Period 4 SBMC

"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." A. Babayev, president of Soviet Turkmenistan's Academy of Sciences, late 1950s Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage? ASoviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control BSoviet reaction to the economic crisis of the Great Depression CProtests against the environmental effects of economic development DScientific breakthroughs in transportation and communication

ASoviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control

"I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is." Jacob Neusner, historian, "It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture," The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989 The author's point of view regarding the West was likely influenced by which of the following developments at the time he was writing? AThe collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War BThe growing strength of environmental protest movements CThe outbreaks of ethnic violence in Africa and Eastern Europe DThe spread of the liberation theology movement in Catholic Latin American states

AThe collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War

Graph 1: Total Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Graph 2: Share of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Graphs based on data from www.OurWorldInData.org Which of the following historical events best explains why, in the period 1990-2000, the trends in carbon dioxide production in the United States and in Russia diverge, as shown in Graph 2 ? AWhile the United States economy mostly continued to grow, Russia's economy contracted following the collapse of the Soviet Union. BWhile the United States increased its dependency on fossil fuels, Russia relied more on nuclear energy. CWhile the United States experienced the benefits of the Green Revolution, Russia experienced a decline in agricultural production. DWhile the United States relied on imports of oil and gas, Russia remained largely self-sufficient in energy production.

AWhile the United States economy mostly continued to grow, Russia's economy contracted following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

"Our country needs a large population to utilize and exploit its land and natural resources. In general, the way to increase a country's population is to increase the number of births and to decrease the number of deaths. Some European states adopt a number of methods to increase their birth rates: (1) additional government services are provided to people who are married and have many children; (2) discounts and tax rebates on expenses related to the education of children are provided; (3) awards are given to families with many children. In Iran, due to the special impact of our national morals and religious traditions, families have many children. Therefore, the best means to increase the Iranian population is to take measures to decrease the death rate. More governmental physicians and health officials are needed to prevent the wasting of the country's human capital. Due to the lack of literature on child rearing available to Iranian mothers, and due to the absence of sufficient means for the treatment of ill children, more than 50% of all children born to Iranian families die before the age of seven. Through instructions and acquainting people with the literature on child rearing, as well as by providing families with free medical treatment, at least 90% of children could live to reach adolescence. In this context, patriotic women's organizations must carry out serious and efficient actions to help invigorate the management of the country's health." Fereydun Keshavarz, Iranian pediatrician, article published in an Iranian newspaper, 1937 As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations? A: They had adopted Marxist economic philosophy. B: They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts. C: They needed to employ the workers who had lost their jobs in the Great Depression. D: They feared a popular backlash against the economic and social costs of the welfare state.

B: They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts.

The painting shows Chinese youths dressed in the style typically depicted in communist propaganda posters, but with the Coca-Cola corporate logo in the background. The painting has been displayed in several galleries and museums in China. Based on the image and its historical context, which of the following can best be inferred about the artist's primary purpose in creating the painting? A: To celebrate Chinese people's continued devotion to communist ideology and their rejection of capitalism B: To offer an ironic commentary on the triumph of Western consumer culture in communist China C: To support the suppression of dissident thought during the long rule of Mao Zedong D: To make a plea for Westerners to develop a greater understanding of Chinese values

B: To offer an ironic commentary on the triumph of Western consumer culture in communist China

"Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the government's responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements. Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under 14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to arbitrate in all work-related litigation." Document produced by the Brazilian government of Getúlio Vargas circa 1940; Vargas had come to power in 1930 following a military coup. The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers' rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that A: governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power B: governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies C: governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war D: governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth

B: governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies

"Mr. President, I am writing you a letter which maybe you'll read if you have the time. I have just received my army recruitment papers to report for duty in the war*by Wednesday evening. Mr. President, I do not want to do that; I was not put on this earth to kill wretched people living far away. I must tell you—it's not to make you mad— but I've made my decision: I am going to desert.... I will hit the road and beg for my life all over France—and I will call out to the people: 'Refuse to obey! Refuse to do it! Don't go to fight in the war! Just say no!' If someone's blood must be shed, Then shed yours, Mr. President! Lead by example! And if you decide to hunt me down, warn your police that I will be unarmed, and that they can go ahead and shoot." *a reference to the war in French Vietnam Boris Vian, French poet, "The Deserter," 1954 The response by the author to the idea of being sent to Vietnam to "kill wretched people living far away" best exemplifies which of the following late-twentieth-century global processes? AThe globalization of consumer culture BIndividuals challenging established racial and cultural assumptions CPopular disillusionment with free-market economic policies DThe proliferation of new weapons and military technologies

BIndividuals challenging established racial and cultural assumptions

"It was my privilege to attend the All African People's Conference held in Ghana. The conference was significant because it brought together the most representative gathering of African leaders ever assembled. There were about 300 delegates representing some 65 organizations coming from 28 African countries. Of the nine independent African countries only one, Sudan, was not represented. The nationalist organizations were represented by their top leadership. Therefore, whether the colonial powers like it or not, the decisions of the conference must be taken with some seriousness. The conference announced clearly that African freedom and independence are a necessity, and that the struggle to achieve independence would continue. The conference's declaration on colonialism and imperialism significantly called upon 'the independent African states to render maximum assistance by every means possible to the dependent peoples in their struggle.' The final decision of the conference was to commend nonviolent methods but also to endorse other methods if they are deemed necessary. Presently, there is negligible Russian influence in Africa. Nevertheless, this influence will grow unless the problem of racism in the multi-racial areas of Africa is solved. It is my opinion that American influence will decline steadily unless the United States is much more vocal in its support of responsible movements for independence in Africa. The United States does not need to be as cautious as it currently is." George M. Houser, president of the American Committee on Africa, a nongovernmental organization founded to support nonviolent African independence movements, report about the All African People's Conference held in Ghana, 1958 The conference's decision to "endorse other methods," as mentioned in the second paragraph, is best explained in the context of which of the following? AThe growth of the international arms trade provided armed groups in Africa with military superiority over European powers. BMany African colonies had failed to obtain the greater self-governance promised after the First World War and doubted that European powers would fulfill similar promises after the Second World War. CMany African societies had been strongly influenced by European methods of administration, economic and political philosophy, and culture. DThe Non-Aligned Movement was attractive to many African societies that opposed both European policies in Africa and the development of a bipolar global order.

BMany African colonies had failed to obtain the greater self-governance promised after the First World War and doubted that European powers would fulfill similar promises after the Second World War.

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. Which of the following was the most direct outcome of the conflict between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire referred to in the passage? AIndia achieved independence from Great Britain. BThe Ottoman Empire collapsed. CThe Bolshevik Revolution broke out in Russia. DOttoman Turkey allied with Germany against Great Britain.

BThe Ottoman Empire collapsed.

Based on the images, Banksy's work best illustrates which of the following? AThe trend in modern art toward experimentation with abstract techniques and styles BThe spread of social protests against the inequalities of global economic integration CThe attainment of greater economic and political equality for women worldwide DThe expansion of educational opportunities in developing African, Asian, and Latin American countries

BThe spread of social protests against the inequalities of global economic integration

"Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the government's responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements. Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under 14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to arbitrate in all work-related litigation." Document produced by the Brazilian government of Getúlio Vargas circa 1940; Vargas had come to power in 1930 following a military coup. Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage? AThey show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify implementing repressive policies. BThey show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize economic resources. CThey show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life. DThey show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies.

C: They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.

"The peace conditions imposed upon Germany are so hard, so humiliating, that those who had even the tiniest hope for a 'just peace' are bound to be deeply disappointed. Our condemnation of the lust of power and conquest that Germany displayed during the war is strong and unwavering. But a condemnation of wartime actions must not amount to a lasting condemnation of an entire nation. The question is not whether the Germans have been led astray by their leaders, or whether they have been willing accomplices in the misdeeds of those leaders—the question is, whether it is in the interest of mankind to punish the German people as the Entente governments seem to have decided to do. The Entente evidently desires the complete annihilation of Germany. Not only will its whole commercial fleet be confiscated, but its shipbuilding yards will be obliged to work for the foreigner for some time to come. Whole regions of Germany will be entirely deprived of their liberty; they will be under a committee of foreign domination, without adequate representation. The financial burden is so heavy that it is no exaggeration to say that Germany is reduced to economic bondage. The Germans will have to work hard and incessantly for foreign masters, without any chance of personal gain, or any prospect of regaining liberty or economic independence. This 'peace' offered to Germany is a mockery of President Wilson's principles. Trusting in these, Germany surrendered and accepted peace. That confidence has been betrayed in such a manner that all Germans must now feel that they wish to shake off the heavy yoke imposed on them by the cajoling Entente. And we fear very much that they will soon find the opportunity to do so. Chained and enslaved, Germany will always remain a menace to Europe." Algemeen Handelsblad, Dutch liberal newspaper, editorial on the Treaty of Versailles, June 1919 The mention of "President Wilson's principles" is most directly significant to understanding the editorial's point of view about the Treaty of Versailles because of the United States president's commitment to A: establish an international organization to prevent future conflicts B: work to create nation-states for ethnic minorities that had been under imperial control C: broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge D: resist the spread of Bolshevism following the Russian Revolution

C: broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because A: it shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary. B: it had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century. C: it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century. D: its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.

C: it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century.

Article XI The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy. Article XIII The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties. Japan's 1889 constitution Article IX Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war . . . and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces . . . will never be maintained. Japan's 1947 constitution The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following? AIdeological struggles between communist and capitalist political parties BThe Japanese emperor's acceptance of Enlightenment ideals CDemilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War DThe persistence of mass antiwar protests in Japan

CDemilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War

Which of the following contributed most to the demographic changes shown on the graph above? AEradication of epidemic diseases in South Asia BDecreasing level of civilian casualties during military conflicts CDiffusion of Green Revolution technology DIncreasing fertility rates in western Europe

CDiffusion of Green Revolution technology

"By the 1930s, many Europeans were ready to leave behind the liberal, democratic order created after 1918 by Britain, France, and the United States for a more authoritarian future. What they did not bargain for was the brutal reality of Nazi imperialism and the denial of all national aspirations apart from German ones. . . . No experience was more crucial to the development of Europe in the twentieth century. As both Hitler and Stalin were well aware, the Second World War involved something far more profound than a series of military engagements and diplomatic negotiations; it was a struggle for the social and political future of the continent itself. And such was the shock of being subjected to a regime of unprecedented and unremitting violence that in the space of eight years a sea-change took place in Europeans' political and social attitudes, and they rediscovered the virtues of democracy. . . . Hitler's war aimed at the complete racial reconstitution of Europe. There were no historical parallels for such a project. In Europe, neither Napoleon nor the Habsburgs had aimed at gaining such exclusive domination. In its violence and racism, Nazi imperialism drew more from European precedents in Asia, Africa, and—especially—the Americas. 'When we eat wheat from Canada,' remarked Hitler one evening during the war, 'we don't think about the despoiled Indians.' On another occasion he described the Ukraine as [Germany's] 'new Indian Empire.' But if Europeans would have resented being ruled as the British ruled India, they were shocked at being submitted to an experience closer to that inflicted upon the native populations of the Americas." Mark Mazower, British historian, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century, 2000 Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans' readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s? ADissatisfaction with the welfare state BAdmiration for the economic achievement of the Soviet Union under Stalin CThe economic crisis caused by the Great Depression DResentment of United States mass culture and consumer society

CThe economic crisis caused by the Great Depression

"The Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 on the Rights of Man and the Citizen also states: 'All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights.' "Nevertheless for more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow-citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice." Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, 1945 The excerpt above was written in response to which of the following? AThe use of Vietnamese laborers and soldiers by the French in the First World War BThe end of the struggle for Vietnamese independence known as the Indochina wars CThe failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina DThe rapid conquest of French Indochina by the Japanese during the Second World War

CThe failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina

The global balance of power, alluded to on the map, best reflects which of the following changes in the mid-twentieth century? AThe ability of the United States and the Soviet Union to develop economic policies that protected them from the worst effects of the Great Depression BThe disintegration of imperial states such as the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires following the First World War CThe military and economic decline of Western European colonial empires following the Second World War DThe United States and Soviet Union's control over international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund

CThe military and economic decline of Western European colonial empires following the Second World War

One child only policy poster, Shenyang Province, Liaoning Province, China. (photo) / Photo © Alain Le Garsmeur / Bridgeman Images The caption in Chinese says, "Contribute to the Four Modernizations: One Family, One Child." The one-child policy was a set of regulations, incentives, and penalties designed to encourage Chinese couples to have only one child. The policy was first enacted in 1979. The Four Modernizations policy was an economic strategy adopted in 1977 to improve the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. Which of the following most likely expresses the poster's main message regarding the one-child policy? AThe policy would lead to political reform of the communist system. BThe policy would lead to an improvement in women's social status. CThe policy would guarantee China's future prosperity and progress. DThe policy would encourage a return to Confucian values of filial piety.

CThe policy would guarantee China's future prosperity and progress.

One child only policy poster, Shenyang Province, Liaoning Province, China. (photo) / Photo © Alain Le Garsmeur / Bridgeman Images The caption in Chinese says, "Contribute to the Four Modernizations: One Family, One Child." The one-child policy was a set of regulations, incentives, and penalties designed to encourage Chinese couples to have only one child. The policy was first enacted in 1979. The Four Modernizations policy was an economic strategy adopted in 1977 to improve the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. Which of the following features of communist China in the late twentieth century most likely enabled its government to carry out the policy shown in the image? AIts rapid urbanization BIts adoption of free-market reforms CIts widespread rural poverty DIts totalitarian system

DIts totalitarian system

"It was my privilege to attend the All African People's Conference held in Ghana. The conference was significant because it brought together the most representative gathering of African leaders ever assembled. There were about 300 delegates representing some 65 organizations coming from 28 African countries. Of the nine independent African countries only one, Sudan, was not represented. The nationalist organizations were represented by their top leadership. Therefore, whether the colonial powers like it or not, the decisions of the conference must be taken with some seriousness. The conference announced clearly that African freedom and independence are a necessity, and that the struggle to achieve independence would continue. The conference's declaration on colonialism and imperialism significantly called upon 'the independent African states to render maximum assistance by every means possible to the dependent peoples in their struggle.' The final decision of the conference was to commend nonviolent methods but also to endorse other methods if they are deemed necessary. Presently, there is negligible Russian influence in Africa. Nevertheless, this influence will grow unless the problem of racism in the multi-racial areas of Africa is solved. It is my opinion that American influence will decline steadily unless the United States is much more vocal in its support of responsible movements for independence in Africa. The United States does not need to be as cautious as it currently is." George M. Houser, president of the American Committee on Africa, a nongovernmental organization founded to support nonviolent African independence movements, report about the All African People's Conference held in Ghana, 1958 The conference as described in the first and second paragraphs is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the aftermath of the Second World War? AThe development of regional free-trade agreements BThe intensification of ethnic rivalries in Africa CThe spread of industrial methods of production DThe dissolution of European empires

DThe dissolution of European empires

"By the 1930s, many Europeans were ready to leave behind the liberal, democratic order created after 1918 by Britain, France, and the United States for a more authoritarian future. What they did not bargain for was the brutal reality of Nazi imperialism and the denial of all national aspirations apart from German ones. . . . No experience was more crucial to the development of Europe in the twentieth century. As both Hitler and Stalin were well aware, the Second World War involved something far more profound than a series of military engagements and diplomatic negotiations; it was a struggle for the social and political future of the continent itself. And such was the shock of being subjected to a regime of unprecedented and unremitting violence that in the space of eight years a sea-change took place in Europeans' political and social attitudes, and they rediscovered the virtues of democracy. . . . Hitler's war aimed at the complete racial reconstitution of Europe. There were no historical parallels for such a project. In Europe, neither Napoleon nor the Habsburgs had aimed at gaining such exclusive domination. In its violence and racism, Nazi imperialism drew more from European precedents in Asia, Africa, and—especially—the Americas. 'When we eat wheat from Canada,' remarked Hitler one evening during the war, 'we don't think about the despoiled Indians.' On another occasion he described the Ukraine as [Germany's] 'new Indian Empire.' But if Europeans would have resented being ruled as the British ruled India, they were shocked at being submitted to an experience closer to that inflicted upon the native populations of the Americas." Mark Mazower, British historian, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century, 2000 Which of the following post-1945 processes in Western Europe was most directly inspired by the "sea-change" in Europeans' political and social attitudes described by Mazower in the last sentence of the first paragraph? AThe expanding educational and occupational opportunities for women BThe continued decline of religiosity and church attendance CThe rise of extremist right-wing anti-immigrant political movements DThe initial steps toward European economic and political integration

DThe initial steps toward European economic and political integration

Which of the following likely explains the political positions of most of the nonaligned Asian and African states shown on the map? AAs former colonial territories, they were wary of being dominated by another foreign power. BAs former large empires, they admired the territorial ambitions of the United States and the Soviet Union. CAs states that had populations with deeply traditional values, they were uninterested in ideological debates between capitalists and communists. DAs states with extensive natural resources, they wanted to grant free-trade privileges to all nations.

AAs former colonial territories, they were wary of being dominated by another foreign power.

"In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised, unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty's government has made a public announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as follows. His Majesty's most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty's government is not fighting this war because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty's government, the governments of France and Russia have given similar assurances." *a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India. Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet? ABritish authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population. BMany people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic states. CReligious tensions between India's Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the outbreak of the First World War. DBritish passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.

ABritish authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population.

"I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is." Jacob Neusner, historian, "It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture," The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989 The title of the article best suggests that the author is responding to the arguments of which of the following? APostcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers BAdvocates for radical feminism CNeoliberal economists and advocates of free-trade policies DSupporters of conservative nationalism

APostcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers