Perio Ch. 1 and 2

The function of rete pegs is protective, and the epithelium is typically _______________.

Parakeratinized

The six secondary or minor fiber groups are:

Periostogingival; Interpapillary; Transgingival; Intercircular; Semicircular; and Intergingival

Junctional epithelium:

Separates the periodontal ligament from the oral environment

Who was the first individual to recognize the relationship between tooth loss and calculus?

Albucasis

The connection between the free and attached gingiva and the underlying connective tissue occurs in ridges of epithelium called ______ _______.

Rete pegs

The surface tissue of the oral cavity is made up of ___________ _____________ epithelium.

Stratified squamous

Free gingiva

Surrounds the tooth and creates a cuff or collar of gingiva that extends coronally approximately 1.5 mm

The five principal fiber bundles are attached to the cementum with brushlike fibers called:

Sharpey's fibers

The socket walls may also be referred to as the _________ ________.

Cribriform plate

Cells attracted to areas of body by stimuli such as microbial influence or trauma are referred to as:

Chemotactic cells

Functions of gingival crevicular fluid (sulcular fluid or gingival fluid):

Cleanses the sulcus, Improves epithelial cell adherence to the tooth surface, Has antimicrobial and immune properties

The six secondary fiber bundles are small __________ ____________ that run in all directions in the periodontal ligament.

Collagen fibers

Other elements of the lamina propria include:

Fibroblasts, Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, mast cells, macrophages, as well as blood vessels and nerves

What provides the most coronal connective tissue attachment for the teeth?

Gingival fiber bundles

The fiber bundles are known as the ___________ ___________.

Gingival ligament

The surface of the free gingiva next to the tooth forms the ____________________.

Gingival wall of the sulcus

Cementum

Calcified structure that covers the root surfaces of the teeth

Junctional epithelium forms a layer that is _____ or _____ cells thick at the coronal end and narrowing to a few cells at the apical termination.

15 or 20

The first school of dental hygiene was established in Bridgeport, CT, in what year?

1913

PDL Principal Fiber bundles:

Alveolar crest; Horizontal, Oblique, Apical, Interradicular

Alveolar process:

An extension of the bone of the body of the mandible and maxilla

The gingival epithelium is joined to the underlying connective tissue by a _______________.

Basal lamina

Papillary layer:

Beneath the epithelium and consists of papillary projections between the rete pegs

Cementoblasts encased in cementum are called:

Cementocytes

Cementum is thinner at the _____________ and thickens as it progresses to the ________.

Cementoenamel junction; Apex

The five principal fiber bundles are:

Dentogingival; Alveologingival; Dentoperiosteal; Circular, and Transseptal

Proprioception:

Displacement sensitivity

Gingival crevicular fluid:

Made up of the components of the serum and other cells, is secreted through the sulcular epithelium into the sulcus

Types of Mucosa:

Masticatory, Lining, and Specialized

____________ are located in the basal layers of the epilthelium and contain substances that convert to melanin.

Melanocytes

The American Dental Hygienist's Association was first established for dental hygienists. It has helped define the roles of the dental hygienist in dentistry. (Are both statements true, false, or one or the other?)

Both statements are true

___________ ____________ lines the tooth sockets.

Alveolar bone

The periodontal ligament fiber group that runs from the cementum to the crestal bone is termed:

Alveolar crest

Pyramidal interdental gingiva is located where?

Anterior teeth

Least keratinized oral tissue:

Buccal mucosa

Merkel cells contain ______________ and are associated with tactile sensitivity.

Nerve endings

Length of a junctional epithelium in a healthy state ranges from _______ to ________ mm.

0.25 to 1.35

The edge of the gingiva next to the teeth, which is referred to as the margin is ______ to ______ mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction of the teeth.

0.5 to 2

Islets of Langerhans are part of the ______________ system.

Phagocytic

The oral epithelium is made up of:

Attached gingiva, the papillae (interdental gingiva), and the outer surface of the free gingiva

Fiber bundle functions include:

Attaching the tooth to the bone; Transmitting occlusal forces to the bone; Resisting occlusal forces ("shock absorbers"); Protecting the vessels and nerves from injury

Dentogingival Unit

Attachment of the junctional epithelium to the root surface through the aid of fibers from the connective tissue

A healthy sulcus is generally __ to ___ mm deep.

1 to 3

The gingival ligament is made up of ______ principal fiber groups and ______ minor fiber groups.

5 and 6

Hydroxyapatite makes up approximately _____ % of the inorganic components of cementum.

50

Approximately ____ % of the lamina propria is made up of connective tissue that is composed of collagen fibrils that form _________ ________.

60; fiber bundles

Dental hygienists are now able to provide a broader array of patient care services, including expanded duties in many states, because the profession of dental hygiene has grown and expanded its scope of practice over the decades. (Is both the statement and the reason correct or incorrect, and are they related?)

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related

B lymphocytes come from the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. B lymphocytes are important in the antigen-antibody response. (Are both statements true, false, or one or the other?)

Both the statements are true

Specialized mucosa:

Dorsal surface of the tongue, adapted to accomodate for the sensation of taste

Reticular layer:

Extends to the periosteum

The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue primarily filled with ____________ and __________.

Fiber bundles and cells

The ________ join the basal lamina to the connective tissue.

Fibrils

The epithelium also contains what other cells?

Islets of Langerhans, Merkel cells, and Melanocytes

Sulcular epithelium is found from the height of the gingiva along the inner surface of the sulcus, extending to the ____________ __________.

Junctional epithelium

The epithelium consists of mainly _____________ cells.

Keratinocytes

The free gingiva on buccal and lingual surfaces is described as __________ ___________.

Knife edged

The tooth socket walls are called ________ _________ when viewed radiographically.

Lamina dura (White line)

Connective tissue of the oral cavity is known as:

Lamina propria

Lining mucosa:

Loosely attached to underlying structures, non-keratinized mucosa covering the lips, cheeks, floor of the mouth, ventral side of the tongue, soft palate, uvula and alveolar mucosa.

The first dentist to practice in the United States was?

Never determined

The junctional epithelium is made up of ________________ _________________ _____________ epithelial cells that adhere to the tooth structure.

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Keratinization

Occurs as the keratinocyte cells migrate from the basal layer to the surface

Oral epithelium is also known as ______________.

Outer gingival epithelium

Most keratinized oral tissue:

Palatal gingiva

The lamina propria is made up of two layers:

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

When epithelium shows signs of being keratinized, but the cells retain their nuclei, the epithelium is call _______________ _____________.

Parakeratinized epithelium

The cells in the ligament generate a _______________ on the cemental surface of the root and a _____________ on the bone.

Pericementum; Periosteum

The ______________ _________________ provides a cushion in the space between the surface of the tooth and the bone.

Periodontal ligament

The attachment apparatus is made up of:

Periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone

Col interdental gingiva is located where?

Posterior teeth

Periodontal lesions are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? (Pockets, Periodontal infection, Periodontal pockets, Periodontal disease, Probe Measurements)

Probe Measurements

Probe measurements are subject to variation including:

Probe insertion pressure, Ability of the probe tip to penetrate tissue, Accuracy of the clinician reading the probe measurements

Which early periodontist was an advocate for avoiding placing restorations subgingivally?

Ramfjord

Inflammatory cells perform all of the following functions EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? (Lyse cells, Phagocytize bacteria, Remove damaged tissue, or Reduce osteoclastic activity)

Reduce osteoclastic activity

The window of bone in healthy bone structure covering the surface of the root is called a dehiscence. The dehiscence is a significant structure in periodontal disease. (Are both statements true, false, or one or the other?)

The first statement is false, the second statement is true

There is growing concern about the increase in population and the need for health care for all. This has resulted in a decrease in the number of dental hygiene programs in the U.S. (Are both statements true, false, or one or the other?)

The first statement is true, the second statement is false

Sulcular epithelium:

The nonkeratinized or parakeratinized epithelium that extends from the outer epithelium into the gingival sulcus. It may be parakeratinized near the opening to the oral cavity.

The term probing depth is more accurate than the term sulcus depth for the clinician because the latter term is for histologic description only. (Is both the statement and reason correct, incorrect, and are they related?)

The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

Periodontium

The tissues that surround, support, and attach to the teeth. (Gingiva, Periodontal ligament, Cementum, and Alveolar bone)

Masticatory mucosa:

Tissue that is firmly attached to bone, gingiva and hard palate

What is the function of the epithelium?

To protect the underlying structures

Functions of the PDL include:

Tooth anchorage; Fibrous tissue development/maintenance; Calcified tissue development/maintenance; Nutritive and metabolite transport; Sensory functions, including touch, pressure, pain, and proprioception

Types of Cementum:

Type I- Acellular/Afibrillar (Found near the CEJ) Type II- Acellular/Extrinsic Fiber (Sharpey's fibers-found in coronal third of the root) Type III-Cellular Mixed Stratified (Found in apical third of root and furcations Type IV- Cellular Intrinsic Fiber (Found in areas of resorption) Type V-Intermediate Cementum (Cellular remnants in a calcified matrix, near junction of dentin and cementum)

Formative cells of the PDL:

Undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells, Fibroblasts, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Cememtoblasts, and Epithelial Rests of Malassez

Cementicles

Unusual formations of cementum that an also occur in the periodontal ligament and are developed from calcifed material in the periodontal ligament or from displaced bits of cementum or bone

The presence of gingival fluid will increase: (After mastication of soft foods; Before periodontal surgery; With inflammation; After menopause)

With inflammation