Period 4: AP US History Chapter 10
What is the Bank War?
The political conflict that occurred when Andrew Jackson tried to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, which he thought represented special interests at the expense of the common man.
In hopes of breaking down the united discipline of the Democratic Party before the presidential election of 1832, what did Jackson's opponents in Congress do ?
They proposed to renew the bank's 24-year charter 4 years early
How did western frontiersmen view the Cherokee's embracing of Euro-American culture (3 details)?
They saw it as a threat to their own economic success and were afraid of how powerful the Cherokees might become
How did the Northerner's engagement in log rolling win the vital support of westerners to increased tariffs (4 details)?
They supported bills that... - lowered the minimum price of public land - allowed farmers who had bought land before 1820 to pay off their debts at the reduced land price - extended the time over which those who were on the installment plan could make payments - authorized increased federal spending on the Cumberland Road
Who was Thomas Hart Benton (2 details)?
- U.S. senator from Missouri and legislative leader of the Democrats - was a champion of President Jackson and a supporter of westward expansion
List 2 reasons why the nation was much more unified politically in 1815 than it had been for years.
- the postwar economic growth had largely silenced Madison's critics within the Republican Party - extreme Federalists embarrassing their party through Essex Junto, thereby putting them at a severe political disadvantage
When was the Indian Removal Act passed by Congress?
1830
What is repossession?
The reclaiming of land or goods by the seller or lender after the purchaser fails to pay installments due.
What is demilitarization?
The removal of military forces from a region and the restoration of civilian control.
What is the Virginia Dynasty?
The term applied to the U.S. presidents from Virginia in the period between 1801 and 1825: Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe.
What are the "Five Civilized Tribes"?
The term used by Euro-Americans to describe the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw Indians, many of whom were planters and merchants.
What is laissez faire economics?
The theory that government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs.
To whom opposed tariffs and why (2 details)?
- "yeoman" (subsistence) farmers favored a free market that would keep the price of manufactures they had to buy as low as possible - southern commercial farmers because Britain was the South's primary market for raw cotton 1) protective tariffs raised the prices of their goods, meaning that Britain would probably enact a retaliatory tariff 2) therefore, southerners would have to pay more for manufactures but receive less profit
How did Secretary of States John Quincy Adams settle northern border issues?
- 1817: Rush-Bagot Agreement - Convention of 1818 (Anglo-American Convention)
List the 3 major effects of the Panic of 1819.
- 6 years of economic depression - individual farmers and manufacturers (unable to repay their loans for land and equipment) faced repossession and imprisonment for debt - the rapid closing down of factories, throwing both employees and owners out of work, which led to the dramatic growth in the number of paupers
What is the Hartford Convention (3 details)?
- A meeting staged by Essex Junto held in 1815 - Federalist extremists threatened secession from the Union unless Congress repealed the Embargo of 1813 and passed slew of other constitution reforms they had been pushing for since is formation - many viewed this as either foolish or treasonous, and in turn led to a steep decline in the Federalist party's popularity
To whom supported the candidates for the Election of 1824 (4 details)?
- Adams: northern regional political leaders - Crawford: southern sectionalists - Clay: northwestern commercial farmers and other backers of the American System - Jackson: independent yeoman farmers, traditional craftsmen, immigrants, etc. Important Note* A good portion of working class Americans defied their political leaders by supporting Jackson, the war hero of the Battle of New Orleans
How did Congress and President Monroe respond to Calhoun's call for the federal government to finance a national transportation program (Cumberland Road) (2 details)?
- Although Congress approved, Madison vetoed the bill, stating that the Constitution did not authorize federal spending on such projects - Calhoun won Madison's support by convincing him that a government-funded national road between Cumberland Maryland, and Wheeling, Virginia was a military and political necessity, thereby making his federal expenditure constitutional
List the "Five Civilized Tribes"?
- Cherokee - Choctaw - Seminole - Creek - Chickasaw
How did this plan of Jackson's opponents in Congress work out (4 details)?
- Congress passed the renewal bill and as expected, Jackson vetoed it - however, there was no rift between Jackson and the congressional Democratic - instead, the president delivered a powerful veto message that appealed to the masses denouncing the Second Bank for serving only privileged individuals and neglecting everyday citizens - in the end, the charter was not renewed, thereby prompting the Bank War
Once the House convened, to whom won the Election of 1824 (3 details)?
- Crawford (the 3rd highest vote getter) suffered a disabling stroke, so only John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson were left on the ballot - as Speaker of the House, Clay (whose viewpoints aligned with Adams) used his political influence to endorse Adams - as a result, Adams won the election, thereby becoming the nation's 6th president of the United States
What 3 cases decided by the Marshall Court helped to greatly expand the reach of the federal government in the matters of commerce?
- Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) - McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Which two nations did not wanted the recolonization of the new Latin American republics to occur and why?
- England: had developed thriving trade with the new nations - United States: felt that this was a threat to their nation's freedom and liberty
Why was the Cherokee's victory in Worcester v. Georgia short-lived (3 details)?
- Jackson refused to use any federal authority to actual carry out the Supreme Court's orders - when Cherokees and their sympathizers called Jackson out for this, the president claimed he would powerless in the manner and that the only way they could get protection is if they moved west of the Mississippi - meanwhile, the Cherokees continued to fight with Georgia through the court system - taking advantage of the situation, federal Native American agents decided to meet with the minority tribal dissenters and convince them to sign the Treaty of New Echota
How did people respond to Adam's policies (2 details)?
- Jefferson criticized him as attempting establish a powerful centralized government ruled by aristocracy - the increase in federal power and the tariffs frightened southerners, which unified them to oppose Adams
To whom did Martin Van Buren bring together to create the Democratic Party (3 people)?
- John C. Calhoun - Andrew Jackson - Thomas Hart Benton
Was the Nullification Crisis truly resolved?
- No; the South Carolinians withdrew their original demands for nullification of the tariff, but passed a resolution to nullify Jackson's force bill - Jackson no longer needed the force bill so he just ignored the South Carolinian's resolution - overall, there was still much uncertainty between the powers of the state and federal governments over one another
In order to advocate for national unity and calm political disputes, to whom did President Monroe select for his Cabinet (3 details)?
- Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams (son and heir of Yankee Federalist John Adams) because his diplomatic skill and political support in New England - Secretary of War: John C. Calhoun, a devoted nationalist - Secretary of Treasury: William C. Crawford, an advocate for southern states' rights
What is the Erie Canal (2 details)?
- a 350-mile canal stretching from Buffalo to Albany that revolutionized shipping in New York State - began construction in 1817 and then was completed in 1825
Who was Martin Van Buren (2 details)?
- a New York politician who took advantage of the massive explosion in voters by organizing the Bucktail faction - helped found the Democratic Party and later became the eighth president of the United States.
What was Osceola (3 details)?
- a Seminole leader in Florida who opposed the removal of his people to the West and led resistance to U.S. troop - was prompted to break off from the tribe and declare war following the Treaty of Payne's Landing in 1832, which essentially surrendered native land to the U.S. - although he was captured in 1837, the struggle continued until 1842
Just like the Cherokees, what similar situation was playing out among the Civilized Tribes?
- a combination of pressure, manipulation, and outright fraud led to the dispossession of all other Civilized Tribes - starting the early 1830s, were forcibly removed from their lands (with the Choctaws being the first)
Who was Henry Clay (3 details)?
- a former congressional War Hawk who became the leading advocate for nationalistic reforms following the War of 1812 - referenced to President Madison's postwar economic plan as the American System - became the dominant voice among younger representatives; was speaker of the Kentucky state assembly when was only 30 years old and four years later won a seat in the House of Representatives
Who was Denmark Vesey (4 details)?
- a free African American carpenter who was frequently harassed by white authorities - emboldened by northern attacks on slavery, Vesey plotted an 1822 rebellion to seize Charleston - his plot was reported to authorities, resulting in the arrest of 131 free and enslaved alleged conspirators and the execution of 35 (including Vesey) - the plot terrified whites and led them to place even greater restrictions on African Americans (both free and enslaved)
What is the Bucktail faction (3 details)?
- a political faction formed by Martin Van Buren to opposed Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York in the election of 1820 - used a combination of political patronage, influence, peddling, & fiery speeches to draw newly qualified voters into the political process - ended up successfully defeating Clinton
What are paupers (2 details)?
- a term popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe poor people - cities like New York and Boston often registered paupers so as to provide local relief.
What is American System (5 details)?
- a term used to refer to President Madison's postwar economic plan later proposed by Henry Clay - intended to use the power of the federal government to create a national market economy (this reversed the party's earlier commitment to laissez faire economics) - wanted to capitalize on regional differences to spur U.S. economic growth and the domestic production of goods previously bought from foreign manufacturers - essentially, the North would depend on the South for efficiently produced cotton, and both the South and West would depend on the Northeast for manufactured goods - believed that the balance eventually established among regions would free the nation as a whole from economic dependence on Europe
Who was Henry M. Shreve (4 details)?
- after the War of 1812, borrowed the hull design of the Clermont and modified the ship's structure - most notably added an upper deck for passengers, creating the now-familiar multistoried steamboats - successfully piloted his newly designed steamboats from Wheeling, Virginia to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - in 1816, made the first successful run south all the way to New Orleans
How was the Election of 1824 (3 details)?
- although Monroe and others favored John Quincy Adams to run for the Republicans, the southern-dominated caucus instead chose William Crawford as the Republican candidate - in retaliation, Quincy Adams and William Clay decided to run against Crawford without the approval of the caucus - in response to the apparent "death" of the caucus system's validity, the Tennessee state legislature put forward Andrew Jackson as their own candidate
What was McCulloch v. Maryland (2 details)?
- an 1819 Supreme Court Case that stemmed from an attempt by the state to tax federal currency - ruled that federal authority is superior to that of individual states and that states cannot control or tax federal operations within their borders.
What was Dartmouth College v. Woodward (2 details)?
- an 1819 Supreme Court case that was to decide whether New Hampshire could modify the charter of Dartmouth College from a private to a public school - ruled that private contracts are sacred and cannot be modified by state legislatures.
What is Cohens v. Virginia?
- an 1821 Supreme Court Case where the Cohen brothers were found guilty of illegally selling District of Columbia lottery tickets - Asserted the superiority of the federal court to that of state courts
What was Gibbons v. Ogden (3 details)?
- an 1824 Supreme Court Case involving two companies that offered ferry services between New Jersey and New York - Aaron Ogden's company operated on a New York charter, which gave him a monopoly over the market while Thomas Gibbons operated on a federal charter, which he asserted should allow him to ferry goods and passengers between the two states -ruled that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce, meaning that New York could not prevent Gibbons from operating his ferry
What is the Treaty of Indian Springs (2 detail)?
- an 1825 treaty that illustrates the manipulation of federal Native American agents in consolidating tribes onto smaller and smaller holdings - was so obnoxious that it was overturned by President Adams
What is Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (2 details)?
- an 1831 Supreme Court case where the Cherokees claimed that Georgia' action in enforcing state law within Cherokee territory by attempting to seize their territory was illegal because they were a sovereign nation in a treaty relationship with the United States - the Supreme Court (whom refused to hear this case) ruled that Native American tribes did not have the right to appeal to the federal court system.
What was Worcester v. Georgia (4 details)?
- an 1832 Supreme Court case concerning the arrest of two Christian missionaries (Worcester and Butler) who were working with the Cherokees in Georgia - when Georgia passed a law requiring Christian missionaries to Native Americans to obtain licenses from the state (essentially designed to eliminate the missionary's influence), both Worcester and Butler refused to comply thereby leading to their arrest by the Georgia government - the Court found that Georgia had no right to rule over Cherokee territory - concluded that all laws by Georgia regarding the Cherokees were null and ordered the state to release Worcester and Butler from jail
What was the Tallmadge Amendment (2 details)?
- an amendment to a statehood bill for Missouri proposed by New York congressman James Tallmadge Jr. that would have banned slavery in the new state, thereby putting political power in favor of the North - created a deadlock in Congress that necessitated the Missouri Compromise.
Why was John Quincy Adams the most qualified man ever to assume the presidential office (2 details)?
- as the son of former president John Adams, John Quincy had been born and raised in the midst of America's most powerful political circles - had been a foreign diplomat, U.S. senator, Harvard professor, and successful secretary of state
How was Jackson's relationship with everyone in government was equally unconventional (4 details)?
- at suspected disloyalty, was known to rage, pout, and storm off - avowed that the president was the only member of the government elected by all of the people, thereby taking a stance against the legislative and judicial branches - vetoed more bills than all of his predecessors combined - his arrogant assertions of executive power led his opponents to coin the nickname "King Andrew"
Who was Nicholas Biddle (3 detaisl)?
- became the president of the Second Bank of the United States in 1823 - although he enforced firm and consistent polices that restored confidence in the bank, many Americans were still not ready to accept the notion of omnipotent federal banking authority - struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
What was the underlying goal of Jackson's promise of retrenchment (3 details)?
- because no new party had taken power since Jefferson's election in 1800, Jackson inherited 10,000 Republican civil servants (most of whom were hired through Republican patronage) - essentially, the rotation gave him the excuse to fire people who were given jobs through Republican patronage or whom he could not fully trust - allowed him to reward his loyal supporters by placing them in newly vacated civil service jobs
Why did opponents of President Adams believe that manipulating tariff legislation would undercut the president's support (4 details)?
- believed that by proposing an unprecedented increase in tariff rates, northeastern Jacksonians would voice their support while western and southern Jacksonian would oppose it - in turn, they would be able to line up enough votes to block the tariff's passages, but northeastern Jacksonians would win increasing support in the North by appearing to support tariffs - meanwhile, southern and western Jackson supporters could take credit for no tariff increases - therefore, Adam's political agenda of increasing tariff would appear ineffective
In response to Calhoun's resigning from office to lead the nullification efforts, what did Jackson do?
- believed that nullification violated the Constitution - reinforced federal forts in South Carolina and sent warships to guarantee the tariff's collection - asked Congress to pass a "force bill" to give him the power to invade South Carolina if doing so proved necessary to carrying out federal law
What was the Clermont (4 details)?
- build by Robert Fulton in 1807 - was one of the first U.S. steamboats - ran upstream from New York City to Albany in only 32 hours - however, the boat's design made it impractical for most of America's river
How did Secretary of State John Quincy Adams continue President Madison's mission of pursuing a more aggressive diplomatic policy (2 details)?
- by settling northern border issues regarding the demilitarization of the Great Lakes boundary between the US and British Canada - addressing the Florida border issue
Describe 3 details about the Democratic Party.
- called for a return to Jeffersonian principles of simplicity and limited government - used the same manipulative techniques that Van Buren had used to defeat the Governor Clinton in 1820 to put Andrew Jackson into office - appealed to farmers, craftsmen, and small businessmen
Describe President Madison's aggressive new domestic policy launched in 1815 (4 details).
- challenged Congress to correct the economic ills that had caused the depression and propelled the nation into war - encouraged the states to finance transportation systems and other internal improvements - advocated for protective tariffs to help the new and highly vulnerable U.S. textile industry - in response, former critics of Madison (e.g. Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, DeWitt Clinton) rallied behind the president
Why was the winner of the Election of 1824 not determined immediately (3)?
- considered a political dark horse at the time, Jackson won the popular vote - although Jackson had the most electoral votes, he had not won the majority of the whole number of electors required by the Constitution - therefore, the top three candidates would have to be decided between by the House of Representatives
What is the Petticoat Affair (3 details)?
- controversy that struck when one of Jackson's closest friends and recently appointed secretary of war John Eaton married Peggy, the widowed daughter of a Washington boardinghouse keeper - rumors went around that Peggy Easton had engaged in multiple affairs with influential men and that her husband had committed suicide out of despair - in response to these rumors, Calhoun's wife convinced Washington high society (including the wives of other cabinet members) to shun the Eatons
What is log rolling?
The trading of favors (such as vote trading) by legislators to obtain passage of bills that would otherwise lack sufficient votes to pass.
What were 3 major viewpoints of those who opposed the Second Bank of the United States?
- did not understand its function, viewing it as another instrument for making the rich even richer; instead supported specie - others (including many state banks) felt that Biddle's controls were too strict and that they were not receiving their fair share of federal revenues - speculators and debtors because when they gambled correctly, they benefited from the economic instability that the bank was designed to prevent
How did the conflict between the Seminoles and U.S. end (3 details)?
- ended in 1842 when the U.S. withdrew its troops - eventually, a majority of Osceola's followers agreed to move west - however, a small portion of Seminoles remained in Florida
What were Southern and Northern Jacksonians frightened by Jackson's changes to the disposal of public domain (3 details)?
- fear that migration would give the West even more economic and political influence - southerners were concerned that Congress would replace the lost revenues with tariffs, thereby threatening their economic relationship with Europe - northerner feared that this would lead to a mass migration out west and a lower population in the North, meaning there would be an increase in the price of labor and property, thereby lowering profits
How did Jackson react to the Petticoat Affair?
- he was absolutely furious and found the behavior to be disgraceful - in response, he reprimanded Calhoun, who refused to back down
In reality, what 3 practical political issues influenced Jackson's decision to veto the Maysville Road Bill?
- hoped to gain support in Pennsylvania and New York, where they opposed federal aid to western states - Lexington was the political hub of his western competitor, Henry Clay; by denying aid that would benefit the city, Jackson would put Clay in a difficult situation - did not want to take away federal funds from his former congressional district of Nashville (already a booming hub along a national road)
What was the problem with the Missouri Territory applying for statehood (4 details)?
- if Missouri was admitted as a free state, its economy and politics would resemble the north - likewise if Missouri was admitted as a slave state, it would support the southern position on tariffs - this would push the political scale in favor of either the north or the south - as a result, Southerners united to oppose the Tallmadge Amendment
In order to bring the American System about, what did President Madison, Clay and other Nationalists do (3 details)?
- implement high protective tariffs - develop internal improvements (e.g. roads, canals, etc.) - create a National Bank (the Second Bank of the United States) *again* Important Note* The Republicans had persistently opposed Hamilton's Bank of the United States and got rid of it in 1811, but the postwar call for a unified national economy prompted them to change their minds
How did President Madison address the Barbary pirates taking advantage of the U.S. involvement in the War of 1812 (5 details)?
- in 1815, ordered a military force back to the Mediterranean - led by Naval hero Stephen Decatur with his fleet of 10 warships - was able to effectively sign treaties with Algerians and the rest of the Barbary pirates - ended the practice of exacting tribute - released all American hostages and agreed to pay compensation for past seizures of American ships
Describe the running feud between John Calhoun the Jackson (2 details).
- in 1828, Van Buren had leaked info that Calhoun had called for Jackson to be severely disciplined for his actions of invading Spanish Florida - shortly after Jackson took office, Calhoun and his wife became embroiled in the "petticoat affair"
In particular, how did the state of Georgia respond to the Cherokees (3 details)?
- in 1828, the George legislature nullified the Cherokee constitution - when gold was found on Cherokee land the following year, more than 3,000 prospectors entered tribal territory and soon thereafter, George ordered all communal tribal lands to be seized; this led to the lawsuit of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) - Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Important Note* In the War of 1812, the Cherokees had allied with Jackson against the Creeks during the War of 1812
Describe Jackson's rise from the ranks following the American Revolution and how this appealed to new voters (4 details).
- in order to advance himself, Jackson chose to become a lawyer - through his indomitable will, eventually became the first U.S. congressman from the state of Tennessee and eventually was elected to Senate - Jackson's exploits (e.g. deciding to invade Spanish Florida without permission) helped establish his reputation as a hero - in the popular view, Jackson's brashness (not Adams's diplomacy) had finally won Spanish Florida for the U.S.
Describe 3 of Adam's political policies.
- increase tariffs to protect American manufacturing and raise the necessary funds to pay for agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing improvements - wanted the Second Bank of the United States to stabilize the economy while still providing loans to finance new manufacturing ventures - advocated federal spending to improve the arts and sciences
Despite his immense experience, why did Adams' administration end up becoming so unpopular (2 details)?
- like his father, he held himself above partisan politics and refused to use political favors to win support. - as a result, Adams had no effective means of rallying supporters or pressuring his opponents
Describe the voting requirements during the late 18th century (2 details)
- limited to white men who owned property - prevented bankers, lawyers, manufacturers, and other such highly educated and economically stable men (most of whom did not own real estate) from political participation
Due to the fact that Spain was unable to police its New World territories, what general diplomatic problem did this lead to (2 details)?
- many of its Latin American colonies had rebelled and established themselves as independent republics - fearful of the anticolonial example being set, several European powers were eager to help Spain reclaim its New world empire
What are the 4 broad areas that Jackson tried to implement reform in the federal system?
- nation's banking and financial system - internal improvements and public land policy - Native American affairs - the collection of revenue and enforcement of federal law
Who was DeWitt Clinton (2 details)?
- nephew and political heir of New York Republican leader George Clinton - was governor of New York several times who helped plan the Erie Canal
What did the northern congressmen's victory in increasing tariffs reveal about the regional division of the United States (2 details)?
- of the 6 western states admitted to the Union after 1800, 3 were predominately farming states while the other half were cotton growers - as long as the northerners could pull support from the farming states, the balance of power in Congress remained relatively even, but northern or southern expansion had the potential to tip this political scale
What were 2 effects of the Missouri Compromise?
- offered a short term solution to a growing problem on the conflict caused by slavery and its expansion - from now on the issue of slavery became an underlying theme beneath regional debates
Describe Jackson's policy toward Native Americans?
- opposed the treaties of his predecessors and advocated to immediately remove all Native Americans west of the Mississippi, by force if necessary - as a result, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830
Why was Florida such a threat to the United States (2 details)?
- pirates used Florida as a base for launching raids against U.S. settlements and shipping - runaway slaves found it a safe haven in their flight from southern plantations
Lis the 3 tactics used by the Bucktail Faction to draw newly qualified voters into the political process.
- political patronage - influence peddling - fiery speeches
In response to Taney's diversion of federal funds, what did Biddle (the head of the Second Bank of the United States do) (2 details)?
- replaced dwindling assets by raising interest rates and calling in loans owed by state banks - in doing so, he believed he could prevent the collapse of the Second Bank, but also a business panic that might spark the federal government to change their course
Although many voters were gratified by their new rights, describe the doubts of these people in the legitimacy of their votes (2 details)?
- resented the "corrupt bargain" of Andrew Jackson's loss in the election of 1824 for denying the presidency to the people's choice - accused organizations, such as the Masons, for using secret signs and rituals to ensure the election of their own members to political office
What did Jackson promise to his supporters that showed he was a political outsider (2 details)?
- retrenchment - reform in the federal system (this was much harder for Jackson to arrange)
How was Jackson different from other presidents in terms of his Cabinet (3 details)?
- selected cabinet members not for their experience or ability but rather for their political loyalty - completely abandoned the practice of seeking his cabinet members' advice on major issues - instead, surrounded himself with himself with an information network of friends and advisors nicknamed as the Kitchen Cabinet
Why was the Second Bank of the United States an essential aspect of the American System (3 details)?
- served as a depository for federal funds - issued national currency and regulated its values - policed state and local banks by calling in loans and refusing credit (this helped bring about the Panic of 1819 and unpopularity of the bank)
Describe the rather unusual nature of Jackson's inauguration (4 details).
- ten thousand visitors crammed into the capital to witness Jackson's inauguration - after taking the oath of office, Jackson pushed through the crowd and galloped up toward the White House, followed by a mob of fervent supporters - the mob flowed into the White House with Jackson, where a spontaneous party broke out - Jackson was eventually forced to flee the near-riot by climbing out of a back window
Describe the election of 1816 (5 details).
- the Republicans nominated Virginian James Monroe - the Federalists nominated Rufus King - Monroe won by a landslide: 184 to 34 - in the House of Representatives and the Senate, Congressional Republicans won more than 3/4 of the seats - the Republican victories showed that President Madison's economic policy was extremely popular
Although the construction of canals revolutionized the U.S. shipping transportation, what problem did people encounter through this system (2 details)?
- the canals were little more than extensions of natural river courses, meaning people had to fight the massive currents of great rivers, which was both tiring and time consuming - the trip from Pittsburgh to New Orleans took about a month but returning north (against the current) took 4 months - if the boat could even make the trip at all.
Through the 1820s, describe how the federal government tried to convince tribes along the frontier to move farther west and how these tribes reacted (3 details)?
- the federal government promised money, new land, and relief from pioneer harassment, which some Native Americans agreed to while other resisted - created factionalism within Native American societies where some sold out their tribes and moved west while other fought to keep their lands - capitalizing on this factionalism, federal Native American agents manipulated these tribes by consolidating them onto smaller and smaller holdings (e.g. the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs)
What is the Tariff of 1816 (2 details)?
- the first protective tariff in U.S. history - its purpose was to protect America's new yet economically inexperienced textile industry
What is the Trail of Tears?
- the forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory (the land west of the Mississippi River) in the winter of 1838, during which thousands of Cherokees died - even as Cherokee leaders and sympathizers fought in the courts, their effort was to now avail
What is the Cumberland Road (3 details)?
- the initial section of what would be called the "National Road," that stretched from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia. - was proposed by Nationalist John C. Calhoun as a way to tie the South and West to the rest of the nation - this section began construction in 1815 but would later extend to Vandalia, Illinois, and beyond
What is the Era of Good Feelings (3 details)?
- the period from 1816 to 1823 that marked the decline of the Federalists Party and the end of the War of 1812 - gave rise to a time of political cooperation that brought the Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian Republican) Party to power - marked the time period of James Monroe's presidency
Following the War of 1812, how were the Cherokees doing (4 details)?
- the war inspired a new generation of leaders to push to embrace Euro-American culture - created a formal government with a bicameral legislature, court system, and professional salaried civil service - the tribe drafted and ratified a constitution modeled after the U.S. Constitution - even created its own newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, printed in both English and Cherokee
Describe the explosions in voters during the late 19th century due to reforms (3 details).
- these middle-class and elite men urged suffrage reform - by 1824, a majority of states made no property demands at all or only required tax payments - in addition, states increasingly dropped property qualifications for officeholding thereby breaking up the gentlemanly monopoly on political power Important Note* Despite these reforms, states continued to bar women and African Americans from voting
How did Congress respond to Jackson's demands (3 details)?
- they debated nearly 3 years over the issue - finally, Henry Clay suggested that the distribution of public land be turned over to the states - although Congress approached Clay's bill in 1833, Jackson soon vetoed it
How did Jackson and his supporters react to Adam's victory (4 details)?
- they were outraged, considering Clay the "Judas of the West" for his betrayal of western and southern interests - this anger further intensified when Adams named Clay his secretary of state (the position that for every past Republican had been the springboard to the presidency) - as a result, Jackson and his supporters withdrew from the Jeffersonian Republican party - marked the end of the one-party system under the Virginia Dynasty and the Era of Good Feelings
How did Jackson view the disposing of public domain (3 details)?
- took the position of small farmers and westerners that people should be able to buy federal land for no more than what it costs the government to survey and process the sale - after directing Congress to prohibit public land from being profited off of by the government - many western Jacksonians followed suit by dropping the price of government land and suggesting that squatters be given the first chance to buy the tract of land they were squatting on
Describe Jackson's childhood and how this appealed to new voters (6 details).
- was born in a rustic log cabin (not a fancy mansion like previous presidents) - his father died 2 weeks before his birth - lost his 2 brothers and mother during the American Revolution - at the age of 13, joined a militia company and was captured by the British - as a young POW, he suffered horrific treatment from the British (when he did not shine an officer's shoes enough, Jackson was severely beat) - the British eventually let him go, a humiliation that would lead to his passionate hatred for Great Britain
Why was canal building so useful for Americans (2 details)?
- water transportation was the most economical way to ship bulky freight - navigable rivers and lakes did not link up conveniently to form usable transportation networks
Who supported tariffs and why (4 details)?
- western & northern commercial farmers - mill owners, factory managers, & industrial workers - western who were producing raw minerals (e.g. iron, tin) that were in high demand - supported the tariff as a protection against foreigners taking over the market by selling such cheap goods
What was the Missouri Compromise (4 details)?
- written in response to the controversial Tallmadge Amendment and soon thereafter, Maine applying for statehood - a law proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 - compromised both Southern and Northern interests by admitting Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state - banned slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36°30' (the line that formed Missouri's southern border)
What is the Monroe Doctrine (3 details)?
-an 1823 declaration by President Monroe but mostly written by Declaration of State John Quincy Adams - declared the Americas closed to further European colonization - discouraged European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere as a virtual act of war against the U.S.
What is the Maysville Road Veto?
-an 1830 bill by Congress calling for federal money to build a road from Lexington, Kentucky to Maysville, Kentucky - Jackson vetoed it, claiming that it would benefit only one state and was therefore unconstitutional
Describe the timeline of events that ultimately led to the Panic of 1819.
1) 1817: Congress tried to to stop the collapse by tightening credit, stopping installment payments on new land purchases, and demanding that they be transacted in hard currency 2) 1817: The Second Bank of the United States, followed shortly by the state banks, demanded immediate repayment of loans in either silver or gold 3) However, these efforts only drove the colony over the edge, leaving nothing but a mass of debt behind
Describe the timeline of the Florida border issue (4 details)
1) 1817: General Andrew Jackson wrote to the president advocating an invasion of Spanish Florida. 2) Secretary of War Calhoun ordered Jackson to lead a military expedition into southern Georgia, but he decided to cross into Florida anyways, forcing the Spanish government to flee 3) Calhoun was furious and privately recommend that Jackson be court martialed while Adams saw this as an opportunity to address the Florida border issue. 4) Adams announced that Jackson's raid was an act of self-defense and would be repeated unless the Spanish adequately policed their territory (essentially Spain had no choice but to either give up Florida or watch the US take it by force) 4) As a result, Spanish minister Don Luis de Onís ceded Florida in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
Describe the timeline of attempts to increase tariff rates following the Panic of 1819.
1) 1820: northern congressmen proposed a major increase in tariff rates 2) Yeoman farmers and cotton growers combined to defeat the measure by arguing for laissez faire economics 3) Northerners engaged in log rolling, thereby winning the vital support of westerners 4) 1824: western congressmen voted for a greatly increased tariff
What 5 events ultimately led to the Panic of 1819?
1) Congress passing bills in 1800 and 1804 that permitted farmers to pay the government in installments (encouraged many to buy farms they could barely afford) 2) Taking advantage of lowered land prices in Congress's 1800 and 1804 bill, land speculators bought land on credit, subdividing it and selling it to people who could not afford to buy 160-acre lots directly from the government, also offering an additional installment loan. 3) On top of the credit already extended by the government and land speculators, banks (both state and national) extended additional credits so that farmers could purchase farm equipment, seeds, etc. 4) Following the Napoleonic Wars, Europe was now beginning to supply more of its own needs due to the establishment of colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific 5) The independence of Europe's Latin American colonies deprived Europeans of the gold and silver that had driven international economies for decades, meaning that they were no longer able to afford U.S. goods
Folllowing his veto of the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States charter, what did Jackson do next (4 details)?
1) Jackson ordered Treasury Secretary Louis McLane to withdraw federal deposits from the Second Bank (a completely illegal act) 2) When McLane refused, Jackson fired him and then replaced him with William J. Duane 3) When Duane also refused, Jackson fired him as well so he appointed Kitchen Cabinet member Roger B. Taney 4) Taney (who decided to work around rather than break it) paid the government's bills from existing accounts in the Second Bank while placing all new deposits into "pet banks"
When was the Tariff of Abominations?
1828
When were the Napoleonic Wars?
1803-1815
When was the Clermont built?
1807
When did President Madison launch an aggressive new domestic policy?
1815
When did the construction of the Cumberland Road begin?
1815
When was the Hartford Convention?
1815
When was the Second Bank of the United States chartered?
1816
When was the Era of Good Feelings?
1816-1824
When was the Rush-Bagot Agreement?
1817
When was Dartmouth College v. Woodward?
1819
When was McCulloch v. Maryland?
1819
When was the Adams-Onís Treaty?
1819
What did Congress approve the Missouri Compromise?
1820
When was Vesey's rebellion?
1822
When was the Monroe Doctrine issued?
1823
When was Gibbons v. Ogden?
1824
When was the Russo-American Treaty?
1824
When was the Democratic Party created?
1828
When was the Tariff of Abominations passed?
1828
When was Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?
1831
When did Calhoun resign from the vice presidency/ when did the Nullification Crisis begin?
1832
When was Worcester v. Georgia?
1832
When was the Bank War?
1832
When was the Treaty of New Echota signed?
1835
When was the Trail of Tears?
1838
What was the Panic of 1819?
A financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the United States tightened credit and recalled government loans
What is tribute?
A payment of money or other valuables that one group makes to another as the price of security.
What are special interests?
A person or organization that seeks to benefit by influencing legislators to support particular policies.
What is a dark horse?
A political candidate who has little organized support and is not expected to win.
What was the Tariff of Abominations?
A tariff designed by members of Congress not only to promote American industry but to embarrass President Adams and ensure a Jackson victory in that year's presidential election; ended up actually being passed by Jackson, much to the opposition of the South
What was the Adams-Onís (3 details)?
A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that... - ceded Florida to the United States - gave the Oregon Territory to the US, thereby ending any Spanish claims in Oregon - recognized Spanish rights in the American Southwest by settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas
When did the canal building era start and for what reason?
After the War of 1812; the abandonment of laissez faire principles permitted the entry of state and federal governments in transportation development Important Note* Before the war, enormous costs and engineering problems had limited canal construction to less than 100 miles
What was the Russo-American Treaty?
Also called the Russo American Treaty. Formed between America and Russia. Russia relinquished its claim to the Oregon Territory and accepted 54 40' as the southern border of Russian America.
What is the Treaty of New Echota?
An 1835 treaty where federal Native American agents convinced the minority faction of Cherokee dissenters to give up all of their lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. government in return for $5 million and land in Indian Territory.
Who were the Masons?
An international fraternal organization with many socially and politically prominent members, including a number of U.S. presidents.
Who won the election of 1828?
Andrew Jackson in a landslide (the Democrats won every regions except Adams's native New England)
What was one proposed solution to the Panic of 1819 and to whom was it advocated by?
Tariffs; legislators primarily in the Mid-Atlantic states and southern New England
How had President Madison already taken steps toward a more aggressive diplomatic policy before President Monroe even came into office?
By addressing the Barbary pirates when they resumed their raiding activity against American shipping in order to take advantage of U.S. involvement in the War of 1812.
What is specie?
Coins minted from precious metals
List the 6 western states that were added to the Union after 1800.
Farming States - Ohio - Indiana - Illinois Cotton Growers - Louisiana - Mississippi - Alabama
Although Jackson was a slave owner, land speculator, and quite wealthy why did these elements of his life not seem to tarnish his image as a man of the people and why?
Having started with nothing, Jackson drew from a combination of will, natural ability, and divine favor to become a successful man without being a snob
Why did Adam's demeanor and outlook compounded the unpopularity of his presidency?
He seemed more of a man of his father's generation than of his own, which made it difficult for him to address the new political climate of the 19th century.
In response to the bad blood between himself and the president, what did Calhoun decide to do?
In 1832, he admitted to writing the Exposition and Protest and resigned from the vice presidency to lead the nullification efforts in the Senate
Did their plan to manipulate tariff legislation work (2 reasons)?
In a sense... - the tariff ended up being passed due to votes by key northeastern congressmen, resulting in the Tariff of Abominations - although this was not their original plan, it established tariff rates that were unacceptable to almost every segment of the country, thereby leaving the already unpopular president to bear the blame
What is retrenchment?
In government, the elimination of unnecessary jobs or functions for reform or cost-cutting purposes.
How did Congress respond to Jackson's demands?
In order to mollify the Southerners in order to win their support for the upcoming election, they passed a reduced tariff (the Compromise Tariff of 1833) but still granted Jackson the power he requested
In the election campaign of 1828, what did both Jackson and Adams supporters accuse one another's candidates of?
Jackson Supporters: Accused Adams of being cold, aristocratic and corrupt in bowing to speculators and special interests when defining tariff and land policies Adams Supporters: Accused Jackson of being a dueler and disorderly military "adventurer" Important Note* Ironically, the accusations made by Adams supporters actually enhanced his persona as the embodiment of the romanticized frontiersman
Who won the Election of 1820?
James Monroe; was reelected with the greatest majority by any president except George Washington
To whom introduced the legislation of the Cumberland Road to Congress?
John C. Calhoun
To whom led the efforts to the Nullification Crisis?
John Calhoun, whom in 1828 anonymously published the South Carolina Exposition and Protest; this essentially argued that a single state has the power to remove a national law
What is public domain?
Land owned and controlled by the federal government.
What is the Indian Removal Act?
Law passed by Congress in 1830 providing for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of western lands for their resettlement.
In order to undercut President John Quincy Adam's support, what did his opponents do?
Led by John C. Calhoun, Adam's opponents tried to manipulate tariff legislation
What are installments?
Partial payments of a debt made at regular intervals until the entire debt is repaid.
What is the Kitchen Cabinet?
President Jackson's informal network of advisers that acted in place of the formal Presidential Cabinet
What are pet banks?
State banks into which Andrew Jackson ordered federal deposits to be placed to help deplete the funds of the Second Bank of the United States.
What are protective tariffs?
Tax on imported goods intended to make them more expensive than similar domestic goods, thus protecting the market for goods produced at home
What was the Convention of 1818/Anglo-American Convention (3 details)?
The British agreed to... - honor American fishing rights in the Atlantic - recognize the 49th parallel as the boundary between the Louisiana Territory and Canada - occupy the Oregon Territory jointly with the United States
How did England and the United States address this concern of recolonization?
The British attempted to from an alliance with the United States, but Adams refused and instead suggested a unilateral statement (namely the Monroe Doctrine)
What is political patronage?
The ability of the party in power to distribute government jobs (giving jobs to their friends)
Despite Monroe's efforts to promote national unity during the Era of Good Feelings, why had the Panic of 1819 driven a wedge between the nation's geographical sections?
The economic depression had touched each of the major regions differently, thereby calling for conflicting solutions depending on the particular section's needs
What is a unilateral statement?
Undertaken or issued by only one side and thus not involving an agreement made with others.
What is influence peddling?
Using one's influence with people in authority to obtain favors or preferential treatment for someone else, usually in return for payment.
How did Jackson hope to make his promise of retrenchment a reality?
Wanted to institute regular rotation in office for federal bureaucrats where appointment would last 4 years and after which civil servants would have to return to their original jobs
What were the Napoleonic Wars?
Wars in Europe waged by or against Napoleon Bonaparte between 1803 and 1815.
What was the Rush-Bagot Agreement?
Where both the United States and Great Britain agreed to cut back their Great Lakes fleets to only a few vessels
What dominated the election campaigns of 1828?
caricatures of opposing candidates rather than substantive issues
When did the balance between the northern and southern states being to fall apart?
in 1819 when the Missouri Territory applied for statehood
In the midst of Adam's presidency, which political party was formed?
the Democratic Party
Of all of the "Civilized Tribes" which one resisted militarily?
the Seminoles
What was one of the most profound changes in the American political scene during the early 19th century?
the explosion in the number of voters