Period 3 1754 - 1800

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French political philosopher who wrote about how to preserve freedom in a world where human beings are increasingly dependent on one another for the satisfaction of their needs.

The Paxton Boys 1764

Frontiersman of Scots-Irish origin in Paxton, Pennsylvania , who massacred Conestoga Indians and then marched on Philadelphia demanding the colonial government provide better defense against Indians. The government responded with an official bounty for Indian scalps.

George Washington

General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury who funded the national debt through excise taxes, tariffs, and the sale of western land. As Secretary of Treasury he also used the power of the national government to assume state debts and create a Bank of the United States.

The Virginia Plan

Fourteen proposals by the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention for creating a more powerful central government and giving states proportional representation in a bicameral legislature

The French Alliance 1778

France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. (Neutrality Proclamation)

Governor Morris

example of Loyalist property confiscated, this man's large New York estate cut up into 250 parcels

Continental Army

formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief)

Daughters of Liberty

group, was comprised of upper-class women who organized spinning bees that allowed Americans to buy clothes from the colonies as opposed to those shipped from England. They successfully proved that women's involvement in politics could be beneficial. Their boycott of imported products made America less dependent on British textiles.

Report on Bank and Manufacturers 1791

- Written by Alexander Hamilton; - plan for industrializing America; - he was for the protective tariffs and prohibition of imported manufactured goods that would compete with domestic products

Spanish restrictions on navigation of the Mississippi River

(1783-1795): great annoyance to the settlers on the western slopes of the colonies, resulted in Pinckney's Treaty of friendship, boundaries, and navigation sign: colonists upset, resulted in conflict

Beard's Thesis

- a historian's opinion of Philadelphia Convention (55 delegates) was the Beard Thesis - Charles and Mary Beard wrote a book called *An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution* in which they said that the writers of the Constitution were only interested in their own self-interest and protecting their own power; thought that they had written the Constitution for that very reason; this idea was prevalent for a long time

Samuel Adams

*-* a Harvard educated Massachusetts assemblyman and Boston tax collector. *-* was opposed to the Sugar and Stamp Acts. *-* He led the fight against the Townshend Acts. *-* headed demonstrations that led to the Boston Massacre, and *-* directed the Boston Tea Party. *-* He galvanized the resources of New England against the British.

Articles of Confederation

*1781-1789* First constitution of the United States. Created a national government with limited powers.

Federalist Papers

*1787-1788* 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Bill of Rights

*1791* During the ratification process for the U.S. Constitution, demands for greater guarantees of rights resulted in a promise for the addition of a Bill of Rights to the new Constitution. A Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution by 1791.

Washington's Farewell Address

*1796* President Washington warned about the dangers of divisive political parties and permanent foreign alliances.

Discuss the Significance of the following: Common Sense The Declaration of Independence

*Common Sense* *Who?* Thomas Paine *What?* was pamphlet that attacked the British monarchy. *Why?* Demanded independence, and helped provide a clear and understandable rationale for secession. *The Declaration of Independence* *Who?* Thomas Jefferson *What?* A formal statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress *Why?* declared the American colonies independent.

Federalists and Antifederalists

*Federalists* Supported the constitution; believed a strong central government was needed to maintain order and preserve the union *Antifederalists* didn't support the constitution; believed a strong central government would destroy the work of the revolution, limit democracy, and restrict states rights

Logrolling and Filibuster

*Filibuster* The term used for an extended debate in the Senate which has the effect of preventing a vote. It works to prevent a vote because the Senate's rules contain no motion to a force a vote. A vote occurs only when debate ends naturally. *Logrolling* A practice common in the U.S> Congress and in many ther legislative assemblies in which two or more legislators agree for each to trade his vote on one bill he care little about in exchange for the other's vote on a bill that is personally much more important to him. Logrolling is especially common when the legislators are relatively free of control by their national party leaders and are trying to secure votes for bills that will concentrate sizable benefits on their own home districts while spreading most of the costs out over taxpayers in the rest of the country. Local projects such as Federally funded dams, bridges, highways, housing projects, VA hospitals, job-training centers, military bases, and the like are often pushed through by logrolling.

Minuteman

*Minutemen* * A small hand-picked elite force which were required to be highly mobile and able to assemble quickly. * Minutemen were selected from militia muster rolls by their commanding officers. Typically 25 years of age or younger, they were chosen for their enthusiasm, reliability, and physical strength. * Usually about one quarter of the militia served as Minutemen

Discuss the perspectives of the British Imperial policies of the following groups New England Yeoman Farmers Southern Planters Loyalists

*New England Yeoman Farmers* small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves. They hired slaves to harvest their crops from their farms. *Southern Planters* Southern planters considered their slaves the greatest source of their wealth and treated them as an investment *Loyalists* American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Discuss the purpose and provisions of this colonial delegation.

*Olive Branch-What was the proposal* Demanded a cease-fire in Boston, the repeal of the Coercive Acts, and the beginning of negotiations to establish guarantees of American rights. *Olive Branch-Who supported it?* The Second Continental Congress *Olive Branch-Reasoning behind proposal?* The colonies will be loyal if British addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). *Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms-What was the proposal?* Americans held hope of reconciliation with England, but at the same time approve the use of armed resistance to obtain recognition of their rights. It insists Americans will die rather than yield to enslavement. *Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms-Who supported it?* Second Continental Congress *Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms-Reasoning behind proposal?* A letter to the world explaining why the colonies were rebelling and that it was necessary

The Delegates Radicals Moderates Conservatives

*Radicals- Who?* Patrick Henry (Virginia) Samuel Adams & John Adams (Massachussetts) *Radicals - What did they want?* They believed that they needed to force Britain to accept their demands or declare immediate independence. *Moderates-Who?* George Washinton (Virginia) John Dickinson (Pennsylvania) *Moderates-What did they want?* They wanted to repair the relationship between America and Britain *Conservatives - Who* John Jay (New York) Joseph Galloway (Pennsylvania) *Conservatives - What did they want?* They wanted to remain tied to the Crown. they adopted the Galloway Plan.

French and Indian War effects on American-British Relations.

*Seven Years' War* Great Britain's massive debt from the Seven Years' War resulted in renewed efforts to consolidate imperial control over North American markets, taxes, and political institutions — actions that were supported by some colonists but resisted by others. *French and Indian War, 1754-1763* Imperial war between Britain and France for control of North America (beginning in 1754) that became a larger-scale European war in 1756. American Indians generally supported the French. *British defeat of the French, 1763* Under the Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War, Britain gained possession of all of French Canada and Spanish Florida.

Explain the measures adapted by the colonial leaders at the First Continental Congress.

*Suffolk Resolves* Originally issued by Massachusetts. The resolves called for immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts and for colonies to resist them by making military preparations and boycotting British goods. *Declaration of Rights and Grievances* Backed by moderate delegates this petition urged the king to redress (make right) colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. *Continental Association* Network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves *Proposed Second Congress* Convened in Philadelphia and Baltimore after the battles of Concord and Lexington and reflected the radicalization of the opposition to the British. It led to the creation of a Continental Army with George Washington as its commander.

Explain how each of the following is considered causes of the American Revolution. The Enlightenment The Great Awakening

*The Enlightenment* *The Great Awakening* - It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

Townshend Acts

*When* - *Purpose* - raise money, regulate trade, external tax *Impact* - New duties on glass, lead, paper, paints, tea; customs collections tightened in America *Colonial Reaction* - Non-importation of British goods; assemblies protest; newspapers attack British policy

Sugar Act

*When* - 1764 *Purpose* - raise money for colonial defense *Impact* - Revised duties/tax on sugar, coffee, tea, wine, other imports; expanded jurisdiction of vice- admiralty courts *Colonial Reaction* - Anger, smuggling. Several assemblies protest taxation for revenue.

Stamp Act

*When* - 1765 *Purpose* - Raise money, same tax in Great Britain *Impact* - Printed documents (deeds, newspapers, marriage licenses, etc.) issued only on special stamped paper purchased from stamp distributors *Colonial Reaction* - Anger, led to Stamp Act Congress, Petitioned king, boycotted goods, viewed as internal tax

Quartering Act

*When* - 1765 *Purpose* - to provide housing and supplies for British troops stationed in the colonies *Impact* - Colonists must supply British troops with housing, other items (candles, firewood, etc.) *Colonial Reaction* - Protest in assemblies; New York Assembly punished for failure to comply, 1767

Declaratory Act

*When* - 1766 *Purpose* - Attempt to affirm British power after repealing of Stamp Act *Impact* - Parliament declares its sovereignty over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" *Colonial Reaction* - Ignored in celebration over repeal of the Stamp Act

Whigs and Tories

*Whigs* Whigs were supporters of the Revolution. *Tories* The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Boston Tea Party

*Who* - Bostonians/Colonists. *What* - act of rebellion where colonists dumped crates of tea into the Boston Harbor *When* - December 16, 1773 *Where* - Boston Harbor *WHY* - Because the British insisted on their right to collect the tax so that they can help the British East India Company out of Financial problems.

The Gaspee Incident

*Who* - British Customs ship *What* - a custom ship *When* - 1772 *Where* - Rhode Island *WHY* - when a custom ship searching for smugglers ran aground, and some 150 colonists seized and burned the ship, suspects were taken to Britain for trial Caused Thomas Jefferson to suggest committees of correspondence for ea

Boston Massacre

*Who* - British soldiers and Bostonian laborers *What* - Five civilians were killed by redcoats. *When* - March 5, 1770 *Where* - Boston *WHY* - protested the presence of the British soldiers in Boston. The colonists believed that these soldiers, around four thousand of them, had long overstayed their welcome in the colonies. This led to an more violent uprising by the colonists in which the soldiers felt it necessary to fire upon the protesters. While no official call to "fire" was heard, someone fired their gun and shots were sent back and forth. It is significant because five colonists were shot and killed and this led to a greater uprising.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

*Who* - John Dickinson *What* - stated that Parliament could not exercise its power to raise revenue for itself in the colonies. *When* - 1767, 1768 *Where* - Pennsylvania *WHY* -regarding the non importation and non exportation agreements against England.

Committees of Correspondence

*Who* - Samuel Adams *What* - carried news among the towns, taverns, and colonial assemblies after 1770 to 1773. *When* -1770 to 1773 *Where* - *WHY* - Following the Boston Massacre in 1770, the committees of correspondence were formed to create a network that carried communication about political changes, protests, and imperial rule throughout the colonies. This is important because it created a strong communications network among all the colonies, starting to form a closer unity than before.

John Dickinson

*Wrote Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, 1767* Dickinson was landowner and lawyer who published his "Letters" to argue that taxation without representation violated the colonists' rights as English citizens.

Unicameral Legislature

*a)* a governmental structure with a one-house legislature *b)* under the Articles of Confederation , the United States had this, with all the states having equal representation

Loose Vs. Strict Interpretation of Constitution

*strict interpretation:* Constitution states that the government of the United States holds only those powers specifically granted to it by the Constitution; *loose interpretation:* of the Constitution posits that the government of the United States hold all powers that are not specifically denied to it by the Constitution.

XYZ Affair

1797 American envoys to France were told that the U.S. would need to loan France money and bribe government officials as a precondition for meeting with French officials. This led to a "Quasi-War" between the U.S. and France that lasted until 1800.

Iroquois Confederation

A league of five (later six) Iroquois nations that was a powerful force influencing French, Dutch, and British policy in the northeastern colonies for over 200 years.

Preamble

A preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose).

The New Jersey Plan

A proposal submitted by the New Jersey delegation at the Constitutional Convention for creating a government in which the states would have equal representation in a unicameral legislature

Whiskey Rebellion 1791-1794

A protest by grain farmers in western Pennsylvania against the federal tax on whiskey. Militia forces, led by President Washington, ended the uprising.

The Intolerable Acts 1774

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Effects of the French and Indian War on American Indians

After the British defeat of the French in 1763, white-Indian conflicts continued to erupt as native groups sought to continue trading with Europeans and to resist the encroachment of British colonists on traditional tribal lands. The French withdrawal from North America and the subsequent attempt of various native groups to reassert their power over the interior of the continent resulted in new white-Indian conflicts along the western borders of British and, later, the U.S. colonial settlement and among settlers looking to assert more power in interior regions. *Pontiac's Rebellion, 1763* *Proclamation Line of 1763* *The Paxton Boys, 1764*

The Great Compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise of 1787, it was an agreement between the small (ex. New Jersey) and large states (ex. Virginia) reached in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. In part, it defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would be entitled to in the US Constituton. The bicameral legislature and proportional representation in the lower house was retained, but the upper house was required to be weighted equally between states. Main contribution was appointment of the senate and congress.

Northwest Ordinance

As settlers moved westward the the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states and sought to promote public education, the protection of private property, and the restriction of slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Explain the events of these initial battles of the American Revolution Lexington and Concord BunkerHill/Breed's Hill

Battle between British soldiers and American "Minutemen" outside Boston that began the American Revolution. *Lexington and Concord* General Thomas Gage ordered his soldiers to march to Massachusetts to fight the Patriots. The Patriots from various towns, farmers, and merchants gathered waiting for the militia. With 12 years of constitutional, social, and economic conflicts between Britain and Massachusetts boiled down to the battles at Lexington and Concord. The British lost 73 men, had 174 wounded, and 26 were wounded. Massachusetts had less with 49 dead and 39 wounded in combat. *Bunker Hill/Breed's Hill* 2 months after the Lexington and Concord in June, 1775, a true battle was fought on the outskirts of Boston. A colonial militia of Massachusetts farmers fortified Breed's Hill, next to Bunker Hill. British attacked the colonists and managed to take the hill.

Battle of Saratoga 1777

Battle that marked the turning point of the American Revolution, convincing France to aid the American cause.

Proclamation of 1763

Britain established a boundary in the Appalachian Mountains, banning colonists from settling west of the boundary. Designed to prevent conflict with Indians.

John Locke

British philosopher of the late 17th century whose ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence and the creation of the United States. He argued that sovereignty resides in the people, who have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

The Connecticut Plan

Called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied. At the Constitutional Congress, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan and smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each.

Charles Townshend

Charles Townshend was control of the British ministry and was nicknamed *"Champagne Charley"* for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place.

Chief Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy

Chief Little Turtle is the Indian chief who formed the Western Confederation in the northwest territories and led his followers to many victories against U.S. forces in the 1790s. His forces were defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, which led to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville.

Thomas Jefferson

Chief author of the Declaration of Independence, governor of Virginia during the American Revolution, U.S. minister to France after the Revolution, second vice-president, and third president of the United States

Committee of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Tarriff and Currency debates

Control of taxation and tariffs was left to the states, and each state could issue its own currency. In disputes between states Congress served as mediator and judge, but could not require a state to accept its decisions.

Philadelphia Convention 1787

Delegates from all states but Georgia met in Philadelphia to discuss the Articles of Confederation. This convention resulted in a new constitution. All 55 delegates represented the propertied upper class and most were personally interested in creating a strong central government.

First Continental Congress

Delegates from every colony except Georgia met in Philadelphia and asserted their rights as Englishmen.

Second Continental Congress

Delegates from the thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to create a Continental army and prepare the colonies for war against Britain.

Crispus Attucks

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

James Otis

James Otis was the former prosecuting attorney for Boston's vice-admiralty court. He resigned to protest the use of the writs of assistance. He argued that *"an act against the Constitution is void"*. He declared that Parliament had no authority to violate the traditional "rights of Englishmen" and that there were limits to the validity of certain laws passed.

Thoughts on Government, 1776

John Adams published *Thoughts on Government (1776)* -promoting balanced government, -suggested for two house legislatures that reflected the division of society between wealthy and ordinary men.

On Equality of the Sexes

Judith S. Murray was one of the first American proponents of the idea of the *equality of the sexes*—that women, like men, had the capability of intellectual accomplishment and should be able to achieve economic independence. She also wrote the famous, yet controversial 'On the equality of the sexes' essay which was published in 1790.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Law establishing the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. President Washington appointed John Jay as the first chief justice of the United States.

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

Laws passed by the U.S. Congress that prevented immigrants from participating in politics and to silence those who criticized the Federalist Party and the U.S. government.

Mercy Otis Warren

Massachusetts playwright, poet, and historian who wrote some of the most popular and effective propaganda for the American cause during the American revolution. In 1805, she published the first history of the American Revolution.

Ratification

Method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law *-* The Constitution had to be ratified (approved) by at least 9 of the 13 original states in order to be put into effect.

Executive Powers and Limits

One of the three branches of government; this branch enforces laws. It is headed by the president, who has the power to veto legislation passed by Congress.

Judicial Branch

One of the three branches of government; this branch interprets laws. The highest authority in this branch is the Supreme Court, which determines the constitutionality of laws.

The French Revolution 1789

Period of radical social and political change throughout Europe that began with an uprising against the king of France.

Valley Forge 1777

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and mal-nutrition, Baron von Steuben along with Marquis de Lafayette comes and train troops and turn the rag tag army into a professionally trained army.

Albany Plan of Union

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

The Executive Branch

President in charge for 4 year term, limited to 2 years 1) enforce laws of US 2) Commander-in-chief of US armed forces 3) Pres. signs/vetoes laws 4) Conducts foreign relations 5) Nominates federal judges (senate must approve)

George Grenville

Prime Minister of England selected by King George III *-* said colonies should be more tightly administered *-* suggested Anglo-Americans pay a bigger share of Britain's debt *-* said Britain had right to levy taxes on colonists

Bank of United States 1791

Privately-owned bank that operated as both a commercial bank and fiscal agent for the U.S. government. Based in Philadelphia, the bank was granted a 20-year charter in 1791 by the U.S. Congress.

Shays' Rebellion 1786

Rebellion of debtor farmers in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays. After the rebellion was crushed by the Massachusetts state militia, many prominent American leaders called for a strengthening of the national government to prevent such rebellions in the future.

Federalist #10

Refuted the conventional wisdom which stated that it was possible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory.

John Adams

Revolutionary leader who played an instrumental role in the vote for American independence. After the American Revolution he served as U.S. minister to Great Britain, first vice-president of the United States and second president of the United States.

Journal of the Times

Sam Adams creates this journal that is used as propaganda to rile up the colonists against the British.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher (1723-1790) whose ideas helped fuel the creation of the market system in the U.S. He believed free market competition would benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low and building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services.

Sons of Liberty

Secret organization formed in Boston in 1765 to oppose the Stamp Act. Best known for the Boston Tea Party in 1773.

Legislative Branch

Senate+House of Representatives (Congress) 1) Passes laws 2) Appropriate Money (in essence a law) 3) DECLARE WAR 4) Over-ride president veto by a 2/3 vote in each chamber

Electoral College

a body of electors chosen by the states to elect the president and vice president; each state may select a number of electors equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress

Battle of Yorktown 1781

The British army surrendered to General George Washington and the Continental Army, virtually bringing the American Revolution to an end.

The Tea Act of 1773

The Tea Act eliminated import duties entering England, lowering the selling price to consumers, also allowing selling directly to consumers, hurting middlemen. It angered the colonies since it gave a monopoly to the British East India Tea Company, thus forcing local tea sellers out of business.

Who were the revolutionary leaders? What were their demographics? Why is that an important factor to the American Revolution?

The Patriots were the revolutionary leaders. They had 20,000 Patriots from New England and Virginia 5,000 African Americans. The patriot cause succeeded because of the colonists greater familiarity with the land, their resilient military and political leadership, their ideological commitment, and their support from European allies.

American Revolution

The Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

Supremacy Clause

The constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws.

Constitutional Convention

The convention to write a new constitution for the United States met from May through September in 1787.

The Constitution

The document which established the present federal government of the United States and outlined its powers. It can be changed through amendments.

Gerrymandering

The term that describes the deliberate rearrangement of the boundaries of congressional districts to influence the outcome of elections. The original gerrymander was created in 1812 by Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry, who crafted a district for political purposes that looked like a salamander. The purpose of gerrymandering is to either concentrate opposition votes into a few districts to gain more seats the majority in surrounding districts (called packing), or to diffuse minority strength across many districts (called dilution).

Discuss the four parts of the Coercive Acts: why they were imposed by Britain what each did and how each impacted colonial life.

There were four Coercive Acts, directed mainly at punishing the people of Boston and Massachusetts and bringing the dissidents under control. *The Port Act* - closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until destroyed tea was paid for. *The Massachusetts Government Act* reduced the power of Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. *The Administration of Justice Act* allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in the colonies. A fourth law expanded the *Quartering Act* to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes. It applied to all colonies.

Separation of Powers

Three branches of government -legislative(makes laws), -judicial(interprets laws), -executive(passes laws)

Pinckney Treaties

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that that defined the boundaries between the U.S. and Spanish colonies and granted the U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty that ended the American Revolution, securing American independence from Britain.

The Regulators, 1763

Two groups in the Carolinas were known as Regulators in the 1760s. *The South Carolina Regulators *consisted of wealthy back country residents who protested their under representation in the colonial assembly and the lack of local governments. *The North Carolina Regulators* mobilized small farmers upset with corrupt local government run by elites. The North Carolina militia defeated the North Carolina Regulators at the battle of Alamance (1771), which ended their protests.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Under President Washington, the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, introduced policies to fund the federal debt at par and federal assumption of state banks. Hamilton also established a first Bank of the United States.

Pontiac's Rebellion 1763

Unsuccessful Indian rebellion led by an Ottawa chief named Pontiac against British Indian policy in the Northwest Territory.

James Madison

Virginia planter, political theorist, delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and co-author of the Federalist Papers. His work in creating the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights has earned him the title "father of the Constitution."

Virtual Representation

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.

Patrick Henry

a Virginia lawyer and a member of its House of Burghesses, strongly opposed to the Stamp Act. He helped establish committees of correspondence. He convinced the Burgesses to adopt resolutions denying Parliament's power to tax the colonies.

Abigail Adams

Wife of revolutionary leader John Adams who advised him to "remember the ladies" when the nation's leaders spoke of liberty and equality.

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

Without using the word "neutrality," Washington proclaimed the U.S. would give no military support to the French in their war against Britain. At the time, the U.S. had a treaty of alliance with France. Washington did not formally repudiate that alliance.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Currency Act of 1764

act implemented by George Grenville that prohibited the printing of money in the colonies, caused deflated value of colonial money and hurt the economy

North-South Compromise 3/5

an agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slave population for purpose of determining a state's representation in the House of Representatives.

Land Ordinance 1785

land sold to pay off national debt (war debt) development/settlement scheme

Vice - Admiralty Courts

military tribunals composed only of a judge, not local common-law jury, Sugar Act required that offenders be tried in these courts rather than local courts, provoking opposition from smugglers accustomed to acquittal before sympathetic local juries

Fries Rebellion 1799

resistance movement against taxes on land, houses, and legal documents; German Americans saw it as an echo of the Stamp Act, so they participated in individual nonviolent protest; a federal judge ordered the arrest of about twenty of them, so in March 1799 Revolutionary War vet John Fries and 120 militiamen surrounded the tavern where the men were being held; they were arrested and sentenced to hang, but Adams pardoned them

Political parties

system of checks and balances; all parties had the same idea in mind with a different approach

Republicanism

the ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through an election , A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Popular Sovereignty

the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

Jay's Treaty

treaty between US and England; the British refused to get their troops out of our western area. The British would stop American ships, take the people aboard it and impress(imprison) them to join the British army. John Jay went to England to try and agree on these 2 issues. He came back to America with a treaty that didn't address impressments but it did set a time table for the British to get out of the west

John Hancock

was the head of a Boston mercantile firm and a smuggler. He opposed the Stamp Act and other British trade restrictions. In 1768 his ship Liberty was seized as a smuggler and confiscated by the Crown. Hailed as a martyr, he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature, where he joined Samuel Adams in advocating resistance to England. He later presided over the Continental Congress and became governor of Massachusetts after the Revolution.