and taste

​olfaction and taste

​Flavor is the impression a person gets from the combination of _____. a. ​olfaction and taste, and touch b. ​olfaction, taste, vision, and touch c. ​taste and hearing only d. ​taste and vision only

​olfaction, taste, vision, and touch

Saffran et al. (1996) found that eight-month-old infants listened to _____ test stimuli longer, providing evidence that infants are capable of _____ learning.​ a. ​part word; statistical b. ​whole word; vicarious c. ​part word; formal operational d. ​whole word; transitional probability

​part word; statistical

A "point-light walker" wears lights on different body locations. When viewed in a dark room, an observer would perceive a(n) _____.​ a. ​person when the point-light walker is moving b. ​person when the point-light walker is not moving c. ​unidentifiable biological organism when the point-light walker is moving d. ​person if just one light on the person is moving

​person when the point-light walker is moving

Auditory nerve fibers fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone, a phenomenon called _____.​ a. ​phase locking b. ​Fourier analysis c. ​motile response d. ​place theory

​phase locking

The _____ is most likely involved perceiving overlapping odors, such as "coffee" "French toast" and "bacon."​ a. ​insula b. ​nasal pharynx c. ​PTC d. ​piriform cortex

​piriform cortex

Computer speech recognition is _____.​ a. ​better than human speech recognition in accuracy b. ​equal in all respects to human speech recognition c. ​poorer than human speech recognition d. ​better than human speech recognition under any condition

​poorer than human speech recognition

A stereoscope provides the illusion of depth in 2-D images by _____.​ a. ​rapidly alternating between two images b. ​presenting an image to each eye that have different polarization filters in place c. ​presenting an image to each eye at different distances from the retina d. ​presenting an image to each eye that are from slightly different perspectives

​presenting an image to each eye that are from slightly different perspectives

A person with Wernicke's aphasia _____.​ a. ​produces fluent but incoherent speech b. ​can comprehend words, but can't produce speech c. ​has damage to an area of the occipital cortex d. ​has trouble with word segmentation

​produces fluent but incoherent speech

A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is _____.​ a. ​referred to as salty-sweet b. ​described as "putrid" c. ​described as "bittersweet" d. ​referred to as umami

​referred to as umami

By changing _____, we can create about a million (or more) discriminable colors.​ a. ​saturation only b. ​saturation, value, and hue c. ​hue and saturation, but not value d. ​value only

​saturation, value, and hue

According to Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the "arrows pointing out" version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as _____.​ a. ​longer, because it is perceived as being further away b. ​shorter, because it is perceived as further away c. ​shorter, because it is perceived as being closer d. ​longer, because it is perceived as being closer

​shorter, because it is perceived as being closer

Larsen et al. (2006) used fMRI to study the responses of the brain to real and apparent motion and found that _____.​ a. ​similar regions of the brain were activated for both b. ​the pathways overlapped but processing occurred in different brain regions c. ​there was a great deal of idiosyncrasy in the areas involved d. ​both the pathways and the processing areas were distinct

​similar regions of the brain were activated for both

Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe results in _____.​ a. ​slow, labored speech with jumbled sentence order. b. ​an inability to understand even simple sentences c. ​slow, labored speech with appropriate sentence order d. ​fluent but incoherent speech

​slow, labored speech with jumbled sentence order.

The receptive fields of cortical S1 neurons are _____.​ a. ​the same size for the fingers as for the hand b. ​smaller for the fingers than the forearm c. ​larger for the fingers than for the hand d. ​larger for the fingers than for the forearm

​smaller for the fingers than the forearm

Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by _____.​ a. using fMRIs in humans​ b. ​stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking where they felt body sensations c. ​using somatosensory-evoked potentials in monkeys d. ​lesioning S1 areas in the monkey

​stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking where they felt body sensations

Newsome, Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots' direction of movement increased, _____.​ a. ​the MT neuron fired more rapidly b. ​the monkey judged the direction of movement less accurately c. ​the MT neuron fired at rates less than the level of spontaneous activity d. ​the MT neuron fired less rapidly

​the MT neuron fired more rapidly

A mouse "freezes" when it sees a cat nearby. This assists the mouse's survival because being motionless reduces _____.​ a. ​the pheromones the mouse gives off b. ​the attention-attracting effect of motion c. ​the levels of stress hormones d. ​the effectiveness of camouflage

​the attention-attracting effect of motion

According to corollary discharge theory, movement is perceived when _____.​ a. ​the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal and image displacement signal simultaneously b. ​there is a disturbance in the global optic array c. ​the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image displacement signal alone d. ​the comparator finds dissimilarities between the local and global optic arrays

​the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image displacement signal alone

The precedence effect occurs when _____.​ a. ​the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lag speaker is too loud b. ​the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker c. ​the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lead speaker is too loud d. ​the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lag speaker

​the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker

The trichromatic theory of color vision states that color perception is due to _____.​ a. ​processing in layers 1,2, and 3 in the LGN b. ​the activity pattern in the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortical lobes c. ​the pattern of activity in three different receptor mechanisms d. ​the pattern of activity in four different receptors mechanisms

​the pattern of activity in three different receptor mechanisms

Békésy's place theory of hearing proposes that the frequency of a sound is _____.​ a. based on how much the inner hair cells are bent​ b. ​based on whether the sound is processed through the round window or the oval window c. ​the place along the basilar membrane that vibrates the most d. ​based on how much the outer hair cells are bent

​the place along the basilar membrane that vibrates the most

Recanzone (2000) examined localization in A1 and the auditory belt area in monkeys. Results indicated that _____.​ a. A1 provides the most specific localization information​ b. ​the posterior belt area is not involved in localization c. ​localization coded the same throughout the auditory cortex d. ​the posterior belt area provides more specific localization then A1

​the posterior belt area provides more specific localization then A1

The phrase "multimodal nature of pain" refers to _____.​ a. ​real and imagined sources of pain b. ​pain that occurs from different sources c. ​pain that is tolerable and pain that is intolerable d. ​the sensory and emotional components of pain

​the sensory and emotional components of pain

​If there is an interaural time difference, we interpret the sound as coming from _____. a. ​the side b. ​directly above us c. ​directly behind us d. ​directly in front of us

​the side

Which of the following can be considered an articulator?​ a. ​an articulation agreement b. ​a running spectral display c. ​the soft palate d. ​a sound spectrogram

​the soft palate

A complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, an 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 HZ tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond?​ a. ​the apex b. ​one intermediate area c. ​the three different areas characteristic of each individual component d. ​the base

​the three different areas characteristic of each individual component

The role of the middle ear is _____.​ a. ​to initiate the process of transduction via hair cells b. ​to enable fine-tuned frequency analyses of complex tonal stimuli c. to localize sounds in the environment​ d. ​to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid

​to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid

The relationship between an odorant's smell and its recognition profile is similar to _____ in vision.​ a. ​binocular cell response b. ​trichromatic coding for color c. ​corollary discharge theory d. ​stereopsis

​trichromatic coding for color

The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately.​ a. ​adjustments b. ​univariance c. ​unitization d. ​intensity

​univariance

The McGurk effect illustrates the importance of _____ on speech perception.​ a. ​the motor cortex b. ​formants c. ​vision d. ​articulators

​vision

The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____.​ a. ​we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at different distances away b. ​we perceive the two people in the room to be of different sizes even though the size of the image on the retina is the same c. ​we perceive the two people in the room to be the same size because the size of the image on the retina is the same d. ​we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different

​we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different

Patient J.G. has temporal lobe damage. While this has not affected his ability to locate sounds, he has difficulty recognizing sounds. This case provides evidence for _____.​ a. ​the existence of separate subcortical structures b. ​how and where pathways in audition c. ​what and where pathways in audition d. ​the Jeffress model of auditory localization

​what and where pathways in audition

A monkey with good color vision _____.​ a. ​would have an equal chance of survival as a color-blind monkey b. ​would be very atypical, since most monkeys are color-blind c. ​would have difficulty with figure-ground segregation d. ​would have a better chance of surviving than a color-blind monkey

​would have a better chance of surviving than a color-blind monkey