Period 4

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of which of the following?

2nd GA

a Protestant religious revival that sparked reform movements

2nd GA

Which of the following political changes most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening?

A participatory democracy expanded belief in the importance of the individual.

encouraged migration of free African-Americans to Africa

American Colonization Society

tried to ban alcohol consumption to improve society

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

time when lots of canals were built for transportation (route from NYC to Great Lakes)

Canal Era

women said there was power in controlling the household

Cult of Domesticity

free poc abolitionist

David Walker

escaped slave, abolitionist

Frederick Douglass

1st nationally known white american females for abolitionism & women's rights

Grimke Sisters

transendentalist, wrote Walden

Henry David Thoreau

beleived that Christian Church was restored by Joseph Smith (Christian restorationists)

Mormons

hot spot for religious revivals during 2nd Great Awakening

NY's Burned over district

tracks that carry trains which made travelling/transportation faster and easier

Railroads

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for

advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation

5.A 1/1 MC point "Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?

Abolitionism

The main goal of the American Colonization Society was to promote colonization in

Africa by free Black persons and former slaves

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society's] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease." Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835 Which of the following evidence did the American Temperance Society in the excerpt use to support its argument about the need for the temperance movement?

Alcohol consumption damaged people's physical and emotional well-being.

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." Source: South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun, speech in the United States Senate, 1837. The ideas expressed by John C. Calhoun and others who shared his views on slavery had which of the following effects on emerging abolitionist movements in the years leading up to the Civil War?

As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult.

The development of the Second Great Awakening can best be linked to which of the following historical situations?

Increased geographical mobility aided travel to new regions and the sharing of ideas.

Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century?

Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience.

"Religious identity . . . allowed women to assert themselves, both in private and in public ways. It enabled them to rely on an authority beyond the world of men. . . . In contrast to the self-abnegation required of women in their domestic vocation, religious commitment required attention to one's own thoughts, actions, and prospects. . . . No other avenue of self-expression besides religion at once offered women social approbation, the encouragement of male leaders (ministers), and, most important, the community of their peers." -Source: Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835, 1977 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the Second Great Awakening had on American women?

It gave women an avenue to assert their individual agency.

minor political party, abolitionist advocate

Liberty Party

rebellion of Virginian slaves that killed 57 white people and 150 poc

Nat Turner's Rebellion

first major highway in US built by the national government

National Road

political policy promoting citizens' interests against those of immigrants

Nativism

"[W]e believe and affirm: That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is (according to Scripture) a MAN STEALER. That the slaves ought instantly to be set free. . . . That all those laws which are now in force admitting the right of slavery, are . . ., before God, utterly null and void, being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative. . . . [T]hat no compensation should be given to the outraged and guiltless slaves and not to those who have plundered and abused them. [That] we concede the Congress under the resent national compact, has no right to interfere with any of the slave states, in relation to this momentous subject [slavery]. But we maintain that Congress has a right. . . to suppress the domestic slave trade between the slave states, and to abolish slavery in those portions of our territory which the Constitution has placed under its exclusive jurisdiction." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of the National Anti-Slavery Convention," 1834 Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to support Garrison's views in the excerpt?

Northern white women

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

Puritans in New England

The theme of individualism is most evident in the writings of

Ralph Waldo Emerson

led transcendentalist movement

Ralph Waldo Emmerson

declaration from women's rights convention

Seneca Falls Declaration

the rights help by states, no the federal government

States Rights

boat powered by steam, able to go against current/wind

Steam Boats

Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, women reformers were most active in the cause of

Temperance

A significant long-term result of the major pattern depicted on the map was which of the following? (Q.2 Khan)

The North and West developed a strong relationship because they were linked through transportation networks.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table? (Q.4 Khan)

The Northeast received more funds for internal improvements than the South.

The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following? (Q. 11 Khan)

The dominance of the United States as the major power in the Western Hemisphere

"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

The emergence of a national culture

"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following claims best aligns with the evidence in the excerpt about the relationship between enslaved African Americans and White Southern citizens?

The slave system gave poor White citizens the feeling of social superiority over free and enslaved African Americans in a culture where African Americans held little power.

The major trend depicted in the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States? (Q. 10 Khan)

The transition towards a market economy

Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention?

They called for expanded women's rights.

"This unfortunate condition of the planters of the South has not been entirely the result of natural causes. The present crisis under which they labor, and which has been brought about by that unerring law that regulates the exchangeable commodities of all the commercial world, most clearly demonstrates that the culture of cotton as the great staple of our country, and the chief source of our national and individual wealth, engendered an inordinate eagerness to devote all the available agricultural labor of the South to its production; and the large surplus of which we now complain, the rapid accumulation of a few brief years, also conclusively demonstrates that the profits realized from its cultivation far out-stripped and defied the competition of any other agricultural staple." -Source: James Dunwoody Brownson De Bow, De Bow's Review, Volume 1, Issue 3, University of Michigan, 1846 De Bow most likely wrote his account for which of the following reason

To inform the public of southern agricultural practices

"Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit." The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends?

Transcendentalism

thought humans could be perfect and tried to become perfect

Transcendentalist and Utopian Communities

"The question before us is the right of suffrage— who shall or who shall not have the right to vote. The committee have presented the scheme they thought best; to abolish all existing distinctions, and make the right of voting uniform. Is this not right? . . . The principle of the scheme now proposed is, that those who bear the burthens [sic] of the state, should choose those that rule it. — There is no privilege given to property, as such; but those who contribute to the public support, we consider as entitled to a share in the election of rulers." -Nathan Sanford, excerpt from the Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of the State of New York, 1821 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

Women's Rights Movement

William Lloyd Garrison

abolitionist

"The evil, Sir, is enormous; the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the fair fame of the country . . . Nations of dependent Indians, against their will, under color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot explain it; you cannot reason it away. . . Our friends will view this measure with sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy. And we ourselves, Sir, when the interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing." -Source: Edward Everett, Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians Delivered in the Congress of the United States, 1830 Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

anti-imperialists in the early 1900s

"Classical revival architecture associated with Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Latrobe had rested on the theory that forms were beautiful in themselves and that architecture should display the principles of simplicity, harmony, and proportion; . . . borrowing from British aesthetic theorists like Archibald Alison, now argued that structural forms were beautiful in terms of the thoughts that they raised in the mind of the viewer. Thus gothic architecture, which was popularized in the works of Byron and Sir Walter Scott, became emblematic of the ideals of an earlier Christian age." -Source: Clifford E. Clark, Jr., "Domestic Architecture as an Index to Social History: The Romantic Revival and the Cult of Domesticity in America, 1840-1870," The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 1976 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the romantic movement had on the United States?

architecture found inspiration from medieval architecture

The women's movement in the antebellum period was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

demands for equal compensation for equal work

The map most directly depicts which of the following? (Q.6 Khan)

expansion of land owned by the United States federal government

All of the following contributed to the growth of the free African American population in the United States in the early nineteenth century EXCEPT

federal constitutional provisions for emancipation

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because

of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening

"Conditions were slightly better in Virginia, but the antislavery movement made little headway there. Before 1800 organized support for gradual abolition was limited primarily to the Society of Friends, the Methodists, and two manumission societies in Henrico and Frederick counties. There was also sporadic opposition to slavery on the part of a few isolated individuals . . . But these persons represented an insignificant minority in Virginia. Indeed, proslavery sentiment was so widespread by the turn of the century that Francis Asbury soberly predicted that slavery would endure in Virginia for ages. "After 1800 the gradual abolition movement in Virginia became more and more feeble. . . . no more than ten weak antislavery societies were established during the first three decades of the nineteenth century. . ." -Source: Gordon E. Finnie, historian, "The Antislavery Movement in the Upper South Before 1840," The Journal of Southern History, 1969 Which of the following most likely contributed to futility of the abolition movement in the South?

the increased reliance on enslaved labor to meet agricultural production goals

The dramatic increase in the South's slave labor force between 1810 and 1860 was due to

the natural population increase of American-born slaves