period 7 type beat

7.4 THE PROGRESSIVES 1901-1917 Compare the goals and effects of the progressive reform movement

Advocated for larger role in the government Progressive more successful than other reformers in the gilded age Passed four constitutional amendments Progressives were made of a large demographic, but they disliked mostly the same things and wanted similar solutions Big business was alarming and unstable Corrupt political machines had to be stopped Jim crow laws were racist and unfair Sided with union workers Society needed to change The government should help cure social ills Moderate reforms were better Committed to traditional democratic values Demographically, Progressives were middle class people Urban, white collar workers Professional class and associations provide jumping off point for addressing issues Progressives often used religion to help society The social gospel Leader in the progressive era helped legitimize the movement Theodore Roosevelt Robert la follette William Jennings Bryan Woodrow Wilson Pragmatism Charles Darwin's social Darwinism and romanticism challenged William James and John Dewey are leaders Stated you needed to be able to experiment with social processes to prove what works and doesn't Said that laissez-faire doesn't work anymore Scientific management (Taylorisim) popularized the idea of improving efficiency in already-established processes Muckrakers and other magazines report on and inform normal citizens with sensationalist headlines about corruption Atlantic Monthly against Standard Oil Company McClure's Magazine Ida Tarbell's The History of the Standard Oil Company All began to decline Started buddying with banks and couldn't speak out about their corruption Harder to top the last story Corporations become more conscious of public image and were more careful Books prove far more effective at informing normal citizens How the other half lives by Jacob Riis The Titan by Theodore Dreiser The Jungle by Upton Sinclaair Political reforms at a local level Secret ballot in 1910 Direct primaries and elections of senate seats to bypass political machines (not very effective) The 17th amendment requires all senate seats be directly elected Initiative, referendum, and recall to stop corrupt laws and politicians Municipal reform Free kindergartens, night schools, playground Commission plan and manager council plan Political reforms at a state level Wisconsin Idea: Direct primary law, tax reform, monitoring railroads, utilities, and businesses. Prohibition and temperance in 1915 Welfare as advocated for social workers like jane addams and florence kelly Better schools, liberal divorce laws, safety regulations in the workplace, parole system for criminals, limited death penalty Child and women labor as advocated for by the National Child Labor Commititee Compulsory school attendance Muller v Orgegon 1980 makes it legal to protect women from long hours National reforms Square deal for labor is the first time the federal government truly sided with unions and supported cooperatives between employer and employee Trust-busting by Roosevelt and Taft Elkins Act (1903), Mann-Elkins Act (1910), and Hepburn Act (1906) strengths ICC's ability to break up trusts and regulate railroads Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906) improves sanitation for meat industry Forest and natural resource conservation with the Newlands Reclamation Act (1902), and the National Conservation Commission 16th amendment allows income tax on the wealthy in 1913 Payne-Aldrich Tariff in 1909 supported by Taft causes Republicans to split Conservatives for Taft Progressives for Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party with New Nationalism) Govt regulated business, welfare, unions Democrats for Woodrow Wilson (New Freedom) Limit big business, end corruption, small business Socialists emerge with leadership of Eugene V. Debs Socialist party dies out as some ideas are accepted Publicly owned utilities, wage laws, eight hour work day Split Republicans allow Woodrow Wilson to win; democrats control congress Wilson is president in 1912 Underwood Tariff in 1913 Graduated income tax Federal reserve board and federal reserve act in 1914; Wilson think gold standard is too inflexible Federal Trade commission to protect consumers Clayton antitrust act strengthens Sherman antitrust act (breaks up monopolies) Child labor act, later declared unconstitutional by supreme court African Americans in the Progressive Era debated whether to advocate for economic equality or social equality first Booker T washington: White and black cooperation, learning trade, becoming financially independent WEB Du Bois Social equality (nonsegregated) was a prerequisite for economic equality and should be focused on Created the Niagara movement and the NAACP Women's rights began to take off as the new generation stepped up and demanded more political, social, and economic freedoms NAWSA is now led by Carrie Chapman Catt Took to the streets and protested Alice Paul founded the National Women's party The 19th amendment is ratified in 1920 after seeing women's dedicated effort in the home front during world war 1 League of women voters is formed to keep women informed about policy Margaret Sanger advocated for birth control education; creates planned parenthood

7.5 WW1: military and diplomacy Explain the causes and consequences of US involvement in WW1

Causes Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Public and secret alliances Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany started in 1915 May 1915 Lusitania is sunk by german submarines August 1915 the Arabic is sunk, a passenger ship March 1916 The Sussex is sunk US economy closely tied with Allied powers as they give out loans to the allies and supply them Support of democratic government of allies British control of cables in the US fed American citizens propaganda Preparedness in the wake of unrestricted submarine warfare mobilizes the american economy for war National Defense Act in 1916 Wilson won again in the election of 1916 Edward House (foreign policy adviser) goes to Paris, Berlin, and London but cannot keep peace Germans suddenly resumed submarine warfare in 1917 after the Sussex pledge in 1916 Hoped to cut off ally supplies before the US noticed March 1st the ZImmerman telegram is intercepted and enrages nationalists Russia becomes a republican government and is therefore acceptable to ally with in the eyes of Americans Germany sink 5 unarmed merchant ships April 2nd 1917 congress votes for declaration of war Fighting American Expeditionary Force is responsible for Western Front US troops at Chateau-Thierry on Marne River stopped the german advance Allied offenses drive back German troops toward German border November 11th 1918 Germany signs armistice Effects/Results Fourteen points details war aims Free seas No more secret treaties Reducing national armaments (military paraphernalia) Self determination of various nations Adjusting colonial claims Removing trade barriers League of Nations Treaty of Versialles is argued for months outside the Palace of Versaille in Paris with the allied powers (Big Four) I, GB, F, US Disarm germany Strip germany of its colonies Allow france to occupy Rhineland Pay reparation to GB and F Allow self determination in triple alliance territories (freed Finland, Poland, Estonia, etc.) League of Nations created with the intention of being ready to protect the independence of each other Republican senators dislike the ToV for being to constricting Reservationists would accept if it was reworded Henry Cabot Lodge Irreconcilable did not want any part of the treaty Treaty never ratified, league of nations never joined.

7.8 Cultural and Political controversies Explain the causes and effects of international and internal migration patterns over time Explain the causes and effects of the development in popular culture in America

Modernism is urban areas caused debates between the fundamentalist religious lens of rural Americans Social Gospel and role of women made people think about religion and society differently Scientific theories like Darwin's' theory of evolution are accept by Christians Fundamentalists think the Bible is literal (creationism) Revivalists use mass communication (radio) to spread ideas Billy Sunday The Scopes trial was the ultimate reflection of this debate Scopes was ultimately convicted and the law stayed in place, but was not enforced as much Long-lasting questions about the role of religion in public schools still around today Prohibition (the Volstead Act, 1919, 18th amendment) was ratified with the idea that a sober workforce would benefit the wartime (ww1) America Did not stop the majority of people from drinking Encouraged organized crime Al Capone Republicans thought it was noble and supported it Democrats in the south supported it but northern did not 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment Opposition to Catholic and Jewish eastern/southern european immigrants increased, prompting government action Quota Act in 1921 (3%) Quota act in 1924 (2%) 1927-- All Japanese barred and only 150,000 europeans allow in yearly Canadians and Latin Americans allowed in at unlimited amounts Liberal Americans began speaking out against racial and navistist prejudices Many supported poor Italian Immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti and claimed he had not received a fair trial and were victims of nativism They both were still put to death The Ku Klux Klan resurgence in popularity in 1915 in both the south and the midwest Used modern advertising Birth of a Nation movie shows KKK members as heroic Victims were African Americans (lynching african american men), Catholics, Jews, Foreigners Burned crosses vigilante justice Tolerated by native White Americans because they promised to uphold Christian standards 1925 the leader was convicted of murder and membership declined Leaves precedent of white nationalist groups Criticism of hypocritical religion that often condemned the sacrifices made in WW1 and disillusionment after the war was heavily reflected in art Gertrude Stein calls it the "lost generation" F Scott Fitzgerald (novelist) T.S. Elliot (poet) Grant Wood (regional artist) Women's roles began to change in the home, at work, and in education as they began to push back against traditional roles In the home, labor-saving devices did not substantially decrease the amount of domestic work Middle class women were still expected to stay home Employed women were in urban areas as clerks, nurses, teachers. Paid less than men Women began revolting against sexual taboos Novels, movies, automobiles, and new dances encouraged promiscuity Flapper fashion encouraged women to wear short dresses, shorter hair, smoke and drive Expected to leave it (and their jobs) behind if they're merrier More liberal divorce laws Contraceptive Margaret Sanger Education as a whole was expanding with compulsory school laws for high school students African Americans experienced a cultural revolution in Harlem, New York City, as they fled the racial discrimination and lack of economic opportunity in the South LAngston Huges (poet) Louis Armstrong (jazz musician) Bessie Smith (singer) Paul Robeson (actor) Marcus Garvey Advocate for black pride and self-sufficiency Advocate for back to africa movement, but his jailing in 1925 collapsed the movement Republicans held three presidents and the majority of Congress throughout the 20's, with Presidents Warren Harding, Calin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Warren Harding (1921-1923) Lots of scandals of bribery in the men he appointed into office Albert B Fall and Harry M Daughterey Only lowered income tax, passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff act in 1922, and established the Bureau of the Budget. Pardoned Eugene Debs from prison (the socialist) Calvin Coolrdige (1924-1928) Man of few words Limited government with close watch on budget Would not allow any extra spending (vetoed McNary-Haugen Bill of 1928) Declined to run for president a second time despite being nominated a second time Herbert Hoover (1928-1933) Won against democratic candidate Alfred E Smith (a Roman-Catholic) even in the South Boasted about Coolidge prosperity and wanted to end poverty Would not end well for him (stock market collapses a year later)

7.10 the new deal Explain how the Great Depression and the New Deal impact American political, social, and economic life over time.

-The Election of 1932 reflected Americans desire to end economic hardships in the worst year of the depression yet -Democratic control of both Houses of Congress -The 20th amendment signed in 1933 to shorten period between each presidency -FDR expanded the powers of the federal government greatly -American liberalism with New Deal that provided relief, recovery, and reform -Bank Holiday 1933 -Repealing prohibition 1933 for sales tax raises revenue -Fireside chats 1933 -Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) -Grants to local soup kitchens and other public relief programs -Public Works Administration (PWA) -(CCC) -Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) -Emergency Banking Relief Act -Glass-Steagall Act -Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) -National Recovery Administration (NRA) (Helps industries set codes for wages, hours of work, level of production, and prices of finished goods) -Right to unionize -Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), Declared unconstitutional in '35. -Securities and Exchange Commission (Regulate the stock market) -Federal Housing Administration (FHA); Redlining discriminates afican americans -The Second New deal focused on relief and reform -WPA was the biggest and most expensive program -Resettlement Administration (RA); Loans for sharecroppers and small farmers -National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of '35 -Rural Electrification Administration (REA) Speaks for itself -Revenue Act of 1935 increased wealthy people's taxes -Social Security act in 1935 -The election of 1936 highlighted the opponents of Roosevelt, who disliked his New Deal -Leftists thought the ND did too much for business and not enough for working class or minorities and women. -Conservatives (who would form the American Liberty League) thought the federal government had too much power and the policies were un-american. concerned about: --Deficit financing --Regulations --Pro-union stance --Demagogues use mass media to push their agenda -Huey Long was a popular opponent -Frances E. Townsend wanted a program like Social Security -The supreme court was the biggest challenge to FDR because of their conservative standpoint -Court-packing bill in 1937 outrages many -Labor unions face highs and lows with new political and internal developments-- and arguments -National Industrial Recovery Act and the later Wagner Act of 1935 changed the way labor unions and employers related -The CIO. breaks from the AFL and organized unskilled workers across many industries -Sit-down strikes work around strikebreakers and often end in violence (Flint Michigan GM strike) -Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 (only major reform in the Second New Deal), Minimum wage -Maximum work hours and overtime pay -Child labor restrictions under 16 yrs old 1941 case United States v Darby Lumber Co. makes CLLs constitutional -A recession in 1937 to 1938 set the economy back another step -Government stopped paying for public relief at the wrong time in efforts to balance the budget -Keynesian theory encouraged deficit spending -Congress was not as willing to pass FDR's bills after the Court-packing incident and blocked other major reform in 1938 -Nazi Germnay was also taking people's attention

7.6 WW1 homefront Explain the causes and effects of international and internal migration

The united states began to mobilize for war, quickly creating organizations with strong leaders and focusing on industry to help the war effort Production priorities and centralized control over raw materials and prices by Bernard Baruch Food Administration rations food like meat and bread to send to soldiers, as led by Herbert Hoover Coal was rationed by setting daylight savings time, and nonessential factories were closed by the Fuel Administration led by Harry Garfield William McAdoo took public control of railroads with the Railroad Administration Howard Taft arbitrated disputes with the National War Labor Board. Wages rose and eight hour work week is normalized. Geroge Creel heads the Committee on Public Information (war propaganda) Anti-german hysteria and patriotic/nationalistic attitudes justifies nativism for the public American Protective League attacked all things German Barred Zone Act (immigration Act of 1917) banned middle easterners and southeast asians/europeans banned Literacy tests Sedition Act in 1918 and the Espionage Act in 1917 makes speaking out against the war or the government illegal Eugene V. Debs arrested for speaking out Schenck v. United States in 1919 declares sedition acts constitutional because anti-war rhetoric "threatens public safety" Red Scare of the premise of worsening labor/capital relations and the russian revolution in 1919 Fuels anti-communism and xenophobia Selective Service Act enters 2 million men on lottery Most of those in uniform went to the western front African americans segregated People like WEB Du Bois hopes black service will grant them civil rights (mistakenly) Society on the homefront began to change as men left for war and opened up job opportunity in industry, causing tensions between employer and employee African Americans and the Great Migration north for jobs Bad race relations Bolls weevil destroys cotton crops Mexicans pulled to US for jobs Women enter the workforce, later the reason for the passing of the 19th amendment Palmer Raids cause hysteria and the arresting of anarchists, socialists, labor agitators Died out as soon as it started Labor unions lose credibility after a series of strikes in 1919 US Steel Corporation strike killed 1920 Racial violence and riots with the lynching and Ku Lux Klan Tulsa Race Massacre riots in 1921 destroy Black Wall Streets Confederate statues erected Progressive impulse dies out and people want to return to a less complicated "normal" period with restricted immigration and isolating

7.9 The Great Depression Explain the causes and the Great Depression and its effects on the economy

Context Depressions in the beginning of 1837, 1873, and 1893 were different in that they included bank failures and collapse of investments. Causes Wall street stock market crash of 1929 Stock prices kept increasing from 1928 to 1929 Million so people invested in the boom of 1928 Panic began on Black Thursday (1929) when a lot of people sold their stocks Bankers bought million sin stock hoping to stave off disaster Selling frenzy continued on Black Tuesday when investors pulled out their investments Uneven distribution of income Wages did not raise in accordance to the increase in productivity and profits Demand for products declined and business had to lay off workers. Laid off workers cannot stimulate the economy. The process repeated. Buying on margin (speculating the behavior of the stock market and investing based on premonition) People who did this were allowed to borrow the cost of the stock and making down payment and led to a lot of money lost when it crashed Excessive Use of Credit for consumers People thought boom in the 20's was permanent Installment buying Loans defaulted and banks failed Overproduction of consumer goods Business growth and increased productivity resulted in a large volume of goods no one could afford Farm economy struggled Severe weather and drought Overproduction and high debt Government did not intervene High tariffs hurt farmers and international trade Federal reserve's tight money policies Lack of depositors insurance caused panic and more bank failures Global problems lasting from WW1 and previous interdependent trading US insistence on repaying debt weakened Europe and contributed to worldwide depression Economic effects GNP dropped dramatically National income declined by 50% Bank failures nad closures Contracted money supply 25% of workforce unemployed Social effects African Americans and other minorities are hired last fired first Mortgage foreclosures Hoovervilles and shantytowns Political response and action Hoover urged not to cut wages, strike, and for private charities to do all they can Did not want to stop self-reliant attitude of americans and make them dependent on the government; eventually shifted away from that traditional attitude 1930 highest tariff rates in history of Hawley-Smoot Tariff Caused European retaliation and sharpened declines, causing worldwide depressions Debt Moratorium placed because no one could afford to pay back the debt International economy suffering from loan defaults Domestic Programs in action by 1931 Farm Board powers enlarged to stabilize prices by holding surplus Too modest and did not address problems fully RFC (reconstruction finance corporation) propped up faltering railroads, banks, and other financial institutions At least they tried Social reactions and changes 1932 people were desperate asf Farmers came together to form the Farm Holiday Association Unemployed WW1 veterans march to DC for immediate payment of bonuses; Congress failed 1932-33 was the worst People began to change the way they thought about policies and were more open to dramatic changes to the federal government Depression mentality would cause a generation to constantly worry about the economy The dust bowl prompted Okies to move west Prompts the government to pass the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 Minorities especially found it difficult to manage the depression Women often were left to struggle at home or to find their own work, often being accused of stealing jobs African Americans experienced radical discrimination and were always last or were discluded from federal relief programs Federal Employment Practices Committee in 1941 helped minorities get jobs after a threat to march in DC by A Philip Randolph American indians saw their lives change too with the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934, which gave back tribal control Criticized as paternalistic Mexican Americans moved back to Mexico in staggering numbers

7.11 Interwar War Foreign Policy Explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation's proper role in the world

Context People are experiencing widespread disillusionment with WW1, and policy reflections isolationist desire (unilateralism) 1920's disarmament conferences and peace negotiations in Washington held by Harding were still in effect Five power treaty-- maintaining certain amount of warships and not fortifying pacific claims Four power treaty-- respecting territorial claims in the pacific Nine-power treaties-- respect open door policy Kellogg-Briand Pact renounced aggressive uses of force Ineffective because it permitted defensive wars and had no means to enforce it Business and diplomacy were the main motivators of American policies in the early 20th century, which saw a decline in military force and more economic motivations. Wanted to advance american business interests in Latin America 1927-- American investors fear govt might confiscate their properties in Mexico; negotiation is made between them 1924-- Coolige withdraws troops from Dominican Republic (keeps in Haiti and Nicaragua) US gains oil drilling rights in the middle east 1922-- Fordney-McCumber Tariff increased rates and cause European retaliation and further debt Leading factors of worldwide depression in the 30's US demanded France and Britain pay back their debts in full, but they argued against it Said the US didn't lose as much Said the US' high tariffs made it impossible Said the money they borrowed was spent in the US GB and F needed Germany to pay back its reparations first The Dawes Plans ('24) sends money to Germany in installments so it can pay GB and France back, so they can in turn pay back the US Great Depression stopped these payments but people are still bitter about the whole situation Hoover's foreign policy started off as isolationist, but later he saw it necessary to take firm action against foregin aggression In Latin America, he pursued friendly relationship by taking good will tour and ending interventionist policies Arranged to pull troops out of Nicaragua and Haiti by the mid 30's Japanese defying the Open Door policy of the nine-power treaty both the league of nations and the US condemn their actions and refuse to recognize the puppet government established in Manchuria (the Stimson Doctrine) FDR's Policies (1933-1939) were like Hoover's in that he started with firmly favoring isolationism, but he had to take action ultimately as the tensions in Europe erupted into war Good-neighbor policy that no longer included economic intervention Seventh Pan American Conference in 1933 1936 FDR pledged to protect the western hemisphere from German aggression 135 FDR pushed to nullify the much-resented Platt Amendment 1938 FDR rejects calls to intervene in oil-claims dispute with Mexico and encourage mutual agreements 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act provided Philippine independence 1934 granted ability to lower tariffs with nations that lowered theirs too Policies began changing as facism and militarism in Europe threatened US interests, but attitudes about war were firmly against getting involved 1933 recognizing the Soivet Union to bolster US trade and economy Japanese aggression in Manchuria only made isolationism stronger People including law makers thought entering WW1 was a mistake as per Gerald Nye's works and was all a scheme to get rich Lawmakers series neutrality acts reflect the people's reluctance for war Act of 1935-- cannot ship arms to fighting nations or travel there by means of boats that belong to them Act of 36-- cannot give loans or credits to fighting nations Act of 37-- cannot ship arms to opposing side of Spanish Civil war America First Committee warned against engaging in European troubles Actions by Hitler caused Roosevelt to support meetings in Europe with other nations to negotiate his movement toward Sudetenland in 1938; most people now are settling for appeasement Roosevelt tests the water with his quarantine speech, but gets bad response from isolationists 1938 congress approves an arms buildup similar to wilson's Roosevelt completely changes his policies after France and other European countries were invaded successfully by German troops Believed that British survival was crucial for US security; wants to give aid Cash and carry 1939 (technically neutral but favors britain) Selective service act 1940 for compulsory military service Pubic now is less isolationist Destroyers-for-bases deal favors Britain ( Election 1940 won by FDR ) 1941 FDR asks to lend money to Brit and for the lend-lease act 1941 Shoot-on-sight declaration after Germany sinks Greer Undeclared naval war with germany Japan joining the axis powers led Roosevelt to stop all steel and scrap iron and eventually US oil Japan decided quick action was the way to go before their oil ran out Pearl harbor in 1941 US entry into WW2

7.3 SAW and foreign policy Explain the causes and effects of the Spanish American war

Context The US has been interested in Cuban resources (sugar) since the 50s. Causes: Jingoism, economic interests, moral concerns Cuban nationalists renew struggle against Spanish misrule in 1895, hoping to push Spain out or pull the US in US begins attacking Spanish rule with yellow journalism, a sensationalist reporting with click bait :| Americans urge congress to do something about the inhumane treatment of Cubans. De Lome Letter in 1898 was a Spanish minister's harsh criticisms of McKinley, which was seen as insulting The Maine being sunk in 1898 caused huge outcry as people blamed the Spanish McKinley was pressured for war and sent a message to congress in support of war Stop inhumanities going on in Cuba Protect US citizens living there Stop the disruption of trade and commerce Prevent further problems later on Teller Amendment passed in 1898 saying that the US would help the rebels in Cuba but would leave them be afterward for self-governing Fighting: Only lasted a few months Leaders include commodore George Dewey and Theodore Roosevelt Soldiers died more of tropical diseases than actual fighting Dewey is victorious in Manila Win in taking San Juan Hill with the Rough Riders US Navy destroys Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay 1898 terms for peace Effects: Hawaii annexation finalized in 1898 Treaty in Paris signed Spain had to recognize Cuban independence Spain had to forfeit Philippines US got Puerto Rico and Guam Anti imperialists think taking in a place with a different race and culture violated the principles of the declaration of independence Also think it will further entangle them in Asian affairs (isolationists) 1899 the Treaty of Paris was approved Filipino nationalists (lead by Emilio Aguinaldo) lead guerrilla fighters against American forces Hundreds of thousands Filipinos died of disease and of the conflicts Insular Cases raises the question: Does the constitution follow the flag? Pro-imperialist sided supreme court cases in 01 and 03 show that it doesn't; does not guarantee constitutional rights for places taken under american control US remained in Cuba and forced them to accept the Platt Amendment, effectively making Cuba and american protectorate Cuba could not sign treaties that impairs its independence Had to allow the US to intervene to "protect their independence" Allowed US to maintain naval bases there Southerners feel more connected to the Union as nationalism/patriotism increased European powers recognize the US' power US relations with China begin to change after they become a world power John Hay makes Open Door policy with China in 1899 to open up trade with all spheres of influence Sends a second round of notes to agree to preserve china's territorial integrity and safeguard equal trade there Boxer Rebellion in 1900 is stopped by US troops and forced China to pay indemnity for allowing Americans there to be targeted by the rebellion Theodore Roosevelt has a "big stick" policy Staged a revolt in Columbia in order to have rights to Panama to build a canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)) Most Americans support his vision but many think it was immoral The Roosevelt Corollary is added to the Monroe Doctrine to justify intervention in Santo Domingo (1904) long -term result is that Latin American and US have bad relations Japan and American relations change from friendly to competitive Russo-Japan war ends in American-mediated Treaty of Portsmouth Gentlemen's agreement states that the US will agree to negotiate to end segregated schools if Japan restricts emigration Great White fleet pulls up in Tokyo Bay to show off naval power Root-Takahira shows both nations supports Open Door policy America becomes a mediator Algeciras Conference between France and Germany (international peace conference in 1907) Anti-imperialism increases in federal government William Taft prefers dollar diplomacy (having business power and not military power in other countries) Thinks it is more stable option Sends intervention in Nicaragua to protect US investment Democrat Woodrow Wilson tries to reverse some of Roosevelt's imperialist acts (a "new freedom" Jones Act of 1916 grants full territorial status to Philippines Guaranteed male suffrage to Filipinos promised them independence as soon as a stable government was put in place Convinced Congress not to exempt american ships from the panama canal tax Negotiated conciliation treaties Intervened to protect the Panama canal Enforced embargo and blockade against revolutionaries in Mexico (Pancho Villa)

7.1 context Explain the context in which America Grew into the role as a world power

-The US is becoming majoring leading Industrial power -Economic expansion shifts the US from agricultural rural to industrial urban -Economic booms and busts set stage for Great Depression -The Great Depression causes the federal government to step in --Social security --Welfare -The New deal in 1920 --Regulating the stock market and banks -The progressives pushed for economic, social, and political reforms --Women's right to vote --Direct election of US senators --Federal Reserve to regulate the economy -The spanish american war changed the US role in international affairs --After world war 1, the US had a leadership role Participated in the creation of the United Nations International and internal migration sparked debates over national identity -Ku Klux Klan emergence -Bans on immigrants based on race or ethnicity, Nativism -Changing popular culture brought up debates of science, reiglion, and morality. --The radio and motion pictures --Teaching evolution in school --Debates over imperialism fundamentally challenged commitment to the ideas of a self-governing, democratic society, or american liberalism.

7.7 Innovations in communication and technology Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in communication and technology in the united states over time

After the war, there was a recession (21), a boom (22-28), and a depression (1922-1928) Prosperity was not universal and most people (especially farmers) were living below poverty line The economic boom helped increase production in industries and influenced government actions Taylorism and scientific management Henry Ford's assembly line Increased use of oil and electricity in industry and in homes Government Culture began to change as industry did Automobile replaced the railroad industry and advanced steel, glass, rubber, and gasoline Automobiles become a necessity and not so much a luxury Traveling, commuting, shopping Farmers struggle after world war 1 (1916-1918) when crop prices were high due to the demand for food in Europe and for the government's policy creating a minimum price for wheat and corn Surplus of food and indebted farmers "Open shop" policy of keeping jobs open to non-union workers causes decline in union membership Welfare capitalism (voluntarily offering employees improved benefits and higher wages) Technology and culture was shifting to mass consumption, challenging religious and moral beliefs of the time and causing debates Art Deco streamlines designs in architecture NBC and CBS provide networks of listening to sports, news, soap operas, etc. Regional culture spread and made aware Movie industry in hollywood shifts central focus on politicians to famous celebrities Jazz brought by African Americans to the north enjoyed by youngsters Phonographs Charles Lindbergh flew nonstop around the world; was a sensation

7.13 WW2-- Military Explain the causes and effects of the victory the united states and its allies over the Axis powers

Context Japanese forces reach height of power in 1942 Germans and Soviets are the main fighting forces Germany high tide ends in 1942 as a result of Us entry and victory at Stalingrad Concentrated on 2 objectives in 1942 Overcome german submarines (control naval shipping lane) Bomb German cities Battle of the Atlantic use radar, sonar, and strategic bombing (bombing civilian areas) Civilian and military targets blurred and the US began bombing civilian areas Operation Torch in North Africa in 1942 General Dwight Eisenhower take NA from Germany by May 1943 Germans surrender in Sicily in 1945 Allies liberate france in 1944 Battle of the Bulge counterattack setback 1942 Allies destroy Germany's industrial capacity May 7th surrender US forces challenge the Japanese in the Pacific Turning point in 1942 Decoding Japanese messages Battle of Midway ends Japanese expansion Island hopping to get within striking distance of Japan Douglas McArthur Kamikaze pilots in 1944 Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki kill thousands of civilians in 1945 Morally is wrong, and did not do the desired goal (force other party to surrender) Japanese surrender in 1945

7.2 imperialism debates Explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation's proper role in the world

Expansionism was practised by the federal government William H Seward (secretary of state) failed to convince congress to annex Hawaii and buy the Danish West Indies Seward buys Alaska from russia in 1867 Is called "Seward's Icebox" and ignored by citizens Hawaii's monarch was overthrown in 1890 by American settlers but Grover Cleveland did not want to annex them Pearl Harbor was already running at this time Imperialism debates Economy: Businessmen and farmers want raw goods (oil, rubber, minerals) and new markets Government sides with them Policies: Expanding naval power with Alfred Thayer Mahan's "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" in 1890 Society: People feared the lack of an American frontier and looked for oversea lands as safety valves Expansionists believe white anglo-saxon people had a duty to spread Christianity "Science": Social Darwinism Racial theories that whites were superior and had a right and duty to expand Imperialist debates against Self determination was better and was American Imperialism would cost too much Rejection of racial theories (but still did not want non-whites in America) Isolationism was better and more American Hemispheric cooperation and control sets a precedent for future affairs James G. Blaine and the Pan-American Conference in 1889 Blaine wanted lower tariffs, and although unsuccessful, established cooperation Richard Olney claimed the US was involved in a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana as per the Monroe Doctrine Britain agreeing to American demands started a British-American friendship

7.12 ww2 mobilization Explain how and why US participation in World War 2 transformed American society

The federal government stepped in to organize special agencies to mobilize the US economy and military War Production Board (WPB) managed war industries Office of War Mobilization (OWN) set priorities for production and controlled raw materials Office Of Price Administration (OPA) rationted materials, froze prices, wages, all to fight inflation Federal spending increased exponentially, as did the GNP Federal spending got the US out of the Great Depression Also caused a LOT of federal debt Mobilized also was research and development to help better the military The Office of Research and development contracted scientists to develop technologies (jet engines, rocket, penicillin, radar, etc.) Manhattan Project produced first atomic weapon Financial resources for the war came from increased income tax and selling war bonds Wartime propaganda helped maintain public morale with radio broadcasts, movies, and music. The office of war information The "good war" The war impacted every individual in society Movement to the west coast Migration to Sunbelt Migration of AA from the south to the North and West African Americans joined the war in hopes to gain rights back home, as racial tension had not stopped "Double V" victory Smith v Allwright (1944) prohibts discrimination inpolitical parties Mexican Braceros enter the US as temporary workers Native Americans leave reservations (half to never return) for jobs Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps out of racism and fear Korematsu v. Us (1944) uphold constitutionality 1988 federal government recognizes the unjust ruling and provides compensation 5 million women enter the workforce on the homefront and 200,000 work in noncombat roles War makes people feel more connected and that they were all fighting for one cause

7.14 ww2 postwar democracy Explain the consequences of US involvement in WW2

United states joined an alliance with the communist soviet union, great britain, and france, helping them win the war The big three (Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt) meet in conferences to help bring the war to an end Yalta conference in 1945 Allies divide germany into occupational zones, and Soviet Union gets Poland Liberate countries in eastern europe; free elections Soviets enter war against japan Soviets control islands and concession in manchuria The UN is created The "second generation big threes" (Stalin, Truman, and Attlee) make similar efforts to band together Demand tha japna surrender unconditionally Germany and berlin divided into four occupation zones The tensions between the societ union and the US rise after the US uses heir atomic bomb in Japan The US was in huge debt after the war, but still emerged the least touched and now the richest in comparison to other nations The atomic bomb placed the US ahead of other nations and they became the most powerful country in the world or whatever in 1945 Helped settle postwar peace agreements Joined league of nations in 1945