Period 5

8. What factors created tension between the US and Mexico in the early 1840s?

A that created tension between the US and Mexico in the early 1840s was the annexation of Texas. Mexico had owned Texas, but opened it up to American settlers along with the land that was taken from them. Other factors were debts that were owed to the US by Mexico and boundary disputes regarding the border of Mexico and Texas.

26. What were the advantages of the Union at the outbreak of the war? What were the advantages of the Confederacy?

Advantages of the Union at the outbreak of the war was that they had a well organized government with a single leader, money, the Navy, and an organized military. Advantages of the Confederacy were a home field advantage, better officers,and a general population of men that were better suited for military service.

5. Why was America and Britain's joint occupation of the Oregon Territory in question by 1844?

America and Britain's joint occupation of the Oregon Territory was in question by 1844 because the US wanted to divide the territory along the 49th parallel, but Britain didn't agree due to the Columbian River.

23. What arguments for/against slavery did Lincoln and Douglass make in their 1858 debates?

Arguments that Lincoln and Douglass made for/against slavery were that Lincoln wanted to stop the spread of slavery into new states and territories and Douglass wanted to allow the people to choose whether they wanted slavery or not using popular sovereignty.

49. What were "black codes"? What impact did they have on African Americans in the South?

Black Codes were laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated blacks, aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force and sought to restore prewar race relations. Thousands of poor former slaves had to become sharecroppers.

40. Why did Congress refuse to accept the Southern representatives in December 1865?

Congress refused to accept the Southern representatives in December 1865 because they were former confederate congressmen, cabinet members, and generals. There was no change of power, therefor there was no point of war.

34. Who were the Copperheads?

Copperheads were people who wanted an immediate end to the war.

47. What freedoms did African Americans in the South enjoy in the years following the Civil War?

Freedoms that African Americans in the South enjoyed after the Civil War was that they took the last names of their former masters and demanded that whites call them "Mr" and "Mrs", looked for long lost family, formally legalized "slave marriages", moved into cities and towns with other black people, moved to the West, formed their own churches, and had access to education.

29. Why did Great Britain choose to remain neutral during the war?

Great Britain chose to remain neutral during the war because they didn't want it to seem as if they supported slavery, cotton was available in Egypt and India so they didn't need to trade with the South, and wheat and corn became their valuable imports from which they got from the North.

1. What issues created tensions between Mexican authorities and American settlers in Texas?

Issues that created tensions between Mexican authoriries and American settlers in Texas were the topics of slavery, immigration, and local rights. Mexico had emancipated their slaves in 1830 and prohibited the further spread of slavery into Texas, but Texas did not follow those rules. When Stephen Austin went into Mexico to discuss differences with the Mexican government, their dictator, Santa Anna, put him in jail for 8 months. Santa Anna in 1835 had then began to wipe out all local rights and start an army against the Texans.

24. What role did John Brown play in the abolitionist movement?

John Browne was a radical abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a mean to abolishing slavery for good. He led the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in 1856 and the unsuccessful invasion at Harper's Ferry in Virginia.

30. Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in order to free the slaves in Confederate territories, making the war officially about slavery. He kept Britain out of the war, but gave border states reassurance so they wouldn't leave the Union.

32. Why did many people protest the system of conscription used by the North?

Many people protested the system of conscription used by the North because if you were rich, you could pay a $300 fee and hire a replacement in order to avoid the draft.

50. Why were many women angered by the provisions of the 15th amendment?

Many women were angered by the provisions of the 15th amendment because women advocating for abolition wertr a vital part of the movement, so when African Americans got the right to vote and citizenship, they expected it also.

35. What key questions had to be addressed during the process known as "Reconstruction".

Questions that had to be addressed during the Reconstruction process was how to physically, economically, and socially rebuild the South, the fate of newly freed states, how to readmit the Southern states into the union, and who was in charge of reconstructing the South.

7. Why were some people opposed to the terms of the Oregon settlement reached by Polk?

Some people were opposed to the terms of the Oregon settlement reached by Polk because the Northwestern states who believed in "every foot or not an inch" in occupying Oregon joined the antislavery forces in condemning the betrayal of the South. They thought it was unfair that they were fighting for all of Texas but not for all of Oregon.

33. What steps did both Lincoln & Davis take to deal with dissenters?

Steps that Lincoln and Davis took to deal with dissenters were suspending the writ of habeas corpus.

2. What caused the Aroostook War?

The Aroostook War was caused by the British wanted to build a road that was westward from the seaport of Halifax to Quebec. The road ran through disputed territory and fights had flared between lumberjacks from Maine and Canada.

20. Why was the Lecompton Constitution controversial?

The Lecompton Constitution was controversial because no matter the outcome, there would always be slaves in Kansas.

9. What finally prompted the Mexican American War?

The Mexican American War was prompted by President Polk ordering troops to the Rio Grande. The US wanted to buy land from Mexico but they refused, so Polk sent his troops. In response, Mexico also sent troops, resulting in shots being fired and 9 US soldiers dying.

14. Why was the Ostend Manifesto controversial?

The Ostend Manifesto was controversial because it was a document that urged the government to allot $120 million in order to obtain Cuba. If Spain refused ownership and continued to endanger American interests then the US and Spain would fight over Cuba.

31. How did the Union raise funds to pay for the war effort?

The Union raised funds to pay for the war effort by instituting income taxes, raising the tariff rate, selling war bonds, and issuing paper money or "greenback".

4. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of Texas?

The arguments for the annexation of Texas was that the South wanted Texas because it would be a slave state under the Missouri Compromise. The arguments against the annexation of Texas was that the North was against the spread of slavery.

28. What were the "border states"?

The border states were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. They were slave holding states that didn't leave the Union to join the Confederacy.

22. What were the causes and effects of the Panic of 1857?

The causes of the Panic of 1857 was that there was an influx of gold from California that caused inflation, demands of the Crimean war overstimulated the growing of grain, and the frenzied speculation of land and railroads further hurt the economy. Effects were that over 5,000 businesses collapsed in 1 year and unemployment caused hunger and homelessness. The North was hit harder than the South.

12. What was the political platform of the Free Soil Party?

The political platform of the Free Soil Party was that they were anti slavery and advocated for federal aid with internal improvements and free government homes for settlers. It appealed democratic people against President Polk.

21. What was the political platform of the Know-Nothing Party?

The political platform of the Know Nothing Party was that their objective was to extend the period of naturalization and undercut immigrant voting strengths. Also known as the american party, anti foreign, and anti Catholic.

25. What was the political platform of the Republican Party in 1860?

The political platform of the Republican Party in 1860 was non expansion of slavery, protective tariffs, pacific railroads, internal improvements at federal expense, and free homesteads from public domains.

18. What were the provisions of the Kansas Nebraska Act? Why was it eventually problematic?

The provision of the Kansas Nebraska Act was that Kansas was split into 2 territories that could choose whether or not they would want to be a free or slave state. This was eventually problematic because the ratio was expected to be 1:1, but both territories voted as a free state. Abolitionists saw this as an opportunity to turn the senate and people from the North and South began to flood the territory. A pro slavery group soon burned the abolitionist town of Lawrenceville, so John Brown retaliated by cutting off the hands of 5 men at Pottawatomie Creek. Violence erupted across Kansas and about 200 people died.

39. What were the provisions of the 13th Amendment?

The provisions of the 13th amendment was that it abolished slavery.

42. What were the provisions of the 14th Amendment?

The provisions of the 14th amendment was that it granted citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the USA and gave them equal protection under the constitution.

46. What were the provisions of the 15th Amendment?

The provisions of the 15th amendment was that it gave all men voting rights no matter race, color, or previous class of servitude. Black men still were limited because of voting taxes and literacy tests.

27. What were the provisions of the Anaconda Plan?

The provisions of the Anaconda Plan was to take the Mississippi River, blockade coast, and take over Richmond, VA. (divide, surround, and squeeze)

13. What were the provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer Theory?

The provisions of the Clayton Bulwer Theory was that neither America or Britain could claim control over any Isthmian waterway, no position could be fortified in the canal area, and colonies could not be established in Central America.

17. What were the provisions of the Compromise of 1850?

The provisions of the Compromise of 1850 were that California would enter the Union as a slave state, Utah and New Mexico were granted popular sovereignty, Texas was paid $10 million to surrender its claims in New Mexico, selling slaves was outlawed in DC but the practice would still continue, and the Fugitive Slave Law required those in the North to capture and return runaway slaves.

44. What were the provisions of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?

The provisions of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 was that it divided the Confederacy into 5 military districts, readmission was required when drafting a new state constitution, ratifying the 13th amendment, and granting African Americans the right to vote.

10. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were that the Rio Grande became the border for Texas, the US paid Mexico $15 million for California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming, and Mexican citizens that were already living there were allowed to keep their homes and were given religious freedoms, protection of property, bilingual education, and open borders.

3. What were the provisions of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?

The provisions of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty was a compromise that granted America 7,000 miles of the 12,000 mile wilderness. Britain got the Quebec-Halifax route. In small print, from adjusting borders, Britain lost 6,500 miles to the Americans.

15. What were the provisions of the Wilmot Proviso?

The provisions of the Wilmot Proviso was that it proposed that slavery would not extend into any territories acquired by the US in the war with Mexico.

41. What was the purpose of the Freemen's Bureau?

The purpose of the Freemen's Bureau was that it aided newly freed slaves in finding jobs, land, education, and housing.

38. What kind of reconstruction plan did Andrew Johnson favor? Why?

The reconstruction plan that Andrew Johnson favored was that Confederate states would have to write new state constitutions, annul confederate debts, ratify the 13th amendment, 50% of the states' population would have to take oath of allegiance, and abide by the emancipation. He believed that the South should deal with the newly freed African Americans' integration into society, not the federal government.

36. What kind of reconstruction plan did Lincoln favor? Why?

The reconstruction plan that Lincoln favored was the Federal government would pardoning all confederates that swore allegiance to the union. Confederates would be readmitted when 10% of its citizens took an oath of allegiance and pledged to abide by emancipation. The Confederates technically didn't secede, they committed treason, therefore the President can pardon them.

37. What kind of reconstruction plan did the Radical Republicans favor? Why?

The reconstruction plan that the Radical Republicans favored was that Congress would have control of reconstruction because they wanted see a change in the power structure in the south and they wanted African Americans to be granted citizenship.

19. What was the significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin?

The significance of Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was that it exposed the wickedness of slavery. Millions of copies were sold in more than 20 languages, gaining a wide audience of readers.

11. What was the significance of the California gold rush?

The significance of the California Gold Rush was that a diverse population of Chinese, Mexicans, and free black prospectors came along and their statehood became a question.

43. What was the significance of the congressional elections of 1866?

The significance of the Congressional elections of 1866 was that the Republicans gained a 2/3 majority.

48. What was the significance of the Freedmen's Bureau?

The significance of the Freedmen's Bureau was that it taught 200,000 blacks how to read, but didn't distribute the land confiscated by the Confederates that was supposed to go to them.

16. What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Dred Scott vs. Sanford.

The significance of the Supreme Court case Dred Scott vs Sanford was that it gave slaveholders a constitutional protection in granting slaves as property, which was a major blow for the abolitionist movement.

6. What was the theory of "manifest destiny"?

The theory of manifest destiny was that God had destined the American people to spread democracy over the whole continent, including South America. They wanted to annex Texas again and they wanted to occupy all of Oregon.